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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of modern times. International relations in the 16th-17th centuries (the most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 18. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE XVI-XVII CENTURIES The essence of the grandiose social changes that took place in Europe after 1500 can be summarized as follows: 1) Europe and European civilization as a whole have become the economic, technological and military-political leader of the world community; 2) this breakthrough of Europe to world domination was achieved (unlike previous eras) on a fundamentally new technological basis and was associated with an industrial revolution that occurred initially in the Western European and North American regions. It was the appearance of machines that predetermined the economic and military predominance of Europeans over other civilizations; 3) European civilization began to show after 1400 a never-before-seen desire to expand its institutions and values on a global scale. Thus, European civilization became the first world civilization, creating a world market and turning non-European peoples into its colonies or semi-colonies; 4) the leading position of Europe would not have been possible without grandiose social changes in Western Europe. In this region of the planet, the bourgeoisie for the first time took power into their own hands, gradually pushing the traditional social strata (nobility, peasantry, clergy) into the background; 5) the social upheaval in modern Europe was also accompanied by a change in consciousness, the emergence of a new type of personality, the bourgeois personality. How did all these grandiose changes affect international relations? Yes, directly: 1) international relations for the first time became truly global; 2) international politics became an appendage of European politics - the fate of the world was actually decided by a handful of great European powers, while non-European countries and peoples (as well as, by the way, small European countries) meant absolutely nothing, being just an object of the hegemonic aspirations of the aforementioned great powers; 3) the structure of international relations has undergone radical changes, especially in Europe. Petty feudal lordships, like huge feudal empires, gradually became a thing of the past; they were replaced by national states, which became the main subject of international relations in modern times; 4) foreign policy gradually became more and more bourgeois, becoming bourgeois not only in goals, but also in methods. In contrast to the pre-bourgeois or non-bourgeois personality, the bourgeois is distinguished by activity in the reorganization of this worldly, created world. A sign of the New Age was the rise of the principle of national interest, which was taken as the basis of foreign policy planning. The concept of the national interest, formulated in rational terms of realism and the balance of power, marked a decisive break with medieval views of international relations. All these changes were associated with a change in the social structure of the leading European powers: the national bourgeoisie that came to power sought to put not only domestic, but also foreign policy at its service. The ratio between economic and military power has also changed radically. For many millennia, the relationship between economic prosperity and the military-political power of the state was by no means direct. The capitalist era for the first time established a direct and immediate relationship between the level of economic development of the state and the level of its military power and, consequently, the role it plays in the international arena. Moreover, it was in the New Age that the state began to actively use economic levers to achieve its foreign policy goals. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. << Back: The decline of Spain and the rise of England >> Forward: Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
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