History of modern times. American Civil War. Reconstruction of the South (most important)

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History of modern times. American Civil War. Reconstruction of the South (most important)

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75. CIVIL WAR IN THE USA. RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOUTH

In 1854, the Republican Party was formed in the USA, representing the union of the industrial bourgeoisie and farmers. She put forward a demand to prohibit the spread of slavery in the western developed lands and to distribute these lands free of charge to those who wish, as well as to establish high duties on the import of manufactured goods from Europe. In 1860, the Republicans nominated their presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), and he became the sixteenth President of the United States. The planters did not want to come to terms with the election of an opponent of slavery to the presidency. Eleven slaveholding states rebelled - they left the Union and formed a confederation with its capital in Richmond (Virginia). So it began Civil War (1861-1865). The main issues in the war were slavery and the salvation of the Union of American States. Southerners were ardent supporters of slavery. The position of the central government of the northerners was defined by Lincoln: “My highest goal in this struggle is the salvation of the Union, and not the salvation or abolition of slavery.”

It seemed that the northerners had more chances for a quick victory: 22 million people lived in the northern states, only 9 million in the South, of which 4 million were blacks, and industry in the South was less developed. The southerners pinned their main hopes on the help of England and France, who were interested in American cotton. However, the war became protracted. On both sides, the armies were led by talented military leaders: Ulysses Grant for the northerners and Robert E. Lee for the southerners. Help for the northerners was provided by Russia, which was interested in the existence of a strong, united United States opposing England and France, which were its rivals.

As the war became protracted, Lincoln's government took drastic measures. In 1862, it introduced new taxes on the rich and passed a law confiscating rebel property. Two laws passed by Abraham Lincoln during the war were critical to the Northern victory. The first law was passed on May 20, 1862. It was a law on homesteads - plots of land that were provided to settlers in the United States free of charge or on preferential terms for the colonization of sparsely populated lands. The second law, which was of great importance, was the presidential decree on the emancipation of slaves. On January 1, 1863, slavery was abolished without any ransom. Then a mass conscription of blacks into the northern army was announced.

Defeat of the slave-owning South. Reconstruction of the South

In April 1865, an army of northerners surrounded the capital of the South, Richmond and took it by storm. The Southern army under the command of General Lee stopped resistance. The four-year bloody war ended in victory for the northerners. But five days after the South's surrender, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, in a theater box by pro-slavery actor Booth. 1 million wounded and 600 thousand killed - this is the price of saving the Union of States and the abolition of slavery. In February 1865, Congress passed an amendment to the US Constitution that forever prohibited slavery in this country. Planters introduced “black codes” in a number of states, which created a semi-slave regime for those freed, the obligation to work for the previous owner. Southern racists created the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist organizations that carried out lynchings, which killed and maimed blacks and white opponents of the old order.

The American Civil War played the role of a bourgeois revolution, the bourgeoisie asserted its political dominance, no longer sharing it with the planters. Great opportunities have opened up for the further development of the modernization process.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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