History of modern times. Ideas of enlightenment in literature and art (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of modern times. Ideas of enlightenment in literature and art (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

33. IDEAS OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN LITERATURE AND ART

In the XVIII century. in Europe, a broad cultural movement arose, known in history under the name Enlightenment. It was an expression of bourgeois opposition against all manifestations and remnants of feudalism in social relations, the state system and the dominant ideology that hampered the development of capitalism.

The ideas of the Enlightenment were widely reflected in the literature and art of the leading European countries. In Germany, the main center of the literary movement in the first half of the Enlightenment century was Saxony, especially the commercial and university city of Leipzig. The activities of an influential propagandist and theorist of classicism took place here. Gottscheda (1700-1766). Gottsched rebelled “in the name of reason” against medieval fantasy; his indisputable merit is the struggle for a clear and correct German language, for the restoration of the direct connection between theater and literature, for raising the German theater to the level of the European theater of that time. During the Age of Enlightenment, the German writer-educator created his works Woland (1733-1813). His contemporaries called him the “German Voltaire,” whom he really resembled in his elegance of style, wit, bold attacks against official hypocrisy and some other traits of talent.

Under the influence of enlightenment ideas, the realistic work of German portrait painters took shape. Anton Graf (1736-1813) и Johann Friedrich Tischbein (1722-1789). The most prominent place in German art of the 18th century. belongs to the music represented in the first half of this century by the courageous, full of deep feeling work of Bach and Handel - outstanding German composers. The development of German music was closely connected with the Reformation.

Contemporary of Bach G.F. Handel (1685-1759) wrote more than 40 operas, of which the most famous was the opera "Rodalisto".

During the Age of Enlightenment, the Austrian composers Gluck, Haydn and Mozart created their magnificent musical works. Wonderful musical compositions are widely known V.A. Mozart (1756-1791): "Requiem", opera-comedy "The Marriage of Figaro" (1786), opera-drama "Don Giovanni" (1787) and philosophical fairy-tale opera "The Magic Flute" (1791).

French fiction of the Enlightenment took an important step towards a realistic depiction of reality. In the works of Voltaire and Rousseau, French fiction merges directly with the progressive social thought of the Enlightenment. The struggle for new aesthetic ideals reaches its climax during the heyday of Diderot and the Encyclopedists.

Architecture, painting, sculpture, music - all these types of art also experienced the fruitful influence of the progressive ideas of the Enlightenment. Clarity and simplicity, harmony and proportionality of all parts of the architectural composition - this is what the architects, who were influenced by enlightenment thought, aspired to. Representatives of the democratic trend in painting were French artists Chardin (1699-1779) and Greuze (1725-1805).

The merit of the reform of the Italian theater in the spirit of the Enlightenment belongs to Carlo Goldoni (1707-1793). In his comedies, Goldoni points out the efficiency, enterprise and family virtues of the bourgeois.

By the end of the XVIII century. the bourgeoisie of Europe had become so strong that they expected from the art of the Enlightenment a call to feat, glorification of civic prowess, heroism of struggle.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V.

<< Back: Enlightenment in Germany

>> Forward: Political map of Europe in the XNUMXth century

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Marketing. Lecture notes

▪ Merchandising. Crib

▪ Financial right. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Self-driving cars from Google 10.10.2012

California Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law a law giving the green light to self-driving cars on the state's roads. The law defines the scope of safety and criteria for testing automatic machines. The driver who has the appropriate rights will still be in place - if necessary, he will be able to take control of himself.

“Today we are seeing the science fiction of a self-driving car becoming the reality of tomorrow,” Mr. Brown said. “Those who get inside such a car and find out that the car drives itself will be a little scared, but they will cope with it.” .

According to Google, which is promoting the idea of an "unmanned" car, road safety will only increase. Google has 12 of these cars that have already run a total of 300000 miles. During this time, only one minor incident occurred with the participation of such a machine. According to Google, driver intervention required to avoid a dangerous situation was required on average once every 50000 miles. Google Cars uses cameras, lasers, radars and other sensors to monitor traffic and navigate. Unlike a human driver, the computer does not get tired or lose concentration. In addition, drunk driving and recklessness are excluded.

According to the head of Google, "autonomous cars" can appear on the market within a decade.

Other interesting news:

▪ Keyboard printing on paper

▪ GPS Bullet

▪ Egg white from microbes

▪ Transparent sensors based on Gorilla Glass

▪ Artificial intelligence plays football

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Funny puzzles. Article selection

▪ article Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. Basics of safe life

▪ article What ended the duel between two Englishmen, one of whom appeared naked? Detailed answer

▪ article Moulder of sausages. Job description

▪ article Power unit with low-temperature Stirling engine and vortex tube. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article More about the influence of weather on the propagation of short waves. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews