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How did the Industrial Revolution end? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did the Industrial Revolution end? In the nineteenth century the industrial revolution, which began in England, stepped into France, Germany, and other European countries. Huge cities and factory chimneys have transformed the continent. The Industrial Revolution also developed rapidly in the United States. Achievements of human civilization in the nineteenth century. began to be measured by success in the development of machine production. Technological progress has become one of the main values. England remained the most developed country in the field of industrial production. It was here that a new branch of industry arose - mechanical engineering. A rapidly developing domestic market and foreign trade were served by a developed railway network. The industrial revolution also affected the agricultural sector of the country, in which progressive methods of agriculture and new technology began to be applied. By the end of the century, the country was on wheels. Mass production of automobiles began. The telephone and telegraph became more accessible, facilitating communication processes. Technological progress made changes in military equipment. Firearms became widely used. At the turn of the nineteenth century. electricity began to enter the life of people. The initial capitalist development was called the era of free competition. Entrepreneurs fought for favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods. This struggle was not limited and acted as the main stimulus for the development of the economy. Economic crises became the main regulator of the spontaneous market, after they were overcome, a new rise in production began. But the use of highly developed technology, complex technology was possible only within the framework of large production structures that began to appear in the second half of the XNUMXth century. In order to avoid intense competition among themselves, large industrialists began to negotiate prices, the quantity of products produced, and even sales markets. Thus, various organizational forms of mergers of enterprises arose - cartels, syndicates, trusts, concerns. In the event that an industrial or financial corporation concentrated in its hands dominance in any branch of the economy, it became a monopoly. But tens of thousands of independent medium and small enterprises continued to exist in society. But the monopolistic sector of the economy became dominant. Free competition capitalism has been replaced by monopoly capitalism. On the one hand, it made it possible to introduce new technology and increase labor productivity, but, on the other hand, the dominance of monopolies posed a threat to the free market and limited the ability of other structures to also increase production. The industrial revolution changed the social structure of Western European society. The number of bourgeoisie and hired industrial workers increased. By the beginning of the twentieth century. they became the main social groups of industrial society. As for the main classes of traditional society - landowning nobility and peasants, their numbers decreased. But these changes took place depending on the pace of modernization of a particular country. Thus, in England, the classical landlord and peasant economy disappeared already in the XNUMXth century. The property of seigneurs on land in France was destroyed by the revolution. The US has never had the classes of a traditional society. The landlord economy was preserved in Austria, Italy, and the German states. But after the Napoleonic wars, reforms were carried out here as well, which contributed to the development of capitalist relations in agriculture. Modernization processes destroyed class distinctions between people. Within the leading social groups there was a process of stratification. The bourgeoisie, the working class and the peasantry were heterogeneous. With the development of industrial society, the old aristocracy lost its leading position. Many aristocratic families went bankrupt. Gradually, the aristocracy merged with the bourgeoisie, which led to the emergence of a new "upper class". In the nineteenth century, the leading economic and political positions passed to the bourgeoisie. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How did the major religions originate? The main religions in the world are Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Hinduism originated in India about 3000 years ago. The founders of this religion believed that Brahma is the first great god who created all forms of life and many other gods. The Buddha was a great religious teacher who lived about 3000 years ago. In its original form, Buddhism does not depend on any god or gods, but teaches that a person can free himself from all desires and thus overcome evil and suffering. There are various sects and branches of Buddhism. Confucianism, based on the teachings of Confucius, a philosopher of the XNUMXth century BC. e., is completely connected with the problem of the correct behavior of a person in relation to his loved one. Taoism originated from a small book called "Tao Te King" written by Lao She in the XNUMXth century BC. e. She encourages followers to strive for and follow a natural lifestyle. Shintoism is the primitive religion of the Japanese, subsequently modified and modified by various influences and teachings, mainly Chinese. Zoroastrianism arose from the teachings of Zarathustra or Zoroaster, an Iranian prophet, probably born in the XNUMXth century BC. e. This religion extols Aura Mazda (the Wise Lord) as the great One God. Islam is based on the teachings of Mohammed, an Arab prophet of the XNUMXth century AD. Judaism is the oldest monotheistic (with one god) religion. Appearing in Palestine, the homeland of the ancient Jews, she passed with the Jewish people in all their wanderings. Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, who was born in Palestine around 8-4 BC. e.
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