83. COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND AFRICA IN THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES

Huge territories of Asia in the 1833th century. were turned by the European powers into colonies and dependent states. The exception was Japan, which for a long time was a "closed" country for Europeans. India was colonized by Europe earlier than other states of Asia, and England, represented by the East India Company, was the most active. The colonial regime in India had its own characteristics. In the XNUMXth century The entire territory of the country was in the hands of the British East India Company. In various ways, England pumped huge amounts of money out of India. There was a whole system of taxes that ruined the local population. In addition to taxes, there were government monopolies on salt and opium. In XNUMX, the trading activities of the East India Company were completely terminated, leaving only the management of the colony and the (English) army in India.

The English bourgeoisie began to make extensive use of India as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods exported from the mother country.

After the great independence uprising in 1857, the East India Company was abolished, and India was governed from London by officials of a special ministry, and in India itself the head was the viceroy, appointed by the queen. In the XNUMXth century India finally turns into a market for English factory goods, as a result of which Indian hand weaving is in decline. The English factory industry eventually undermined the economy of traditional Indian society by destroying the Indian home industry. At the same time, English entrepreneurs prevented the normal development of the local factory industry, encouraging the development of the production of those crops that were exported to the metropolis as raw materials - cotton, jute, indigo, tea, wheat, spices, etc. Only at the end of the XNUMXth century. In India, factory production began to develop, Bombay and Calcutta became the largest industrial centers.

At the end of the XIX century. In India, the process of industrialization began, as a result of which the structure of traditional society was destroyed. The process of industrialization changed the composition of Indian society: artisan weavers disappeared, hired workers and the national bourgeoisie appeared, the middle class and the Indian intelligentsia formed.

In the second half of the XIX century. in India, the national liberation movement is intensifying, which was clearly manifested during the uprising of the sepoys in 1857, which quickly spread throughout the country. After its suppression by the British, the rebels waged a guerrilla war for a long time, which engulfed all of Central India. In 1885, the British administration, realizing the need for a compromise, allowed the creation of an all-Indian political organization. At the same time, the Indian National Congress (INC) was founded. Gradually, two political currents formed in the INC: "moderate" and "extreme". Both the "moderates" and the "extremes" defended the interests of the Indian people in their own way. At the beginning of the XX century. there is a revival and development of local Indian industry. But the colonialists in every possible way prevented this process of modernization, the creation of modern Indian industry, the development of industrial cities, and the democratization of the management system. During this period, the British expanded the plantations of crops such as tea, coffee, sugar cane and long-staple cotton, while beautiful forests were devastated, which led to ecological imbalance, soil erosion, landslides and floods.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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