History of modern times. China in the 16th-18th centuries (the most important)

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History of modern times. China in the 16th-18th centuries (the most important)

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44. CHINA IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES

Since ancient times, the Chinese considered their state to be the center of the world. They called it the middle, or heavenly, state. All the surrounding peoples were barbarians for the Chinese and were considered as subjects of the emperor. In the XVI-XVIII centuries. Korea, Vietnam, Burma, Tibet were vassals of China.

At the head of the Chinese state was the emperor, who had unlimited power, which he inherited. In governing the country, the emperor was assisted by the state council, which included his relatives, scientists and advisers. The government of the country was carried out through three chambers. The first chamber included six departments: ranks, rituals, financial, military, department of punishments, department of public works. The other two chambers prepared imperial decrees and oversaw ceremonies and receptions in honor of the emperor.

A special chamber of censors controlled the actions of officials throughout China. The country was divided into provinces, which were divided into districts and counties, they were ruled by officials of various ranks.

The Chinese state bore the name of the ruling dynasty in the country: from 1368 to 1644. - "empire of the Ming dynasty", since 1644 - "empire of the Qing dynasty".

By the beginning of the XVI century. China was already a state of high culture with a developed education system. The first stage of the education system was the school, where boys studied, whose parents could pay for education. After the final exam in elementary school, it was possible to enter a provincial school, where the study of hieroglyphs continued (and there are about 60 thousand of them in Chinese, 6-7 thousand were memorized at school, learned people knew 25-30 thousand), as well as students mastered calligraphy - the skill to write beautifully and clearly with ink. Students of the school memorized the books of ancient authors, got acquainted with the rules of versification and compilation of treatises. At the end of their studies, they took an exam - they wrote a poem in verse and an essay. Only an educated person could become an official.

Among the Chinese officials there were many poets and painters. In China in the 16th century. Crafts for making silk and porcelain were already developed. Porcelain products and silk fabrics were decorated with various designs using high-quality paints.

The three main pillars of the Chinese state for many centuries were three teachings: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Confucius developed his teachings in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e., and it occupied an important place in the worldview of the Chinese in the 16th-18th centuries. Traditional society in China was built on the Confucian principles of filial piety and respect for elders. Loyalty, humility, kindness and compassion, a high sense of duty, and education were the main features of a noble and worthy person.

Founder of Taoism Lao Tzu - expounded his teachings in the book "Tao de jing". Gradually, Taoism turned from a philosophy into a religion ("dao" in Chinese - "the way"). Taoism taught that a person can escape the torment of hell and even become immortal. To do this, one must follow the principle of "non-action" in one's life, that is, step aside from active social life, become a hermit, seek the true path - Tao.

Buddhism entered China from India at the beginning of the XNUMXst millennium CE. e. and by the XNUMXth century. had a very strong position and a huge impact on the life of traditional society. By this period, many temples and Buddhist monasteries were built in China.

All three teachings were of great importance for maintaining and strengthening the foundations of the Chinese state, they were the main pillars of traditional Chinese society.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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