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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
История нового времени. Истоки новых идейно-политических течений и традиций в XVIII в (самое важное)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 36. ORIGINS OF NEW IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL TRENDS AND TRADITIONS IN THE XNUMXTH CENTURY The Reformation is the main source of new ideological and political trends in the XNUMXth century. In the Middle Ages and early modern times, almost all teachings, the creators of which sought to explain the essence of various processes in society, were basically religious. In those days, religion answered all the questions that people might have. But as civilization developed, human thought gave rise to more and more new questions that required a secular, that is, non-religious, answer and explanation. Of course, religious truths are sublime and noble, but they are also speculative, not connected with what life constantly made us think about. The Bible did not give direct answers to questions about social inequality and the reasons that give rise to it. Therefore, social teachings began to appear, designed to answer a variety of questions that arise in everyday life. Reduction of the religious basis of new ideological and political movements in the 17th century. The main source of new ideological and political currents in the XVIII century. was the era of the Reformation, which caused a revival and activation of social thought. In particular, the "95 Theses" of Martin Luther, which received wide distribution and response in Europe, had a huge impact on this process. The great geographical discoveries and the successes of natural science are another source of ideological and political trends in the XNUMXth century, since they had a great influence on changes in the worldview of society, bringing some clarity to the picture of the universe. They shook the old religious ideas about the surrounding world, its origin and development. But many new social teachings were based on religious postulates and legends. For example, "God created everyone equal" - the idea of social equality arose, on which human society and, accordingly, the state should be based; The biblical legend of paradise also gave rise to the idea of a bright future for mankind - the creation of an earthly "paradise" on the basis of equality, brotherhood and justice, and universal prosperity. A number of new ideological and political trends in the XVIII century. arose as a response to church obscurantism and the courts of the Inquisition on a wave of public protest. After all, not only apostates-heretics, "witches" and "sorcerers" fell on the fires of the Inquisition, but also supporters of the true faith in God - Jan Hus, Joan of Arc, etc. In the XVIII century. the strong influence of religion was still preserved, therefore, many ideological and political movements and traditions were based on deism - a rational belief in God - combined with science, with a scientific justification of faith. The influence of enlighteners on the revival and activation of public consciousness Vividly expressed the situation in the society of the 1760th century. Polish thinker Stanislav Konarski, who wrote in XNUMX: “We complain about unjust and often shamelessly corrupt courts, about unpunished perjuries that have almost become a habit, about unbearable insults from those more noble and powerful, about the fact that there are many tyrants everywhere and tyranny over the weaker... Each citizen seems to think about nothing else, as long as he feels good, and let the rest perish..." The most widely new ideological and political currents in the XVIII century. were distributed in the advanced highly developed countries of Europe - England and France, where there were often popular uprisings and revolutions. France gave the world outstanding thinkers of that time - Montesquieu, Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau and others, who, through their work, contributed to the revival and activation of public consciousness not only in Europe, but also in other parts of the Earth. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. << Back: War of the "Spanish Succession" and its results >> Forward: Evolutionary and revolutionary ways of development of society
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