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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Oak ordinary (oak pedunculate). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Common Oak (Pedunculate Oak), Quercus robur. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Quercus Family: Beech (Fagaceae) Origin: Europe, West Asia, North Africa Area: Distributed in forests of temperate latitudes in Europe and Western Asia. Also found in North Africa. Chemical composition: The leaves and bark of the common oak contain tannin, which is the main component for the leather and tanning industry. In addition, the bark of the common oak contains flavonoids, coumarins and quercetin. Economic value: Common oak is widely used in the production of furniture, parquet, ship timber and other building materials. In addition, tannin is produced from the bark of the common oak, which is used as a tanning agent for leather and in the manufacture of inks. The leaves of the common oak are used as livestock feed, while the acorns are food for wild animals such as wild boars and deer. Legends, myths, symbolism: In mythology, the oak was associated with the gods of thunder and lightning, as it was believed that the thunder gods lived in its branches. Also in some cultures, oak was considered a symbol of courage and strength, as its powerful trunk and strong branches can withstand the strongest winds and storms. In Slavic mythology, the oak was associated with the goddess of motherhood and fertility, Lada, who was considered the patroness of forests. Oak can be used as a symbol of resilience and reliability, as its strong roots and strong structure make it very resistant to winds, storms and other natural phenomena. It can also be used as a symbol of courage and strength, as its powerful trunk and branches are associated with strength and courage. The oak can be used as a symbol of patronage and protection, as it serves as a home for many animals and insects that find shelter and protection in it. In general, the common oak can be used as a symbol of perseverance, reliability, courage and patronage.
Oak ordinary (oak pedunculate). Quercus robur. Description, illustrations of the plant Oak. Legends, myths, history
There are legends about the longevity of oak trees. In the Zaporizhzhya Sich, an oak tree has been preserved, under which Bohdan Khmelnitsky gave parting words to his soldiers before the battle, and in St. Petersburg there are oak trees planted by Peter the Great. In ancient Rome, soldiers who distinguished themselves in service were awarded a wreath of oak leaves and acorns. Interestingly, even now in some countries oak leaves are used as military insignia. According to historians, our distant ancestors baked bread from acorns and prepared a medicinal drink resembling coffee. In ancient Greece, this tree was dedicated to the sun god Apollo. Our distant ancestors - the ancient Slavs - lived in unity with the nature around them and worshiped trees. However, they treated few trees with the same reverence as the oak, which was personified with the thunder god Perun. According to an ancient Slavic myth, even before the creation of the world, when there was neither Earth nor Heaven, there was a huge oak tree in the blue sea, on which two doves sat. They went down to the bottom of the sea and got sand, stones and stars. From them the Earth and the Sky were created. Oaks are also frequently mentioned in Latvian folklore. They symbolized masculinity, endurance, wisdom and longevity. In ancient times, the Latvians personified the oak with their main god, the Thunderer Perkons. In Scandinavian culture, the oak and its fruit - the acorn - were symbols of the god Thor. Author: Martyanova L.M.
Oak. Myths, traditions, symbolism
A tree that has a deep allegorical meaning; in view of the strength of its wood itself, it is a symbol of immortality and longevity. From ancient times to the present day people live in the memory of observations of frequent lightning strikes in the oak tree, which is included in sayings such as: "From lightning under an oak tree to escape - ahead of time to gather in the next world" (literal translation: "Keep away from the oak tree during a thunderstorm" ). Therefore, it is no coincidence that in antiquity the oak was considered sacred and associated with the god of lightning and sky Zeus (Jupiter). In the sacred grove was the oak of Dodona, to the rustle of the leaves of which they listened, believing that the will of Zeus was transmitted in this way. In ancient Rome, there was an oak grove managed by the forest king on Lake Nemi, dedicated to Jupiter, and the oak wreath was a sign of the dignity of the ancient Italian rulers. Among the Celtic Druids, the oaks on which the mistletoe grew were held in high esteem, however, as among the Germans. In the latter, moreover, the oaks overshadowed the Tingplatz - the judicial-veche square and were dedicated to Thor (Donar), similarly among the Lithuanians - to Perkunas. The oak god (Kashima-no-kami) was also known in ancient Japan. In ancient folk beliefs, oaks were considered as if they were living beings, the habitat of special nymphs (patrons of trees) - dryads (from the Greek drys - oak), associated with their origin from the oak-genus. The ability to enchant and pacify lions was attributed to oak leaves. Oak ash was considered to protect against grain rust, and an oak pillar in a dunghill was considered to repel snakes. For romantics, oak was a symbol of unshakable strength ("Reliably and unshakably, like German oaks ..."), in connection with which oak leaves during the Nazi era appeared as award, honorary, order attributes. The Druids ate acorns on the eve of predictions; in German card games, the acorn is used as a sign of suit. Author: Biedermann G.
Oak ordinary. Description of the plant, area, cultivation, application
Widespread in deciduous forests. In the floodplain oak forests, pure oak thickets are formed. Lives up to 400-500 years, sometimes up to 1000-1500 years. The tree is up to 40-50 m high, the trunk is mighty, the branches are winding, thickset, the crown is dense, wide. The bark of young branches is smooth, annual - red-brown, old shoots - dark gray, cracked. The leaves are up to 15 cm long and 10 cm wide, dense, shiny. By the fall, they have growths - gall nuts, swellings from the bites of an insect of a nutcracker that lays its eggs under the skin of a leaf. Blooms in April-May. The flowers are dioecious, monoecious, inconspicuous, male flowers create drooping long catkins, female flowers 1-3 each on elongated pedicels. Blossoms in open places at the age of 10, in the forest - 40-60 years of age. Fruits - oblong acorns, brown, shiny, located in the plush - a shallow round cup, bitter taste, there are also sweet ones. Ripen in September-October. Oak bark contains tannins, protein substances, organic acids (gallic, zlagic, etc.), catechins, quercetin, sugar, carbohydrates, mucus, starch, pectins, etc. Starch, tannins, protein, sugar, fatty oil, in the leaves - tannins, quercetin. The older the tree, the less tannins in its bark. For economic purposes, oak wood is used, which is distinguished by strength, hardness, flexibility, and beauty of the pattern. Furniture, parquet, barrels, plywood, handles, kitchen boards and many other durable products that are resistant to moisture are made from it. Oak wood is widely used in ship and carriage building, mechanical engineering, and hydraulic structures. Oak bark is used for tanning leather. Cork, black dyes are made from it.
Acorns are used for food. Since ancient times, flour and cereals have been made from them. Flour is added for taste and nutritional value to bread, pancakes, pancakes, nut cakes, coffee. Fried acorns are suitable for tea instead of crackers, they replace nuts in confectionery. Acorn flour. Cut acorns, after peeling, pour water for two days (change it 3-4 times a day). Then drain the water, put the acorns in an enamel bowl, pour water in a ratio of 1:2 and heat to a boil. Pass wet and warm acorns through a meat grinder, lay out a thin layer on plywood and dry in the air, in an oven or oven. You can dry the pieces of acorns, then grind them in a mortar or grind them in a coffee grinder. Groats. Cut acorns, dry and grind into groats. Dried acorns are stored for a long time, retaining their nutritional properties. Fritters. Dilute acorn and wheat or barley flour with sour milk, salt, add sugar, raw egg, soda, salt, mix thoroughly. From the mass, fry pancakes in oil. Drizzle with sour cream or melted butter before serving. 100 g of acorn flour, 200 g of wheat (or barley) flour, 250 ml of kefir, 1 egg, 1 teaspoon of sugar, Hg of a teaspoon of soda, 100 g of vegetable oil, salt to taste. Bread with acorn flour. Mix acorn flour with wheat or barley flour, add yeast diluted in milk or water, softened margarine, salt, sugar, knead the dough and put in a warm place. When the dough rises, shape the bread and bake in the oven. 800 g acorn flour, 100 g wheat (or barley) flour, 25 g yeast, 500 ml milk (or water), 50 g margarine, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt. Coffee. Mix roasted acorns, rye, barley, oats, wheat, add dried dandelion roots, wild chicory and grind in a coffee grinder. Store in a closed glass container. Brew 1 teaspoon of the mixture with 250 ml of boiling water, insist and drink like tea. Add hot milk, sugar or honey to taste. 30 g acorns, 20 g barley, 10 g rye, 10 g oats, 20 g chicory, 10 g dandelion, 15 g wheat.
In folk medicine, oak bark and acorns are used. The bark has an astringent, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, hemostatic, tonic, diuretic effect, lowers blood pressure, increases the elasticity and strength of the walls of blood vessels. Infusion of oak bark. Infuse 10 g of oak bark in 400 ml of chilled boiled water for 6 hours, then strain. Drink 100 ml 3-4 times a day before meals for diseases of the stomach, intestines, kidneys, lungs. Decoction of oak bark. Boil 20 g of crushed bark in 200 ml of water for 30 minutes. Drink 100 ml 3 times a day for colitis with diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, gastritis, rinse your mouth, throat with tonsillitis, stomatitis. Decoction of oak bark. Boil 40 g of bark in 250 ml of water for 30 minutes, then leave for 2 hours. Make lotions for burns, eczema; enemas, baths with bleeding hemorrhoids; wash wounds, ulcers, do foot baths with sweating feet. Ointment from oak bark. Mix two parts of oak bark powder, one part of black poplar buds with seven parts of butter, keep in a warm oven for 12 hours, then cook over low heat or in a water bath for 30 minutes, strain. Ointment to lubricate burns, frostbite. Acorns. Dried, peeled seeds are roasted until pink. Apply for diarrhea. Acorn coffee. Grind roasted acorns into powder and brew like coffee. Give to children with scrofula. The air in oak groves is filled with oak phytoncides. When inhaled, it improves overall well-being, reduces heart and headaches, and improves sleep. Powder from dried galls or fresh galls lubricate eczema, lichen, burns. Oak bark is part of the collection for baths from scrofula and rickets. Contraindications have not been established. Oak bark and acorns are harvested. It is possible to remove the bark only with the permission of the forestry in the cutting areas from trees intended for felling, or cut down during sanitary cleaning, as well as from the undergrowth remaining at the stumps of cut trees. It should be remembered that the removal of young bark, even in a small area, can lead to the death of a tree. The time of collection should coincide with the period of sap flow, from April to June. On the young bark, smooth, intact, without cracks and outgrowths, ring cuts are made at a distance of 30 cm from each other, then cut along and the bark is removed in the form of grooves. The bark is laid out in a thin loose layer on a bedding, plywood and dried in a well-ventilated room, under a canopy, in attics, turning daily. They are dried in dryers, ovens, ovens at a temperature not exceeding 40-50 ° C. During drying, it is necessary to ensure that the bark does not become dusty, dirty, or wet (when wet, it loses tannins). Dried raw materials - pieces of bark 20-30 cm long, shiny on the outside, sometimes matte, light brown or gray, smooth or slightly wrinkled, without cracks. On the inside, yellowish or reddish-brown, with longitudinal ribs. When dried, the smell of the bark disappears, when soaked in hot water, the specific smell is restored. The taste is sweetish at first, then tart-bitter. Acorns are shaken from the branches when they are ripe, when they easily fall out of the cup, after the first frosts, they are immediately cleaned of pluses, as mold forms under them, laid out in a thin layer and dried first in air, dried in dryers, ovens, ovens at a temperature not exceeding 40 -50°C. After drying, the pericarp, peel are removed and fried until pink. The finished raw material consists of light or dark brown cotyledons, odorless, at first sweetish, then bitter-tart taste. Store bark and acorns in a well-ventilated, dry area. The shelf life of the bark is up to 5 years, acorns - 3 years. Authors: Alekseychik N.I., Vasanko V.A.
Common oak, Quercus robur L. Botanical description, distribution, chemical composition, features of use.
Beech family - Fagaceae. A tree up to 40 m high with a powerful spreading crown. The bark of young shoots is smooth, olive-brown, later silver-gray. The leaves are brought together at the ends of the shoots, short-petiolate, glabrous, obovate, lobed, entire, obtuse. Flowers are dioecious; pistillate - 1-3, sessile, on an elongated peduncle; staminate - in rare dangling catkins. The fruit is an ovoid acorn, brownish-yellow, surrounded by a shallow cup-shaped cupule. Blooms in late April - early May. The fruits ripen in September. It grows on gray forest loams, degraded black and brown soils, alluvial soils, along the bottoms of gullies. Widespread in Western Europe and the European part of Russia, found in northern Africa and western Asia. Introduced in northeastern North America. Industrial harvesting of raw materials is concentrated in the Polissya and forest-steppe regions. All parts of the plant contain tannins (the largest amount in the young bark - up to 20% and wood - 4-6%). Organic acids (gallic and ellagic), flavonoids were found in the bark; in acorns - tanides, up to 40% starch, a large amount of proteins, carbohydrates, up to 5% fatty oil; in the leaves - pigments, flavonoids (quercetin and quercitrin), tannins, pentosans, up to 0,2% ascorbic acid; in leaf galls - up to 30% tannins; in the leaves and bark - pentacyclic triterpenoids (taraxerol, glutinone, glutinol, fridelin, fridelanol), in the bark - tetracyclic triterpenoids (dipterocarpol, dammarendiol). Oak leaves are used as a spicy-aromatic addition when pickling cucumbers. Oak tanning extracts are the basis of modern tanning production. Most of these extracts are obtained from wood - waste products of the wood processing industry. Oak wood is used in the production of barrels, especially cognac and wine.
The tannins contained in oak wood give the drinks a peculiar taste and aroma. Acorns can be used to make a coffee substitute. Acorns serve as food for many wild animals, they feed domestic pigs. In domestic medicine, the bark is used internally as an astringent, anti-inflammatory and antitoxic agent for poisoning with mushrooms, alkaloids and salts of heavy metals; externally - for rinsing the mouth and throat with gingivitis, stomatitis, loosening of the gums, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, for lotions for burns, bedsores, oily seborrhea. In folk medicine, the bark was used orally for gynecological diseases, heavy menstruation, diarrhea, stomach ulcers, dysentery, diseases of the liver and spleen, thyroid gland, rickets, cholera, pyelonephritis, externally - for frostbite, sweating, for washing bleeding hemorrhoids and purulent wounds. , throat and mouth cavities for inflammation, to eliminate bad breath, to remove calluses. Leaf galls were used as an astringent; fresh galls or powder from them was used for gastrointestinal disorders, to heal purulent wounds, burns, lichen, eczema, skin tuberculosis; a decoction of plush was used for whites. Gauls were used in the past to make ink and tan leather. From the bark, a light-resistant, durable dye was obtained for carpets and tapestries. An extract from the leaves was used to dye wool and felted products in yellow, green, greenish-yellow, brown and black colors. In beekeeping, the common oak is important mainly as perganos, but in certain years, with a favorable combination of meteorological factors, it produces nectar and is then abundantly visited by bees. Honeydew often appears on oak leaves, from which bees produce honeydew, poorly digestible honey. Oak is widely used in green building in forest reclamation, anti-erosion plantations, in shelterbelts. Authors: Dudchenko L.G., Kozyakov A.S., Krivenko V.V.
Common oak (pedunculate oak), Quercus robur L. (Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.). Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications
A large tree, reaching 40-50 m in height, of the beech family (Fagaceae). The leaves are oblong-obovate, pinnately lobed, the flowers are unisexual, monoecious. Male flowers are in long hanging catkins, female flowers are sessile. The fruit is an acorn. Blooms in April - May. Range and habitats. It grows in most of Europe west of the Caucasus. Chemical composition. The bark contains 10-20% tannins; gallic and ellagic acids; a large number of pentosans (up to 13-14%); pectin substances (up to 6%); in addition, quercetin, sugars and flobafen. Acorns contain up to 40% starch; 5-8% tannins; sugar, fatty oil - up to 5%. The leaves contain tannins, dyes, quercitrin and quercetin, as well as pentosans. Preparations from oak acorns have an antibacterial effect against dysentery bacillus. Application in medicine. In medicine, the bark of young branches and tree trunks up to 10 cm in diameter is used. Oak bark is used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent for diseases of the oral cavity (gingivitis, stomatitis, amphodentosis). It is also recommended for glossitis and pharyngitis. Good results have been noted in the treatment of burns. The anti-inflammatory effect of oak preparations is due to the presence of astringents. Fresh crushed leaves are applied to ulcers and wounds for their healing. Dried oak seeds, crushed into powder, are used for diseases of the bladder, for diarrhea. From acorns, a coffee surrogate is made, which is not only nutritious, but also a remedy for gastrointestinal diseases, rickets, anemia and scrofula in children. It is also useful for nervous patients and for excessive menstrual bleeding. Oak bark is widely used in veterinary medicine as a remedy for indigestion. A decoction of the bark (Decoctum corticis Quercus). The broth is prepared in a ratio of 1:10. The bark is crushed to a particle size of not more than 3 mm, doused with water at room temperature, closed, heated in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring for 30 minutes, cooled for 10 minutes, filtered, squeezed, water is added to the original volume. Other uses. Common oak is a woody, medicinal, phytoncidal, food, melliferous, dyeing, fodder, ornamental and phytomeliorative plant. Oak wood has a beautiful color and texture. It is dense, strong, resilient, well preserved in the air, in the ground and under water, moderately cracks and warps, easily pricks, resistant to decay and house fungus. Common oak is used in green building as an ornamental and phytoncidal plant when creating suburban groves, alleys, curtains, single plantations in parks and forest parks. Authors: Turova A.D., Sapozhnikova E.N.
Oak. Interesting plant facts
Oak is considered by many peoples of the world to be the most beautiful and powerful tree, the king of forests. The ancient Slavs revered the oak as a sacred tree, patronized by the Thunderer Perun himself. Without the permission of the Magi and the elders, no one had the right to cut the sacred oak trees, break the branches. It was only allowed to collect acorns. Oak is one of the most common and largest, durable trees of the Ukrainian flora. There are many types of oak growing in our forests and parks, gardens and shelter plantations. There are large areas of oak forests throughout the forest-steppe. In Ukraine, forests with a predominance of oak occupy more than 30% of all forests. How many legends, songs and fairy tales are composed about this handsome man! Everywhere and everywhere the oak was considered a tree, which was given to people by the mighty gods as an expensive gift. In some legends, golden rejuvenating apples grow on oak, giving immortality to the elect. And golden acorns. And mermaids in its branches. And under the powerful roots of the oak, a chest with Koshcheev's death is hidden. It is impossible to retell all the traditions and legends, to list the virtues that folk fantasy has awarded the oak. On the head of Zeus, the ancient Greeks depicted a wreath of oak leaves - a sign of strength and firmness. The Slavs used only oak wood for statues of their gods. How many poets and artists, writers and musicians have been inspired by oak groves to create masterpieces of art! Thousands and thousands of tourists visited the Zaporozhye oak, which is over 800 years old. Oak acorns have long been used by man to make bread. They are rich in starch, proteins, fats, sugars, vitamins, etc. Oak is the first cereal plant that a person used for food. Our great-grandfathers knew simple and accessible methods of processing, thanks to which acorns were freed from tannins and acquired a pleasant sweetish taste. Acorns collected in autumn are cleaned of debris and sorted, removing rotten and damaged ones. You can collect acorns even in the spring from under the melting snow, until they dry up. However, in spring there are few acorns, as they are eaten by various forest animals. Sorted acorns are dried in an open place, after which they can be stored for several years without losing their nutritional qualities. To prepare flour, dried acorns are peeled and broken into small pieces: each half is crushed into 6-8 parts. To extract tannins and bitter substances, the mass is poured with water for 2-3 days. Water is changed several times a day. Previously, crushed acorns were put in baskets and flooded under ice in running water (stream, river), which completely washed out the tanning agents in a few days. After soaking, the acorns were poured with fresh water and boiled for some time. The broth was decanted, the mass was dried in ovens to brittleness and crushed into flour and cereals. Shortbreads, pancakes, pancakes, various cookies are baked from acorn flour. If you add 10-15% of grain flour to such flour (for viscosity), then you can bake quite tasty and nutritious bread. Acorns have long been used to make a coffee drink substitute. Acorn coffee in color and taste almost does not differ from the real one, and even exceeds the coffee bean in nutritional value. Acorn coffee is given to heart patients, children, pregnant women as a delicious drink that quenches thirst. The aroma of acorn coffee is unique and not inferior to the real one. To prepare acorn coffee, only mature acorns are taken, peeled and each half is divided into several pieces for processing in a coffee mill. Crushed acorns are dried, roasted to a dark brown color and ground into powder. The finer the powder, the higher the quality of the drink. You can add a small amount of natural coffee to acorn coffee. The admixture of acorn powder to natural coffee improves its taste and fixes the aroma. In England and France, acorn flour is currently obtained in the same old way for the manufacture of special varieties of pastries and cakes.
Oak gives not only excellent building and ornamental materials, acorns for bread and confectionery, various drinks. It is also a medicinal plant. Medicinal substances are contained in the young bark and leaves. The bark contains 10-20% tannins, ellagic and gallic acids, sugar (quercete) and carbohydrates (levulin), starch, mucous and protein substances. Modern medicine uses oak bark mixed with other plants as an effective remedy in the treatment of colitis, enterocolitis, dysentery, for gargling with colds, stomatitis and gum disease ... Oak leaves are used as a spicy aromatic additive when salting cucumbers, tomatoes, to give them hardness and pleasant brittleness. From the old bark, tannins are obtained, used in the manufacture of the highest grades of leather for shoes and haberdashery. With sweating feet, baths from the infusion of oak bark are recommended. The young non-cracked bark is removed in the spring during sap flow in long strips, which are dried in the air without access to direct sunlight. You can also use fresh bark. The bark cut into small pieces is poured with cold water and insisted for two weeks. The infusion is used as needed only for the legs, as it stains the skin in a dark color. When hands are sweating, carefully chopped bark (a tablespoon) is boiled in a glass of milk for 25-30 minutes and filtered. This milky decoction is diluted with 1 liter of hot water and hands are soaked in it every evening until sweating disappears. It is recommended to boil two tablespoons of a mixture of oak bark and St. John's wort in two glasses of water for 10 minutes, let it cool slightly and add 2 tablespoons of vinegar. Hands soar in the broth until completely cooled. To wipe sweaty armpits and palms prepare a hygienic liquid. Take 10 parts of crushed oak bark, serpentine grass, pour boiling water and boil for 15-20 minutes. The broth is cooled, 0,5 cups of vodka, a quarter cup of vinegar and 10 g of alum are added. Sweating places are wiped in the morning and evening with a cotton swab moistened with infusion, which is stored in a dark place. There is a more complex recipe for infusion against sweating feet. A mixture of St. John's wort, oak bark, wormwood grass, rowan leaves, chamomile flowers, mint grass, string and nettle in equal parts is steamed and allowed to brew for 1-2 days. Infusion rub the feet twice a day. After 10-12 days, the legs stop sweating, the skin between the fingers acquires a normal healthy appearance. Author: Reva M.L.
Common Oak (Pedunculate Oak), Quercus robur. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
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Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Common Oak (Pedunculate Oak), Quercus robur. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Common oak, or pedunculate oak (lat. Quercus robur) is a tree from the beech family (Fagaceae), one of the most common forest tree species in Europe. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
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