Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. OBZhD

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Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

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At present, almost any branch of the economy and science uses radioactive substances and sources of ionizing radiation.

Typical radiation-hazardous objects include:

1) nuclear power plants;

2) enterprises for the manufacture of nuclear fuel;

3) enterprises for the processing of spent fuel and disposal of radioactive waste;

4) research and design organizations with nuclear reactors;

5) nuclear power plants in transport.

Radiation accidents are divided into:

1) local - violations in the operation of the ROO, in which there was no release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the provided boundaries of equipment, technological systems, buildings and structures in quantities exceeding the values established for the normal operation of the enterprise;

2) local - violations in the work of the ROO, in which there was a release of radioactive products within the sanitary protection zone in quantities exceeding the established norms for this enterprise;

3) general - violations in the work of the ROO, in which there was a release of radioactive products beyond the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone in quantities leading to radioactive contamination of the adjacent territory and possible exposure of the population living on it above the established norms. Possible accidents at nuclear power plants and other radiation hazardous facilities are classified according to two criteria:

1) for typical violations of normal operation;

2) by the nature of the consequences for personnel, the public and the environment.

When analyzing accidents, the chain "initiating event - flow paths - consequences" is used..

The protection of personnel and the public consists in early zoning of territories around radiation-hazardous objects. This establishes the following three zones:

1) emergency zone - this is the territory in which the dose of exposure to the whole body during the formation of the radioactive trace may exceed the upper limit established for evacuation;

2) precautionary zone - this is the territory in which the dose of exposure to the whole body during the formation of a radioactive trace or the dose to internal organs may exceed the upper limit established for shelter and iodine prophylaxis;

3) restricted zone - this is the area in which the dose of irradiation of the whole body or its individual organs per year can increase the lower limit for food consumption. The zone is introduced by decision of state bodies.

Sources of ionizing radiation are divided into natural (natural) and man-made, associated with human activities, natural sources include:

1) cosmic rays;

2) terrestrial radiation, which creates a natural radiation background, which for a person in one year is approximately 1,4 meV (0,14 rem).

Man-made radiation:

1) medical equipment used for diagnostics and treatment gives up to 50% of man-made radiation;

2) industrial enterprises of the nuclear fuel complex;

3) the consequences of nuclear weapons tests.

Author: Muradova E.O.

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