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New infrared emitting LEDs up to 180 MW/ster

29.04.2004

VISHAY INTERTECHNOLOGY produces new infrared emitting LEDs with an emission power of up to 180 mW/ster.

The instruments operate at a wavelength of 870 nm. The TSFF5410 has a beam angle of +22° and a power of 70 mW/Sr. The TSFF5420 has a beam angle of +10° and a power of 180 mW/Sr. Both devices work with modulation frequencies up to 23 MHz.

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The brain responds faster to an aggressive voice than to a calm one. 19.12.2018

Researchers from the University of Geneva (Switzerland) studied the activity of the brain when processing voices that sound with different intonations and emotions. It turned out that we pay attention to the voice of a person much faster when he addresses us with aggression than when he speaks in a calm tone. This happens so that we can clearly determine the location of a potential threat. Research New work reveals the resources our brains use when we sense danger.

Sight and hearing are two senses through which humans can detect threatening situations. Although vision is very important, it does not allow you to cover the surrounding space in 360 degrees - unlike hearing.

To investigate the brain's response to "audio" threats, the researchers recorded 22 human voices (each recording was only 600 milliseconds long) that were neutral or expressed either anger or joy. Then these sounds coming from two speakers were listened to by 35 participants. At the time of listening, the electroencephalogram (EEG) device measured the electrical activity of the brain down to the millisecond. In particular, the researchers studied auditory attention, the process by which the brain processes information received through sound. "Each participant heard two sounds at the same time: two neutral voices, one neutral and one angry, or one neutral and one joyful voice. When they heard anger or joy in a voice, they had to respond by pressing a key on the keyboard as accurately and quickly as it was possible,” explains Leonardo Ceravolo, researcher at the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences at the University of Geneva. "We then measured the intensity of brain activity when attention was focused on different sounds, as well as the duration of that focus before returning to the ground state," he adds.

Using EEG data, the researchers identified the appearance of a cerebral "marker" of auditory attention called N2ac. As the scientists explain, when the brain perceives an emotional sound, N2ac activity starts after 200 milliseconds. However, when he perceives anger, N2ac intensifies and lasts longer than in the case of joy.

Subsequently, after 400 milliseconds, our attention should be disconnected from the source of the sound signal. At this point, another "marker" of auditory attention, LPCpc, intervenes. Interestingly, LPCpc activity is also stronger for angry than happy voices. But why? Answer: Anger can signal a potential threat, so the brain analyzes these types of stimuli for a longer time. In the auditory environment, this mechanism allows us not to be alarmed at the slightest potentially threatening noise, or, conversely, to choose the most correct behavior in case of danger. Therefore, these extra milliseconds of attention are critical to accurately interpreting the threat.

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