History of modern times. Revolutions of 1848-1849 in Germany and Italy (most important)

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History of modern times. Revolutions of 1848-1849 in Germany and Italy (most important)

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63. REVOLUTIONS OF 1848-1849 IN GERMANY AND ITALY

The news of the revolution in France hastened uprisings in the German states. On March 18, 1848, in the course of street fighting, the rebels defeated the royal troops.

The king was forced to withdraw troops from Berlin and agreed to the creation of a national guard. The uprisings in many German states also ended in victory. In southwestern Germany, peasants achieved the abolition of feudal orders. On May 18, 1848, the first meeting of parliament, the Frankfurt National Assembly, opened in Frankfurt am Main. In March 1849, he adopted an imperial constitution, an integral part of which were the “fundamental rights of the German people,” modeled on the American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The legislative branch was to be represented by a bicameral parliament. The imperial throne and the post of chief executive were offered to the Prussian king, but Frederick William IV rejected the offer. Then the constitution was rejected by the leaders of many German states. This is where the revolutionary changes ended. All popular protests in defense of the constitution were suppressed, and in June 1849 the parliament was dispersed, including the Prussian National Assembly, created after the March events. A regime of police brutality has been established in Germany. However, the fear of a new revolutionary explosion forced Frederick William IV to issue a decree on the “granting” of a constitution, which consolidated the class system and the right of veto.

The revolution in Germany did not solve the main problem.

The aggravation of the economic crisis of 1847 in Italy led to a revolutionary explosion in its constituent states. The beginning of the revolution in Italy is considered to be January 12, 1848, when an uprising broke out in Palermo (Sicily). It spread throughout all Italian states and regions. As a result of the uprising in the spring, constitutions were introduced throughout Italy, except for Lombardo-Venice, which belonged to Austria. On March 18, 1848, the uprising began in Milan. After five days of bloody fighting, this uprising ended with the expulsion of Austrian troops. But the northern regions of Italy remained under Austrian rule. In March 1848, Venice rebelled and declared itself a republic. By September 1849, the Austrians suppressed the uprising in this city. Uprisings in Milan and Venice against Austrian rule shook the whole of Italy. Under pressure from the popular masses, the monarchs of the Italian states began to organize an armed struggle against Austria. King Charles Albert of Piedmont declared war on Austria. His main goal was the unification of Italy under the banner of the Savoy dynasty. The course of hostilities turned out to be unfavorable for the Italian coalition. The Italian monarchs were more afraid of their own people than of Austrian rule. As a result, the favorable moment for the defeat and expulsion of the Austrians from Italy was missed.

At the beginning of 1849, an uprising broke out in Rome, as a result of which a republic was proclaimed, and the power of the pope was abolished. The inspirers and active participants in the uprisings of the Italian people were Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini. The goal of their struggle was to achieve the independence of Italy, its unification and transformation into a democratic republic. In March 1849, the Piedmontese government again launched a war against the Habsburg Empire, but this time also failed to succeed. After the defeat, King Charles Albert of Piedmont abdicated in favor of Victor's son Emmanuel II. For more than two months, the defenders of the Roman Republic defended themselves, but the forces were unequal, and the resistance was stopped. The fall of the Roman and Venetian republics meant the defeat of the Italian revolution, but the popular movement for the unification of the country continued.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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