History of modern times. Features of the political system of Japan in the 16th-18th centuries (the most important)

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History of modern times. Features of the political system of Japan in the 16th-18th centuries (the most important)

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50. FEATURES OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF JAPAN IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES

In the struggle for power between feudal factions in Japan at the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth centuries. won Ieyasu Tokugawa.

In a short time, he managed to subjugate all the appanage princes of Japan and take the title of shogun (the title of the military ruler - commander of Japan in 1192-1867). From that time on, the Tokugawa shoguns became the sovereign rulers of Japan. They remained in power for the next 250 years.

Under the shoguns, the imperial dynasty was deprived of real power. The imperial court was forced to bow before their might. By moving the princes (Japanese "daimyo") to new lands and confiscating the lands of the recalcitrant, the shoguns strengthened their power.

The imperial family was not allowed to own land, and a rice ration was allocated for its maintenance. At the imperial court there were always officials who watched everything that was happening. Honors were paid to the emperor, but at the same time it was emphasized that it was not appropriate for the divine emperor to "condescend" to any kind of communication with his subjects. Tokugawa argued that "the shogun indicates all state duties and does not need the permission of the emperor when dealing with government affairs."

Strong central authority

The shoguns of the Tokugawa dynasty sought to strengthen the central government primarily in the interests of their home. They were very rich, because they received from 13 to 25% of the state's income. To strengthen the central power, Tokugawa established his control over large cities, mines, foreign trade, etc. Tokugawa introduced a hostage system, this was necessary for him in order to subjugate the princes and keep them under control.

He built a new capital - the city of Edo - and demanded that each prince live in the capital for a year, and for a year in his principality. But, leaving the capital, the princes had to leave a hostage at the court of the shogun - one of their close relatives.

Japan's "shutdown" policy

In the 30s of the XNUMXth century. The government of Shogun Iemitsu Tokugawa took a number of measures to isolate Japan from the outside world. Decrees were issued expelling Europeans from the country and banning Christianity. The shogun's decree read: "For future times, as long as the sun illuminates the world, no one dares to land on the shores of Japan, even if he were an ambassador, and this law can never be repealed on pain of death." It was also stated that “any foreign ship that arrived on the shores of Japan was subject to destruction and its crew to death.”

The policy of “closing” the country was caused by the desire of the authorities to prevent the invasion of Japan by Europeans and the desire to preserve the old traditions and feudal order intact. After the “closure” of the country, Japan’s trade relations with Europe ceased. Some exceptions were allowed only in relation to the Dutch; communication continued with neighboring Asian countries, and above all with their closest neighbors - Korea and China. The country's rulers tried to prevent the destruction of traditional society by force. But the “closure” of Japan accelerated the destruction of the class system, because local merchants, having lost their traditional occupation, began to buy land from bankrupt peasant owners and open various workshops in the cities, hiring hired workers. Merchants also hired former samurai warriors to participate in their business, either as guards or as office workers. This is how the emergence of new economic relations began in Japan.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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