History of modern times. A new stage in the development of capitalism (the most important)

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History of modern times. A new stage in the development of capitalism (the most important)

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88. A NEW STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM

By the 70-80s. 70th century in the most developed countries of Western Europe and the United States, free-competition capitalism has reached its pinnacle and prepared the transition to a new stage. In the last third of the XIX century. there are powerful financial and industrial corporations - joint-stock companies. This was due to the fact that the use of highly developed technology, complex and expensive equipment was possible only within the framework of large enterprises that appeared during the aggravated in the XNUMXs. XNUMXth century competition. Such enterprises were more efficient. The birth of large corporations was the result of a technical revolution: the use of new energy sources, new technologies, the development of transport and communications. Since at that time ideas about the inadmissibility of state interference in private property dominated in society, large enterprises began to solve the problem of regulating the production of goods and their sale. In order to avoid intense competition, industrialists began to negotiate among themselves about prices, the number of products produced, and even sales markets.

As a result of these actions, various forms of mergers of enterprises arose - cartels that determined prices and divided sales markets; syndicates - associations engaged in joint marketing of products; trusts, in which there was a complete unification of property for the joint production and marketing of products; concerns - associations of trusts or enterprises dependent on any monopoly group. Trusts and syndicates were already developing in the 80s and 90s. 1893th century In particular, the Rhenish-Westphalian syndicate created in 90 in Germany, which controlled more than half of the coal production in the country, was widely known. Trusts were actively created in the USA, where, for example, the Rockefeller oil trust produced XNUMX% of the country's oil production. In the event that an industrial or financial corporation concentrated in its hands dominance in any branch of the economy, it became a monopoly. But not all enterprises were monopolistic.

Thousands or tens of thousands of medium and small enterprises continued to exist in capitalist society - that is, the non-monopoly sphere of the economy. But the monopolistic sector of the economy became dominant. Free competition capitalism was replaced by monopoly capitalism, or imperialism.

Imperialism - a special stage in the development of capitalism, in which it seeks to spread its dominance in all areas of society - economic, political, ideological, cultural. English economist D.A. Hobson and the German Social Democrat R. Hilferding singled out the following signs of imperialism: a combination of free competition and monopoly; the merging of industrial and banking capital and the formation of a financial oligarchy; the predominance of the export of capital, in contrast to the former predominant export of goods; economic division of the world into spheres of influence; territorial division of the world; establishing a close relationship between the financial oligarchy and the government. The main mass of colonial conquests coincides with the period of monopoly capitalism. This is a struggle not only for markets and sources of raw materials, but also for influence in world politics. It was in connection with the intensification of colonial wars that the term "imperialism" received at the end of the XNUMXth century. wide walking. At first, with its help, the foreign policy of the capitalist countries was determined, and then the concept of "imperialism" spread as a definition of a new stage in the development of capitalism - monopoly capitalism.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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