History of modern times. Military operations in 1915-1916 (the most important)

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History of modern times. Military operations in 1915-1916 (the most important)

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91. MILITARY ACTIONS IN 1915-1916

The Russian command considered the main strategic objective of the 1915 campaign to be the withdrawal of Austria-Hungary from the war. In April 1915, a powerful offensive of German and Austro-Hungarian troops began throughout this theater of operations - from the shores of the Baltic to the Romanian border near the city of Chernivtsi. In May 1915, the German army broke through the front in several places in the Eastern European theater. A large-scale retreat of Russian troops began. Poland, Galicia, and a significant territory of the Baltic states were abandoned. There were no active operations carried out in the Western European theater of operations. Moreover, W. Churchill, who was the Minister of the Navy at that time, made an attempt to seize the Black Sea straits, which was a clear violation of the allied agreements with Russia. In 1914-1915 The losses among Russian soldiers were very high, including prisoners. Number of Russian prisoners in Germany in 1914-1918. amounted to 1 million 400 thousand people, and every seventh tried to escape. During the German offensive, a critical situation for Russian troops developed near Vilna. But thanks to the skillful maneuvers of General M.V. Alekseev and the valor of the Russian soldiers managed to avoid encirclement. At the end of May 1915, at the front near Warsaw, the Germans launched their first gas attack. General A.I. Denikin, who served there, recalled that the Russian troops did not have gas masks; the attack was unexpected and in violation of international agreements. Despite the fact that 9 thousand people were poisoned, German troops were repulsed. Things went differently on the Caucasian front, where Russian troops managed to win a series of brilliant victories, as a result of which the Turkish army was on the brink of disaster. Seeing that they were losing the war, on April 24, 1915, the Turks committed a massacre of the Armenians. The victims of the genocide ranged from 800 thousand to a million people. By personal order of Nicholas II, the Russian-Turkish border was temporarily opened, and 375 thousand Armenians crossed into Russian territory. The position of the Turkish army became significantly more complicated after the Russian troops captured Erzurum, which was considered an impregnable fortress: it was located high in the mountains and was surrounded by three lines of forts. On the fifth day of the siege, Russian troops stormed the fortress on February 16, 1916.

In May 1916, a grand offensive of Russian troops began in Galicia, on a 340 km wide section of the South-Western Front, which went down in history under the name "Brusilovsky breakthrough". This military operation became a new word in the strategy of the First World War. For the first time in a positional war there was an offensive on the entire front, Brusilov's army advanced at a speed of 6,5 km per day, and by the fall of 1916 25 thousand km were occupied² territory of Galicia. Enemy losses amounted to 1,5 million people killed and wounded, almost 500 thousand people were captured. Only military assistance from Germany and inconsistency in the actions of the Russian armies, as in 1914, saved Austria-Hungary from final defeat. The Brusilov breakthrough meant a radical turning point in the First World War. It became clear that the countries of the Quadruple Alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary were joined by Turkey and Bulgaria) were doomed to defeat. At the end of 1916, the United States broke off diplomatic relations with Germany.

Despite the losses, fatigue from the war, the Russian army by the beginning of 1917 was able to defend most of the territory of the Russian Empire, moving away only from the kingdom of Poland and the provinces in the Baltic states. She firmly held the approaches to Riga and St. Petersburg.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

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