История нового времени. США в XIX - начале XX в (самое важное)

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История нового времени. США в XIX - начале XX в (самое важное)

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82. USA IN XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES

After the end of the Civil War in 1865, the economic development of the United States began successfully. This was facilitated by the presence of a number of favorable conditions:

1) America was rich in natural resources and fertile land;

2) the use of cheap labor of blacks, Indians and Mexicans in enterprises brought high incomes;

3) in the USA there were no class restrictions, and nothing fettered a person's personal initiative;

4) the United States did not have belligerent neighbors that threatened security, and this exempted from excessive military spending.

All of the above contributed to the rapid development of American industry. Industries fell into the hands of small groups of entrepreneurs. Many corporations turned into monopolies. The largest Rockefeller and Morgan trusts emerged. The formation of trusts gained a special scope at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. Banks have acquired a huge influence in the economic and political life of the country. American corporations actively participated in the economic division of the world market into spheres of influence. The American economy achieved particular success in the first decades of the XNUMXth century. The strengthening of the monopolies meant the entry of American capitalism into the stage of imperialism.

The difficult situation in US agriculture in the 90s. XIX century.

But in US agriculture, the situation was very difficult. At the end of the XIX century. in agriculture, a process of stratification of farming was taking place; in 1880, almost 25% of farmers lost their farms and turned into tenants.

The situation of Indians and blacks in the USA at the end of the 19th century.

From the second quarter of the 23th century increased pressure on the Indian tribes. After another massacre arranged by the American government troops on December 1890, XNUMX, over the Indians, they were driven into territories that were called "reservations". Having gained freedom, black Americans did not receive equality with whites, since they officially introduced the separate existence of whites and blacks. Racism dominated everyday life.

At the end of the XIX century. the first protests began on the part of the workers. In 1886, there was a wave of strikes demanding an 8-hour working day, including May 1, 1886 in Chicago, where 350 thousand people went on strike, and on May 3, during a mass demonstration, the police shot at the workers.

The Republicans won the next presidential election, and in 1901 Theodore Roosevelt, who understood the need for reforms, became president of the country and began to implement them. Roosevelt led the fight against the dominance of monopolies in the US economy, while he gained fame as a "destroyer of trusts."

At the end of the XIX century. in the United States, the desire for territorial conquest is growing. This policy was based on the Monroe Doctrine, the American president, who put forward as early as 1823 the formula "America for the Americans." In 1893, the United States captured the Hawaiian Islands, which were of great strategic importance in the center of the Pacific Ocean. They were declared a territory of the United States. In 1898 the USA declared war on Spain. As a result of victory in this war, the United States acquired the island of Puerto Rico and control of Cuba. Then they captured the Philippines and the island of Guam. Having received strongholds on the outskirts of Asia, in 1899 the United States proclaimed the "open door doctrine", while "discovering China and then Japan, they demanded their share" in the division of China. Theodore Roosevelt is associated with big stick diplomacy. He urged American politicians to "speak softly, but hold a big club behind their backs." In 1912, the next US President Taft proclaimed the diplomacy of the dollar, once saying: "Dollars act as bayonets."

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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