History of modern times. Dutch Revolution (most important)

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History of modern times. Dutch Revolution (most important)

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15. NETHERLANDS REVOLUTION

When Charles V abdicated in 1555, he gave 17 Dutch provinces, as well as Spain and its colonies, to his eldest son Philip. Philip II took an even more intransigent stance against Dutch separatism. The Dutch nobility, both large and small, as well as the cities, were indignant at Philip II's use of the country's financial reserves for Spain's military operations against France. The king's attempts to remove them from participation in the reign caused indignation, as well as the fact that he listened to the advice of Cardinal Granvella, and not the more judicious viceroy, half-sister of Philip II, Margaret of Parma. The most powerful of the nobles, holders of the Order of the Golden Fleece and members of the Council of State, in 1562 demanded the resignation of Cardinal Granvella. For the first time, the system of government of Philip II, which was based not on the nobility, but on the Spanish army stationed in the Netherlands, was questioned.

The speech of the nobles in the State Council in 1566 was followed by a protest of the petty nobility against the policies of Philip II. 300 representatives of the lower nobility submitted a petition to the viceroy, in which they demanded the restoration of the "liberties" of the country and the softening of the "posters" against heretics. Not having sufficient forces to suppress such massive opposition, the king dismissed Granvella.

In 1567, Philip II sent the Duke of Alba to the Netherlands, who succeeded Margaret of Parma as governor. The Duke of Alba was given the task of cracking down on the rebels and eradicating dissent.

Alba arrested and executed the counts of Egmont and Horn, who led the noble opposition in the Council of State. The most prominent representative of the opposition, Prince William of Orange, later named William the Silent, fled to Germany, where he led the resistance and organized military campaigns against Alba. All of them were unsuccessful, but Prince Wilhelm did not stop the fight.

In 1574, the inhabitants of Leiden managed to win a brilliant victory over the Spaniards who were besieging the city. William of Orange became the recognized leader of the resistance to foreign domination. He relied on the support of the Calvinists, although he advocated religious reconciliation and religious tolerance, and also defended the traditional privileges of the provinces. His goal was to expel the Spaniards and unite the 17 provinces of the Netherlands into a single free state.

Attempts by William of Orange to reconcile different segments of the population culminated in the convening of the Estates General in Ghent in 1576, where all 17 provinces accepted the text of the so-called. Peace of Ghent. According to this document, the provinces were united under the leadership of William of Orange, although the supreme power of King Philip II was recognized. The Estates General voted for the withdrawal of foreign troops, the introduction of a more liberal form of government, and the abolition of "posters" against heretics. However, the new governor Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, sent by Philip II to the Netherlands in 1578, prevented the implementation of the political course of William of Orange by declaring the prince outlaw. Farnese pursued a softer policy towards Protestants than Philip II, but was unable to suppress the resistance. Several provinces located north of the Rhine united with the cities of Flanders and Brabant and signed the Union of Utrecht on January 23, 1579, declaring their intention to fight to the end for political independence and religious freedom. In 1580, Philip II declared William of Orange his enemy. In response, the Estates General of the seven northern provinces declared that from now on they would not recognize Philip II as sovereign. The act of deposition of Philip II was signed on July 26, 1581.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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