History of modern times. Establishment of the Jacobin dictatorship in France (most important)

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History of modern times. Establishment of the Jacobin dictatorship in France (most important)

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26. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE JACOBIN DICTATORY IN FRANCE

Further disengagement in the revolutionary camp, the economic crisis, the onslaught of the popular movement, external and internal opposition to the revolution, the uprising of the peasants of the Vendée brought the republic to the brink of death. As a result of a popular uprising in Paris on May 31 - June 2, 1793, the dictatorship of the Montagnards was established, called Jacobin dictatorship.

The Jacobites undertook a number of measures aimed at the final undermining of the feudal system, completely eliminating all surviving seigneurial rights and securing the land they cultivated for the peasants. They fixed the fixed prices and maximum wages demanded by the sans-culottes and made forced loans of billions from the rich.

The attack on the Catholic Church continued and the republican calendar was introduced. In 1793, a constitution was adopted, which was based on universal suffrage, but its introduction was postponed due to the critical situation of the republic, and as a result it did not take place.

The Jacobin dictatorship demonstrated a complete rejection of liberal principles, showing a model of state intervention in various spheres of society. Industrial production and agriculture, finance and trade, public festivals and the private life of citizens - everything was subject to strict regulation. However, it was unable to contain the further deepening of the economic and social crisis. In September 1793, the Convention put terror on the agenda. The Committee of Public Safety sent its representatives to all hot spots, endowing them with unlimited powers. The terrible machine of the former deputy of the Constituent Assembly, Guillotin, already tested in practice, worked without fail. When she could not cope, executions were used.

The Jacobin dictatorship relied on a broad front of social forces that had taken shape in the struggle against the royalist counter-revolution and against the Girondins—the revolutionary middle and petty bourgeoisie, the majority of the peasantry and the plebeian masses. At first it was also supported by a part of the big bourgeoisie, which had risen during and as a result of the revolution and wanted its lasting victory.

In the socio-economic field, the Jacobin dictatorship carried out the regulation of the sphere of circulation, established under the pressure of the masses of the people. At the same time, the Jacobin government rejected the radical leveling demands of the plebeians and the peasant poor.

The Jacobin dictatorship was a new stage in the relationship between the revolution and the church. The struggle against the church began to develop into actions against the Catholic religion itself. The forcible abolition of the Catholic cult could not win the support of the people. On December 6, 1793, at the insistence of Robespierre, the Convention confirmed the freedom of worship and banned "violence and threats" incompatible with it.

But the struggle against common enemies, which rallied various social forces around the Jacobins, was nearing completion. Under these conditions, the contradictions and struggle within the Jacobin bloc itself escalated.

Several camps took shape within the Jacobin bloc. This is the leading core of the ruling Jacobin party - the Robespierists, in the autumn-winter of 1793, a trend of "indulgent", or moderate, took shape among the Jacobins. Georges Danton became the leader of this trend. The "indulgent" sought to mitigate and speedily abolish the regime of the revolutionary dictatorship. The "indulgent" revolutionaries opposed the "extreme" revolutionaries, who sought strict observance of the laws, further leveling measures, and intensification of terror. These camps clashed more and more bitterly on major political issues. The struggle reached a critical point in the spring of 1794.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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