History of modern times. North America in the 18th century (the most important)

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History of modern times. North America in the 18th century (the most important)

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42. NORTH AMERICA IN THE XNUMXTH CENTURY

In 1607, an English expedition founded the settlement of Jamestown on the southern part of the North American coast of the Atlantic Ocean, which became the center of the English colony of Virginia. In 1620, a group of English settlers landed much further north and founded the colony of New Plymouth, which marked the beginning of New England. North America was at that time inhabited by Indian peoples who stood at various levels of the primitive communal system. The neighbors of the European colonists were mainly the Iroquois and Algonquins. Between the northern and southern English colonies, almost simultaneously with them, Dutch colonies arose on the Hudson River and Manhattan Island. In 1638, New Sweden was founded in what is now the state of Delaware.

In all the colonies, there were certain representative bodies, elected by a more or less wide circle of property-owning settlers. Management in New England was oligarchic and theocratic. All affairs were handled by representatives of the richest families in close collaboration with the most influential priests. In the crown colonies, the state was, as in the metropolis, the Anglican Church. When Puritan Massachusetts became a crown colony, it was forced to abandon its former religious exclusivity.

Popular movements often took on a religious form in the colonies, as in England. Such was the movement spearheaded in the middle of the seventeenth century. Roger Williams. This Salem priest, who belonged to the most radical currents of independence, preached the equality of all people regardless of race, the complete separation of church and state and freedom of conscience, the idea of popular sovereignty in civil government.

The attitude of the colonists to the Indians

The Indians met the first English colonists in general friendly. The Pilgrims from New Plymouth could have perished without the friendly help of the Indians. The first generation of Massachusetts colonists lived in peace with the Indians, but then an inevitable struggle began: the English colonies existed mainly by agriculture, they needed land and took it away from the Indians by all means.

During the XNUMXth century Indian uprisings against the colonialists flared up very often, but they were brutally suppressed. The colonists proved to be stronger than the Indians, and by the end of the colonial period, their tribes, who lived between the coast and the Allegheny Mountains, were mostly pushed back or exterminated.

Colonization of Canada

The development of Canada by the French took place on a smaller scale than by the British in the rest of North America. Back in 1535, Jacques Cartier declared Canada the possession of the French king. Henry IV (King of France) in 1600 granted "the companies of Canada and Acadia" the exclusive right to establish settlements and trade in the St. Lawrence basin.

In 1608, the city of Quebec was founded, the center of the fur trade. In 1628, the "Company of 100 Members" receives extensive trading privileges in return for the obligation to annually deliver 200-300 workers of various professions to Canada and keep them here for three years. Economically, Canada was underdeveloped compared to the 13 English colonies in North America. In 1763, Canada was conquered by the British, and in the war against the French, they attracted Indian tribes to their side as allies.

England constantly hampered the economic life of the North American colonies. The colonies were intended to remain a market for various goods and a source of raw materials, as well as funds for England. The pressure from England intensified especially after the victory of the English bourgeoisie in the revolution of the XNUMXth century.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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