History of modern times. The Crimean War and the emergence of the Balkan crisis (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of modern times. The Crimean War and the emergence of the Balkan crisis (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

55. THE CRIMEAN WAR AND THE BIRTH OF THE BALKANS CRISIS

When the revolutions of 1848-1849 died down, Nicholas I decided to strengthen the strategic position of his empire: to solve the problem of the Black Sea straits; strengthen Russia's influence in the Balkans.

Taking advantage of the dispute over the shrines (a dispute between the Orthodox and Catholic clergy about who will be the guardian of the especially revered churches in Jerusalem and Bethlehem), Nicholas I increased pressure on Turkey. In support of the demands, Russian troops were sent to Moldavia and Wallachia, which were in vassal dependence on Turkey. In response, the English and French squadrons entered the Sea of Marmara. Encouraged by this, the Sultan of Turkey declared war on Russia in October 1853.

Turkey planned to inflict the main blow in the Transcaucasus, counting on the assistance of Shamil. At the same time, it was supposed to land troops on the coast of Georgia. But this plan was thwarted by the decisive actions of the Russian fleet. On November 18, 1853, the Russian squadron under the command of P.S. Nakhimov in the Sinop Bay off the coast of Turkey defeated the Turkish fleet.

In January 1854, the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea. In response, the Russian government withdrew its ambassadors from Paris and London. In March 1854, Russian troops crossed the Danube. At the same time, the Russian government rejected the ultimatum of England and France to leave Moldavia and Wallachia. On March 15 (27), 1854, England declared war on Russia. A day later, this was done by Louis Bonaparte, who by that time had managed to proclaim himself Emperor Napoleon III.

In the summer of 1854, the 60-strong Allied army landed on the deserted beaches of Evpatoria and immediately moved to Sevastopol. The Russian squadron was locked in the Sevastopol Bay by the Allied squadron. The Russian command decided to sink their ships in the roadstead in order to prevent the enemy squadron from approaching close to Sevastopol.

The defense of Sevastopol, the Russian naval base, lasted 349 days. The 75-strong Allied army fought against the 170-strong garrison of Sevastopol, and it steadily and constantly received ammunition and reinforcements by sea. Providing the Russian army with ammunition was complicated by the thaw in autumn, warm winter and spring. Great losses were caused to the Russians by the newest Allied small arms, which had a greater combat range and rate of fire than Russian smoothbore guns. In addition, one of the Russian armies remained on the southwestern border, since the threat of invasion from Austria remained.

End of the Crimean War. Parisian world The fall of Sevastopol predetermined the outcome of the war. At the end of 1855, Austria, threatening war, announced a number of tough demands. Emperor Alexander II went to peace negotiations. A peace congress opened in Paris. According to the Paris Peace Treaty, signed in March 1856, Russia lost only the islands in the Danube Delta and part of Southern Bessarabia. The most difficult condition for Russia was the prohibition to keep the navy in the Black Sea. Russia suffered a serious military defeat, which led to a significant weakening of influence in the Balkans. As a result, the Turkish genocide against the Slavic Orthodox peoples in the Balkans intensified. Until the new Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. The Balkan peoples were under the most severe yoke of Turkish rule. Turkish rule in the Balkans for a long time led to the economic backwardness of the Slavic peoples, stagnation in cultural life and science. The best representatives of the Slavs died in battles with the Turkish conquerors.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

<< Back: "Holy Alliance" and its role in international politics

>> Forward: England at the beginning of the XNUMXth century The assertion of capitalism

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ International law. Crib

▪ Fundamentals of life safety. Crib

▪ Financial management. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Robot crab 20.05.2020

A special robot crab will help to explore the seabed. Specialists from Italy have developed a unique robot to study the ocean floor. The robot, resembling a crab, can move along the bottom and can study underwater terrain that is difficult for conventional research drones.

Underwater robots for studying the bottom are not new to robotics, but fish-like machines are usually used for such tasks, which comes with some difficulties. For example, fish-like drones depend on the currents, and, accordingly, cannot remain stationary unless they compensate for the force of the current with the work of the engines. Plus, the lack of a stop makes it difficult to take bottom samples with floating drones.

Another disadvantage of floating robots is that it is difficult for them to get close to the difficult bottom. All these problems are solved if you use a crab robot that does not swim near the bottom, but walks on it. Such a machine was designed by the staff of the School for Advanced Studies named after St. Anne, a team led by Giacomo Picardi.

“We decided not to invent what nature has already invented, and to take as a basis the method of movement used by crabs. Our SILVER2 underwater vehicle is in many ways similar to these creatures,” say the creators of the robot, noting that the device can carry a whole range of scientific tools, drills and manipulators, cameras, and so on.

Other interesting news:

▪ Bicycle for microbe

▪ Push-button phone Lava with a pulse and pressure sensor

▪ Micro-objects are visible behind the wall

▪ Cancer is preventable

▪ Icebergs fertilize the ocean

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Voltage stabilizers. Article selection

▪ article Social statistics. Lecture notes

▪ article What is the difference between fruits and vegetables? Detailed answer

▪ article Methodist-psychologist. Job description

▪ article Automatic watering the garden. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Network ammeter for LATR. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews