History of modern times. Causes of the First World War (1914-1918) (most important)

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History of modern times. Causes of the First World War (1914-1918) (most important)

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89. CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)

Diplomatic preparations for the war for the redivision of the world began at the beginning of the 8th century. During this period of time there is an Anglo-French rapprochement. On April 1904, 1907, England and France concluded an agreement, the main content of which was the recognition of England's "rights" to rule in Egypt, and of France's "rights" to satisfy her claims in Morocco. This is how "cordial consent" (Entente cordiale) arose - the Anglo-French Entente. In 31, during the Anglo-Russian negotiations, a compromise was reached on controversial colonial issues, and on August 1907 of this year the agreement was signed. The conclusion of the Anglo-Russian agreement of XNUMX completed the creation The Entente - a military-diplomatic imperialist group of England, France and Russia, opposing another imperialist group - the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy), which was formalized earlier - in 1882. As a result of these events, Europe was finally split into two opposing each other military bloc. Preparations for the First World War were in full swing on both opposing sides.

In the prewar years of 1912 and 1913 The Balkan Peninsula was the scene of warfare: the 1st Balkan (October 9, 1912 - May 30, 1913) and the 2nd Balkan (June 30 - July 29, 1913). The first Balkan war began with the war of Montenegro against Turkey, and then Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece entered the war. On May 30, 1913, a peace treaty between the members of the Balkan Union and Turkey, worked out under pressure from the great powers, was signed in London. According to this agreement, the entire territory of European Turkey, with the exception of Albania, which stood out as an independent state, went to the participants in the Balkan Union. Bulgaria, dissatisfied with the decisions of the London Peace Treaty, June 29, 1913 began hostilities against the former allies. Thus began the second Balkan war. In a short time, Bulgaria was defeated and asked for peace. On July 30, 1913, a peace conference opened in Bucharest, and already on August 10, Bulgaria signed a peace treaty with Serbia, Greece and Romania.

On June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, the heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand, was killed by a member of the Serbian military-patriotic society "Black Hand", a high school student G. Princip. This became the reason for starting a conflict. Austria-Hungary, instigated by Germany, on July 23, 1914, delivered an ultimatum to Serbia, according to which demands were put forward that undermined the sovereignty of Serbia. On July 24, even before the expiration of the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, the Russian government decided to mobilize four military districts - Kyiv, Odessa, Moscow and Kazan, as well as the Black Sea and Baltic fleets. On July 25, 1914, Serbia responded to the Austrian ultimatum. This response-note of the Serbian government expressed readiness to resolve the conflict. Nevertheless, the Austro-Hungarian government declared that it was not satisfied and declared war on Serbia. On July 28, 1914, hostilities began on the Austrian-Serbian border. On July 29, the British government announced its readiness for war. In response, Germany began to carry out mobilization activities. On July 30, Tsar Nicholas II approved the decision on general mobilization in Russia. The decree to this effect was announced on July 31, and at midnight the German government presented Rossini with an ultimatum to stop the mobilization. A military clash between the major European powers became inevitable.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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