History of modern times. Formation of a nation state in Germany (most important)

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History of modern times. Formation of a nation state in Germany (most important)

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65. FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL STATE IN GERMANY

After the defeat of the revolution of 1848-1849. the path of unification became real, in which the Prussian monarchy, which had a stronger position than the Austrian, played a leading role. Prussia was economically more developed than Austria, and even on her initiative, the German Customs Union was created in 1834, uniting 18 German states. Prussia was most suited to the role of leader in the forthcoming and necessary unification of all German states into a single national state. In 1861, the brother of the deceased Friedrich Wilhelm IV, Wilhelm I, became the king of Prussia. He sought to have a strong army, because he believed that the national unification of the country could only take place by force of arms.

To unite the country, William I needed a strong chancellor (head of government). To this end, he picked up a like-minded person - Otto von Bismarck, whom he appointed to the post of Chancellor in September 1862. His views on the path to the unification of Germany were outlined in a parliamentary speech: “... The borders of Prussia according to the Vienna Treaties hinder healthy state life; the great issues of our time are not resolved by speeches and decisions of the majority - but by iron and blood."

The first steps towards the unification of Germany under the leadership of Prussia were wars with Denmark and Austria. In 1864, Prussia, in alliance with Austria, entered the war with Denmark with the aim of seizing the territories of Schleswig and Holstein. The Danish troops were defeated. Austria and Prussia received these lands into joint ownership. A little time passed, and Prussia, seeking to weaken Austria and eliminate its influence on the German states, in 1866 provoked a war against its ally. At the same time, Prussia attracted Italy to its side, which was promised the Venetian region in the event of Austria's defeat. As a result of a deceptive maneuver, the Prussian army invaded the territory of Austria and on July 3, 1866, near the city of Sadov (in the Czech Republic), imposing battle on the Austrian army, completely defeated it.

After this defeat, Austria was forced to leave the German Confederation and give up Schleswig and Holstein in favor of Prussia. At the same time, Bismarck also negotiated with the German states - Nassau, Hesse and Frankfurt, which, by their geographical position, wedged between the western and eastern possessions of Prussia. These states were annexed to Prussia by capture, and monetary compensation was allocated to their rulers.

After the removal of Austria from the German Confederation, Prussia took on the role of leader and initiator in the creation of the North German Confederation. In August 1866, 22 German states signed an agreement with Prussia on the formation of the North German Confederation. But at the same time, the member states of the Union retained the monarchical structure, their dynasties, armies, governments, laws and judicial orders. The North German Confederation was headed by the President, who was appointed by the Prussian King. The new union had its own constitution, its own parliament and the Union Council, which consisted of ministers and representatives from all states. Most of the deputies were from Prussia, because its population was four times the population of other German states. This ratio determined the leading role of Prussia in the North German Confederation.

Bismarck's success in the unification of Germany secured him broad support from all sectors of society. As a result of the unification of Northern Germany, the obstacles to the political and economic development of the German nation, as well as science and culture, were removed. But since the task of creating a German national state was solved by Bismarck, who hated any manifestations of democracy, a military bureaucratic monarchy arose in the center of Europe.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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