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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of modern times. Reformation in England (most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 12. REFORMATION IN ENGLAND The immediate cause for the beginning of the Reformation in England was the refusal of the Pope to allow Henry VIII to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. And the reason for this was that she was the aunt of the German emperor Charles V. Since the pope did not want to aggravate relations with him at that moment, it is quite natural that he rejected the request of the English king. In response to the refusal of Pope Henry VIII issued in 1534 an act of supremacy (which means "supremacy" in Latin). The king was declared the head of the English church, as a result of which all Catholic dogmas and rites were preserved, but the king took the place of the pope. The episcopate became the backbone of the absolute monarchy. In 1536 and 1539 monasteries were closed and monastic property was confiscated: buildings, gold and silver utensils and, most importantly, vast monastic lands. Sheep breeding and cloth production have long been the main occupations of the British and an important source of income for the royal treasury. The English called the cloth "the most precious product of the kingdom." Wool prices have been on the rise. Sheep grazing required extensive pastures. Therefore, landowners seized communal wastelands and pastures, forbade peasants to graze cattle there. Dissatisfied with this, they tried in various ways to take away the allotments from the peasants: they drove the peasants from the land by force, destroyed their houses, demolished entire villages. The forcible removal of peasants from the land was called fencing. Having seized peasant lands, the nobles raised huge flocks of sheep on them. To cultivate the fields and care for livestock, they hired agricultural workers - farm laborers. The “new nobles” abandoned their knightly armor and sat down to their account books. Some of them started weaving, leather and other enterprises. Tens of thousands of people driven from the land joined the ranks of vagabonds and beggars. The government passed cruel laws against them, which included whipping, branding with a hot iron, and even the death penalty as punishment. Most of these people joined the ranks of the reform movement in England. England achieved great success during the reign of the smart, cautious, well-educated Elizabeth I. Under her, the English church, independent of Rome, finally took shape, which was called the Anglican. In 1559, when she ascended the throne, the organizational structure of the Church of England was established in forms that have largely survived to this day. During these 30 years there have been many changes, but the English have always been of the opinion that their church is not new, but the same church that has existed in England for more than a thousand years; its reform was carried out to return to the model of the church presented in the New Testament. In support of this continuity, the English refer to their doctrine, priesthood and liturgy. But despite this, as a result of the reform movement in England, a number of serious changes were carried out. The parishioners received the Bible in English, and the clergy began to teach them to regard it as the highest authority in matters of faith and life. Divine services were now conducted in the local language. The Church of England insisted on the independence of national churches in internal affairs, on the right of churches to act at their own discretion in relation to rituals and liturgical practice. The pope's jurisdictional claims over English territory were rejected. Nevertheless, due to the dual nature of its reformation, the Church of England claims to be called both Catholic and Protestant. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. << Back: France in the XVI-XVII centuries >> Forward: Spain at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries
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