History of modern times. External and internal situation of China in the 16th-18th centuries (the most important)

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History of modern times. External and internal situation of China in the 16th-18th centuries (the most important)

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45. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SITUATION OF CHINA IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES

By the 15th century under the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese Empire covered the territory of the modern interior provinces of China and part of Manchuria. China's vassals were Korea, Vietnam and Tibet. The country was divided into XNUMX large administrative divisions. They were ruled by officials appointed by the central government. In the XVI-XVIII centuries. The growth of the productive forces in China was reflected in the development of handicrafts, the improvement of agricultural techniques, and the further development of commodity production and monetary relations. In the feudal Minsk Empire, elements of new, capitalist production relations appear - manufactory is born and develops. At the same time, reasons were at work that hindered China's social development. These primarily include the high rate of feudal exploitation, which led to the poverty of the peasants, as well as the existence of closed rural communities, where agriculture was combined with home crafts. On the other hand, the invasion in the XVII century. The Manchus and their seizure of power in China, accompanied by a long war and the destruction of the productive forces, led to the barbaric and hermetic isolation of the country from the outside world, which could not but have a sharply negative effect on the pace of China's progressive development.

At the end of the XVI - beginning of the XVII centuries. The Ming Dynasty in China was in decline. Those close to the emperor who ruled the state plundered the state treasury. The cost of maintaining a huge number of officials and a magnificent imperial court required the introduction of more and more taxes.

Overthrow of the Ming Dynasty. Manchu conquest of China.

From the end of the 1644th century in the territory of modern Northeast China, the Manchu tribe strengthened, creating their own state there. At the beginning of the XVII century. the Manchus began to raid China, then subjugated a number of neighboring tribes and Korea. They then went to war with China. At the same time, major peasant uprisings were taking place in China. The rebel army defeated the government troops and entered Beijing, as a result of which the Ming dynasty ceased to exist. Frightened by everything that was happening, the Chinese feudal lords opened access to the capital to the Manchurian cavalry. In June 1911, the Manchus entered Beijing. Thus, the Manchu Qing dynasty, which ruled until XNUMX, established itself in China. Unlike the previous conquerors, the Manchus did not dissolve among the local population (even mixed marriages between Manchus and Chinese were forbidden), but secured an isolated and privileged position for themselves.

According to the form of government, Qing China in the XVII-XVIII centuries. was despotism. At the head of the state was the emperor - Bogdykhan, endowed with unlimited power.

The Qing dynasty waged endless wars of conquest. By the middle of the XVIII century. she conquered all of Mongolia, then annexed to China the state of the Uighurs, located south of the Tien Shan, the eastern part of Tibet. Conquest campaigns were repeatedly undertaken in Vietnam and Burma.

European merchants tried to gain free access to China long before the formation of the Qing Empire. The first to appear in China were the Portuguese, who in 1537 founded the colony of Macau on the southern coast of China. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. English and French merchants began to appear in Chinese ports. But the Manchu authorities decided to limit trade with foreigners and, for this purpose, issued a decree of the Qing emperor in 1757, according to which all ports except Guangzhou were declared closed to foreign trade. This was the beginning of China's isolation.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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