History of modern times. The emergence of scientific communism (most important)

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History of modern times. The emergence of scientific communism (most important)

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70. RISE OF SCIENTIFIC COMMUNISM

The harbinger of scientific communism was the English manufacturer Robert Owen, who adopted the teachings of the eighteenth-century materialist enlighteners. about the formation of the human character of their interaction, on the one hand, its natural organization, and on the other, the conditions surrounding a person throughout his life, and especially during his development.

On a purely business basis and commercial calculations, Owen's communism arose. Thus, in 1823, Owen drew up a blueprint for the communist colonies to eliminate Irish poverty and attached to it a detailed calculation of the required fixed capital, annual costs and expected income. Owen's transition to communist ideas occurred gradually in the course of his practical activities as a manufacturer. Owen tried to implement his communist ideas in America, where, in his opinion, there were the most favorable conditions. But this ended in failure - Owen spent all his fortune and then worked in a working class environment. In Owen's book "The Book of the New Moral World" there is a clearly expressed project of a communist society with an equal duty of work for all and an equal right to the product - equal, according to age. Owen, on the one hand, organized, as measures for the transition to a social system, cooperative partnerships (consumer and production), which later proved in practice the full possibility of doing without merchants and manufacturers, and on the other hand, workers' bazaars, in which products were exchanged with the help of paper money, the unit of which was the hour of working time. All this was proposed by Owen as a first step towards a more radical reorganization of the entire society - into a communist one.

The doctrine of the creation of a new communist society was further developed in the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They were well acquainted with the communist ideas of R. Owen and his practical work in organizing communes (cooperative and industrial) and created their own new doctrine of the structure and development of society, called Marxism. The theory of the socialist revolution of K. Marx was as follows: over time, the impoverishment of the masses of the people will increase, and the wealth of the bourgeoisie will increase; this will lead to an intensification of the class struggle, the leadership of which should be assumed by the social democratic parties; at the same time, the socialist revolution will triumph in the highly developed countries, as a result of which the dictatorship of the proletariat will be established, private property will be abolished, and the resistance of the bourgeoisie will be crushed. Marxists considered the establishment of political freedoms, equality in rights, the participation of workers in the management of the enterprises where they work, the obligation of the state to regulate the economy in order to ensure the social rights of all citizens, to be the main principle of the new society.

The new Marxist doctrine was set forth in the program document of the "Union of Communists" (an international communist organization) created in 1847 - the "Manifesto of the Communist Party" and later works. The doctrine of the class struggle, of the communist revolution, of the historical mission of the working class as the "gravedigger of the bourgeoisie" forms the basis of Marxism.

Thus, the basis of scientific communism is Marxism. In order to put into practice the ideas of scientific communism, the First International, or the International Association of Workers, was created in 1864 with the participation of Marx, the main task of which was to rally the forces of the international proletariat.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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