History of modern times. Education in Germany (most important)

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History of modern times. Education in Germany (most important)

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32. EDUCATION IN GERMANY

At the end of the XVII century. in Germany, a new influential trend of pietists arose, rejecting ritual and learned theology.

Gottfried Arnold (1666-1714) and other more courageous figures among the Pietists already stood, in essence, on the positions of deism - a rationalistic religion that rejected, along with Christian ritual, the doctrine of Divine revelation. Pietism gradually degenerated into a mystical-ascetic sect that highlighted the ideas of humility and renunciation of one’s personality.

A prominent figure in the German Enlightenment was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Leibniz's philosophy is one of the directions of objective idealism, but it contains elements of dialectics, in particular, an understanding of the inextricable connection between matter and movement, the individual and the universal. His doctrine of "pre-established harmony" means, in essence, the recognition that everything in the world is good and reasonable.

The philosophical views of Leibniz were brought into a new system by his student Christian Wolf (1679-1754). Wolf gave them a more pronounced rationalistic character. Wolff's significance specifically for Germany lies in the fact that he created German philosophical terminology.

The central figure of the German Enlightenment was Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). Lessing expressed his views on the meaning of religion in the brochure “Education of the Human Race,” published anonymously in 1780. Here he conveys the idea that humanity, like every individual person, goes through a series of stages of organic development. The dominance of religion, faith in Divine revelation testifies to the immaturity of human society. However, religion is not only a heap of nonsense and delusions. The stages of its development depend on the historical level of culture; they lead to the highest stage - the era of the “eternal gospel” - reason, the stage of a social system in which people will maintain order without any state coercion.

Lessing's ideas were developed Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803). In his famous “Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind,” he developed the idea that the organic development of nature, according to the creator’s plan, necessarily passes into the history of mankind. In it, the cultures of various peoples, from primitive to the most developed, act as steps in the ascent of the human race to a state of humanity, that is, true humanity, education and enlightenment.

The development of the German Enlightenment is clearly expressed in the philosophy Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). For Kant, enlightenment is a higher stage in human development, when he is freed from the pressure of external authority on his thoughts, achieves the ability to freely and limitlessly use his reason and dares to use it to know everything that exists. In his work “Critique of Pure Reason” (1781), Kant laid the foundations of the so-called. transcendental philosophy, which transfers dialectical development into the realm of pure thinking.

According to Kant, everything that seems natural to us belongs to our contemplation and reason, can be thought by our mind, but is in no way a reflection of external reality. Cognition is limited to the world of phenomena. The true essence of any thing - the "thing in itself" - is inaccessible to our knowledge. The philosophical position of Kant is ambivalent. The objectively existing, though unknowable, "thing in itself" is a remnant of materialism in his teaching. Hence the presence of criticism of Kant's philosophy from the right and from the left - from the idealists and materialists.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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