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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of modern times. Features of the modern period in the context of world history (the most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 1. FEATURES OF THE PERIOD OF NEW TIMES IN THE CONTEXT OF WORLD HISTORY The main feature of the Modern Age in Europe was the emergence of absolutism during the period of the decay of traditional society at the end of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. with the achievement of its heyday in the XVII century. Absolutism - a form of government in which the supreme power unlimitedly belongs to one person - the monarch. Under absolutism, the attempts of the old feudal nobility to preserve their independence are suppressed. England and France are the first European states to have absolute monarchies at the beginning of the Modern Age. In Germany, feudal fragmentation persisted for a long time. The formation of a single national state in Italy also proceeded gradually throughout the entire period of the New Age due to the presence of many independent city-republics. In Sweden, Spain and Portugal, the process of formation of absolutist states in the initial period of the New Age was more successful than in other states of Europe. Features of the Modern Age period in Asia In Asia, the most powerful states in the Modern Age were the Ottoman Empire (in Asia Minor), the Mughal Empire in India, the Qing Empire in China (formed by the Manchu Qing dynasty, which ruled until 1911), the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan, which established itself at the end XVI - early XVII centuries. after the victory of Ielsu Tokugawa, the shogun, over the specific princes of Japan. In the first half of the XVII century. The government of Shogun Iemitsu Tokugawa took a series of measures to isolate Japan from the outside world. Decrees were issued on the expulsion of Europeans from the country and the prohibition of Christianity. The policy of "closing" the country was caused by the desire of the authorities to prevent the invasion of Japan by Europeans and the desire to preserve old traditions and feudal orders. A similar policy was pursued by the Qing emperors in China, when in 1757 by a special decree all ports except Guangzhou were declared closed to foreign trade. The reason for the "closure" of China was the fear of the authorities that the contacts of Chinese merchants with foreigners could undermine the traditional foundations of society. But the isolation of China did not save from the invasion of Europeans in the future and dependence on Western countries. The most active at the beginning of the Modern Age was the penetration of Europeans into India, its southern part, where there was no single state, but small principalities ruled by rajas prevailed. The Portuguese were the first to capture the coastal cities of India (Diu, Goa, Bombay), then the British and the Dutch followed them. Features of the Modern Age in Africa and America In Africa, by the beginning of the Modern Age, there were no such strong and large states as in Europe, so the Europeans relatively easily captured those lands where there were deposits of silver, gold, and other natural resources. The most active Europeans penetrated into North Africa, which was closer to Europe. Here, after the collapse of the Arab Caliphate, several small states were formed. In America, before its discovery by Columbus, there were several states - Maya, Incas, Aztecs, which were conquered in the XNUMXth century. the Spaniards and the Portuguese. Ancient traditional societies existed in these states, various crafts and even non-ferrous metallurgy were developed. Farming was primitive, with the use of hoeing. The colonization of America, during which the ancient culture of the Indians was destroyed, continued until the middle of the XNUMXth century. And by the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth centuries. the majority of the Indian population of America turned out to be feudally dependent on the European colonialists - the Spaniards, the Portuguese, the French, etc. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. >> Forward: The value of the new time period
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