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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
История нового времени. Промышленный переворот в Англии в XVIII в (самое важное)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 40. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND IN THE XNUMXTH CENTURY Already in the middle of the XVIII century. in England, the prerequisites for an industrial revolution were created, i.e., the replacement of manual production by machine production, the transition from manufactory to a factory system of production, and the formation of a modern industrial proletariat and bourgeoisie. The main technical condition for the transition to machine production was centralized manufacture, in which the production process was reduced to simple and monotonous operations with the help of a detailed division of labor. The economic prerequisite for the industrial revolution was the enormous concentration of capital. As a result of the robbery of the colonies and of England itself, enormous wealth accumulated in the hands of the English bourgeoisie, which could be invested in industry. The most important social prerequisite for the industrial revolution was the completion of the agrarian revolution. XNUMXth century was the period of the disappearance of the peasantry as a class of small producers, independent in terms of production. The lands were concentrated in the hands of a few large landowners. The agrarian revolution led to the expansion of the domestic market. The expansion of the domestic market was also facilitated by population growth: from 1702 to 1800. The population increased from 5,5 to 9 million people. In addition, England's numerous colonies were a huge market for various goods. To ensure trade relations with the colonies and other countries of the world, merchant ships and warships were needed to ensure the security of trade routes. The revolution began in England, primarily in the cotton industry, with the invention in 1767 of a mechanical spinning wheel, which worked with the help of a water wheel (water machine). Then a new type of spinning machine appeared, combining the advantages of a mechanical spinning wheel and a "flying" shuttle, which was invented back in 1733 by the mechanic John Kay. The mechanical spinning wheel was invented by the weaver Hargreaves. The new spinning machine was called "Crompton's mules". Cartwright improved the spinning machines, and his new mechanical loom replaced the labor of forty weavers. New inventions were quickly mastered by enterprising businessmen. There were new enterprises - factories. The use of a water engine forced the construction of factories along the rivers, which presented certain inconveniences. Only the James Watt steam engine, which has become widespread since the late 70s. XVIII century, allowed to build factories anywhere. Soon, machine production is being introduced into other important industries. Metallurgy, based on charcoal, was on the verge of disaster due to lack of fuel. But at the beginning of the XVIII century. a method of smelting ore on coal with an admixture of quicklime appeared, and at the end of the 1784th century. for the first time, iron was obtained from cast iron by the puddling method proposed in XNUMX by Kort. These innovations not only improved the smelting of iron, but were the impetus for the expansion of coal mining, and this, in turn, forced industrialists to think about improving the means of communication to connect the places of extraction of coal, iron ore with metallurgical industries. The construction of canals began, since the transportation of heavy loads by water was much cheaper. Already at the end of the XVIII century. almost the whole country was cut through by canals, connecting the most remote corners of England with the sea. By the end of the 17th century. industrial production increased significantly. Pig iron production increased from 350 tons in 1740 to 125 tons in 079, coal production - from 1796 tons in 2600 to 1700 million tons in 10. New industrial areas developed - Lancashire, Wales, Yorkshire. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. << Back: Birth of industrial civilization >> Forward: North American Colonial War of Independence
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