История нового времени. Революция 1848 г. во Франции (самое важное)

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История нового времени. Революция 1848 г. во Франции (самое важное)

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58. REVOLUTION OF 1848 IN FRANCE

In 1847, the internal political situation in France escalated. This was caused by a commercial, industrial and financial crisis in 1847, which increased the need of the masses. 4762 firms went bankrupt, industrial production fell by 50%, and "Parisian industry" was paralyzed by 70%. This crisis had severe consequences for the workers. Unemployment took on a massive character and reached enormous proportions. At the same time, the petty and middle bourgeoisie and merchants were extremely dissatisfied. They wanted electoral reform and appealed to the government and parliament with petitions in which they demanded a reduction in property qualifications. On December 28, 1847, the session of Parliament began, in which the government's policies were criticized in both chambers. A part of the Orléanists from the so-called. dynastic opposition. Its supporters accused the government of bribery, wastefulness, betrayal of the national interests of France. However, the demands of the opposition were rejected, and the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution approving the actions of the government. But in opposition to the krezhim of the July Monarchy were wide sections of the population of France. The Moderate Liberal Party put forward a demand for electoral reform.

On February 21, 1848, the government adopted and published a ban on any meetings, processions and demonstrations. However, on the morning of February 22, Parisians began to gather in crowds that, singing the Marseillaise, headed to the Bourbon Palace, where the Legislative Assembly was located. On the evening of February 22, the first armed clashes between the people and the troops and police began. By early the next day, the Parisians had erected 1500 barricades. On February 24, all important points of the capital fell into the hands of the rebels. King Louis Philippe renounced his rights to the throne and fled to England. The July Monarchy was overthrown. The people demanded the proclamation of a republic. A provisional government was created, consisting of nine republicans and two socialists. The government was headed by a moderate liberal, poet

Alphonse Lamartine. The republic was recognized by the clergy and the bourgeoisie. The provisional government abolished titles of nobility, issued decrees on freedom of the press, political assembly, the right for all citizens to join the national guard, and on the introduction of universal suffrage for men over 21 years old. The most liberal political regime was established in France.

But the economic crisis in the country continued. The interim government was unable to solve the problem of employment. The discovery of the so-called. national workshops for the unemployed, in which more than 100 people were accepted.

To get out of the financial crisis, the Provisional Government introduced a decree on a 45% tax. He caused a rise in discontent in the country. As a result, reactionary-minded representatives entered the Constituent Assembly.

The newly formed government after the elections launched an offensive against the workers of Paris - armed gatherings were prohibited. General Cavaignac was appointed to the post of Minister of War.

On June 22, 1848, the new government issued a decree on the dissolution of the national workshops, which was the reason for the start of the uprising of the Parisian workers. The fighting lasted 4 days - from 23 to 26 June. The troops of the Minister of War, General Cavaignac, crushed this uprising. After the suppression, democratic reforms were suspended. The new government shut down radical newspapers, clubs and societies. But universal suffrage was retained.

In the presidential election in December 1848, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, received the majority of votes.

The regime established after the revolution of 1848 was called the Second Republic.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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