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Table of contents

1. Accepted abbreviations
2. Accounting Theory (Principles and concepts of accounting in a market economy. Requirements and assumptions in accounting. Regulatory regulation of accounting. Subject of accounting. Accounting method. Classification of accounts. General principles of accounting of business processes. Typical changes in the balance sheet under the influence of completed business transactions. Accounting registers and accounting forms. Correction of errors in documents and accounting registers. Accounting forms. Rights and responsibilities of the chief accountant. Accounting policies)
3. Accounting in the industrial sector (Cash accounting. Accounting for inventories. Accounting for long-term investments. Accounting for fixed assets. Accounting for intangible assets. Accounting for labor and its payment. Accounting for production costs and calculating the cost of production. Accounting for financial investments. Accounting for settlements. Settlements for loans and borrowings . Accounting for finished products and their sales. Accounting for financial results. Capital accounting. Organizational reporting)

Accepted abbreviations

1. Regulatory legal acts

GC - Civil Code of the Russian Federation

NK - Tax Code of the Russian Federation

TC - Labor Code of the Russian Federation

2. Authorities

Goskomstat of Russia - State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics

Gosstandart of Russia - State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standards

Ministry of Labor of Russia - Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation

Ministry of Finance of Russia - Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation

Central Bank of Russia - Central Bank of the Russian Federation

FSS of Russia - Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation

3. Other abbreviations

ch. - chapter(s)

dr. - other

SMIC - minimum wage

VAT - value added tax

n - item(s)

PBU - Regulation on accounting

sect. - chapter

Ed. - edition

RF - Russian Federation

Media - mass media

Art. - article(s)

i.e. - i.e

etc. - similar to that (th, - th, - th)

approved. - approved (-a, - o, - s)

SECTION I. THEORY OF ACCOUNTING

Topic 1. PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF ACCOUNTING IN A MARKET ECONOMY

economic accounting is a system for monitoring, measuring and recording the processes of material production in order to control and manage them.

To quantify the property of an organization, its obligations and business transactions in economic accounting, three types of meters are used: natural, labor and monetary. Natural meters serve to characterize the objects taken into account in physical terms. Depending on the physical properties of the object, various meters are used (meter, liter, kilogram, kilowatt-hour, etc.). Labor meters (hour, day, month) - a kind of natural meters. They are used in calculating the amount of labor costs. Universal meter - money. As a rule, natural and labor meters are reflected in the monetary meter. Thus, the monetary meter is used to reflect property, liabilities and business transactions in a single measurement, in Russian accounting - in rubles.

There are three types of economic accounting: operational, statistical and accounting. Each of them has its own specifics, a certain range of observed phenomena, specific tasks and methods of observation. They complement each other and constitute a unified system of economic accounting in the Russian Federation.

Operational accounting is used to register, monitor and control certain phenomena of the financial and economic activities of the organization. With its help, daily monitoring of the progress of production and its sale, the expenditure of the wage fund, the timely receipt of material values, etc. is carried out.

Statistical accounting studies and generalizes mass phenomena and their patterns in the financial and economic activities of organizations (movement of commodity mass, inflationary processes, market dynamics). Statistical accounting data is used for economic analysis and forecasting for the current and future periods.

Бухгалтерский учет is an ordered system for collecting, registering and summarizing in monetary terms information about the property, obligations of the organization through continuous, continuous documentation. Accounting has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other types of accounting, namely:

▪ is documented;

▪ continuous in time (from day to day) and continuous in scope (without gaps) of all changes occurring in the financial and economic activities of the organization;

▪ uses special, unique methods of data processing (accounts and double entry).

Accounting is divided into accounting theory, financial and management accounting. Accounting theory is the theoretical, methodological and practical basis for organizing an accounting system. Financial accounting is a system for collecting accounting information that provides accounting and registration of business transactions, as well as the preparation of financial statements. Management accounting is designed to collect accounting information that is used within the organization. Its main goal is to provide information to managers at various levels responsible for achieving specific production results.

The tasks of accounting are enshrined in legislation:

▪ generation of complete and reliable information about the organization’s activities and its property status, necessary for internal users of financial statements: managers, founders, participants and owners of the organization’s property, as well as external ones - investors, creditors, etc.;

▪ providing information to internal and external users of accounting statements to monitor compliance with legislation when the organization carries out business operations and their feasibility; the presence and movement of property and liabilities; use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, standards and estimates;

▪ timely prevention of negative phenomena in the financial and economic activities of organizations, identification and mobilization of internal reserves and forecasting of the organization's performance for the current period and for the future.

Topic 2. REQUIREMENTS AND ASSUMPTIONS IN ACCOUNTING

The emergence of new economic and legal relationships presupposes the orientation of accounting on the principles of accounting generally accepted in world practice. (Accounting Reform Program, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 06.03.98 dated March 283, XNUMX.)

The principle is the basis, the initial, basic position of accounting as a science, which predetermines all the statements arising from it. The principles of accounting are enshrined in the Accounting Regulation "Accounting Policy of the Organization" (PBU 1/98) (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.12.98 No. 60n). According to this PBU, the principles are divided into basic and basic.

Basic principles (assumptions) - these are the conditions that are created by the organization when setting up accounting (clause 6 PBU 1/98):

▪ 1. Property isolation. The property and obligations of an organization exist separately from the property and obligations of the owners of this organization and other organizations.

2. Business continuity. The Organization will continue in operation for the foreseeable future and has no intention of liquidating or substantially reducing operations.

3. The sequence of application of accounting policies. The accounting policy chosen by the organization will be consistently applied from one reporting period to another.

4. Temporal certainty of the facts of economic activity. The facts of economic activity refer to the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the actual time of receipt or payment of funds.

Basic principles (requirements) are generally accepted accounting principles arising from the current legislation (clause 7 PBU 1/98):

▪ 1. Completeness. Completeness of reflection in accounting of all facts of economic activity.

2. Timeliness. All facts of economic activity must be reflected in the accounting in a timely manner.

3. Prudence (or caution). An organization should be more prepared to account for losses than for income.

4. Priority of content over form. Reflection in the accounting of the facts of economic activity, based not only on their legal form, but also on the economic content.

5. Consistency. Identity of accounting data of internal analytical information.

6. Rationality. Rational and economical accounting, based on the conditions of activity and the size of the organization.

Topic 3. NORMATIVE REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING

The first (legislative) level consists of laws and other legislative acts (decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation), directly or indirectly regulating the establishment of accounting in an organization. A special place at this level is occupied by the Federal Law of November 21.11.1996, 129 No. XNUMX-FZ "On Accounting". This document establishes a unified legal and methodological basis for the organization and maintenance of accounting.

A very important place at this level belongs to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. In the first part of the Civil Code, many issues of accounting work are legislatively fixed. The application of the Tax Code has significantly streamlined the basic rules and procedures related to the taxation of commercial organizations.

The second level of regulatory regulation is the Accounting Regulations (PBU). These documents summarize the principles and basic rules of accounting, set out the basic concepts related to individual areas of accounting, as well as accounting techniques (without specifying the mechanism for their application to a particular type of activity).

Disclosure of PBU norms should be carried out in third-level documents - methodological guidelines and recommendations for accounting. This group of documents includes guidelines for planning, accounting and costing of products; guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations; guidelines for filling out forms of financial statements, etc. The most important documents of this level are the new Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its application (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31.10.2000, 94 No. XNUMXn). To them one can add numerous instructions from the Ministry of Finance of Russia on issues that arise for the first time in the practice of economic activity.

The fourth level in the regulatory system should be occupied by the working documents of the organization that form its accounting policy in methodological, technical and organizational aspects.

The regulatory system is designed to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about the financial and economic activities of the organization.

Topic 4. SUBJECT OF ACCOUNTING

The subject of accounting is the economic activity of the organization. To characterize the phenomena that are subject to accounting, there is the concept of "accounting object". An object is understood as any phenomenon that can be objectively expressed in valuation and is necessary for management needs. In the theory of accounting, three groups of objects are distinguished: assets, liabilities, business transactions.

The assets of the organization (property) include:

▪ 1) non-current assets:

▪ fixed assets are means of labor used in carrying out the financial and economic activities of the organization for a period exceeding 12 months: buildings, structures, transport, equipment, computer equipment, etc.;

▪ profitable investments in material assets - expenses of the organization in the form of investments in buildings, equipment and other assets that have a material structure, provided by the organization for temporary use in order to generate income;

▪ intangible assets - long-term costs of an organization to acquire exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity arising from patents, certificates and other documents of protection. This category also includes organizational expenses arising when creating a business entity in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital, and the value of the business reputation of the acquired organizations;

▪ investments in non-current assets - long-term investments of the organization in the acquisition (construction) of fixed assets, creation and acquisition of intangible assets;

▪ long-term financial investments - investments of an organization in securities of joint-stock companies, state and private debt securities, authorized (share) capitals of other organizations;

▪ 2) current assets:

▪ production inventories - a set of means of labor involved in the process of production, performance of work, provision of services: raw materials, supplies, fuel, spare parts;

▪ goods - assets acquired or received from other persons and intended for sale;

▪ finished products - products that have been completely processed, accepted by technical control and, in accordance with the approved acceptance procedure, delivered to the warehouse;

▪ cash - cash in hand, free cash in settlement, currency and other bank accounts;

▪ short-term financial investments - investments of the organization in bonds, bills, etc.;

▪ accounts receivable (funds in settlements) - funds of an organization that are temporarily at the disposal of other organizations and individuals.

The liabilities of the organization include:

▪ 1) own capital:

▪ authorized capital - the totality of contributions of founders to property in monetary terms when creating an organization to ensure its activities, in the amounts determined by the constituent documents;

▪ reserve capital - part of retained earnings reserved for purposes specified by law (to cover losses, repay dividends on preferred securities in cases where other funds are not available);

▪ additional capital - an internal source that is formed due to changes in the value of assets;

▪ retained earnings - profit remaining at the disposal of the organization from the beginning of its activities, minus payments and withdrawals in accordance with the law;

▪ targeted financing - funds intended to finance certain targeted activities (funds received from other organizations, subsidies from government bodies, etc.);

▪ 2) obligations of the organization (raised capital):

▪ long-term liabilities - loans and borrowings, the repayment period of which occurs no earlier than in 12 months;

▪ short-term liabilities - loans and borrowings that mature in less than 12 months. It also highlights current accounts payable that arise in the process of the financial and economic activities of the organization.

Topic 5. METHOD OF ACCOUNTING

An accounting method is a set of methods and techniques for reflecting the financial and economic activities of an organization, which include specific methods for monitoring accounting objects, their measurement, grouping and generalization.

The main elements of the method are techniques related to:

▪ with the organization of accounting supervision, i.e., obtaining primary information about all business transactions occurring in the organization. Documentation and inventory are used for this purpose;

▪ organization of accounting measurements. These are estimation and calculation;

▪ grouping of accounting objects. Accounting and double entry are used here;

▪ generalization of accounting data. For this purpose, a balance sheet summary of information and a set of indicators are used.

5.1. Documentation

An accounting document is a written evidence that confirms the fact of a business transaction, the right to perform it, or establishes the liability of employees for the values ​​entrusted to them.

The financial and economic activities of organizations are accompanied by the implementation of numerous and varied operations. In turn, each business transaction must be formalized by accounting documents that contain primary information about the business transactions performed or the right to perform them. Any completed transaction must be documented. It is a properly drawn up document that gives the operation legal force. Documents must be accurate and completed in a timely manner.

Documents are closely related to concepts such as documentation (primary accounting), unification, standardization and workflow.

Documentation is a way of registering property, obligations and business transactions with accounting documents. No operation can be reflected in the accounting without confirmation of its relevant documents. The correct and timely registration of all business transactions with documents is the initial stage of accounting.

Unification of documents is the development of standard forms of documents for their use in the execution of homogeneous operations in various organizations, regardless of the form of ownership and departmental affiliation. Unified forms of primary documentation are approved by resolutions of the State Statistics Committee of Russia.

Standardization is the establishment of the same (standard) sizes of forms of the same type of documents, which allow more efficient use of paper when printing documents, reduce its waste. In addition, standardization facilitates the accounting processing of documents, including with the help of a computer, and the storage of documents in an archive.

Document flow is the path that a document takes from the moment it is drawn up to being archived. In each organization, the document flow is developed by the chief accountant and approved by the head of the organization.

Lack of workflow or its fuzzy organization leads to neglect of accounting and various abuses.

5.2. Inventory

To ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and assessment are checked and documented.

The procedure for conducting an inventory (the number of inventories in the reporting year; their dates; the list of property and liabilities checked during each of them, etc.) is determined by the head of the organization, with the exception of the following cases when an inventory is required:

▪ when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as during the transformation of a state or municipal unitary enterprise;

▪ before preparing annual financial statements;

▪ when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed;

▪ in case of a natural disaster, fire or other emergency situations caused by extreme conditions;

▪ during reorganization or liquidation of an organization.

By completeness of coverage, inventories are divided into continuous and selective, by the nature of the conduct - into mandatory and optional (see also 15.6).

5.3. accounting accounts

An accounting account is a special way of grouping, current reflection and control of changes in individual homogeneous accounting objects.

The score is a two-sided table: the left side is Debit, right - Credit. These terms began to be used during the emergence of accounting in Western European countries. At that time, accounting covered only trade and credit transactions, and these words were used to denote the settlement relationships between merchants and bankers. Subsequently, they turned into accounting terms.

Depending on the content, accounting accounts are divided into:

▪ active - designed to record property by availability, composition and location;

▪ passive - reflect the accounting of property by sources of its formation.

Active account

On active accounts, the balance can be only in debit or absent.

Passive account

On passive accounts, the balance can be only in credit or absent.

In addition to active and passive accounts, active-passive accounts are used in accounting practice. They have features of both accounts. Active-passive accounts are used, as a rule, to account for any calculations.

Active-passive accounts can have both debit and credit balances.

A special group of off-balance accounts is designed to record values ​​that do not belong to the organization or require special control. Such objects may include fixed assets held by the organization on the terms of the current lease; inventory items in safekeeping; strict reporting forms, etc. The structure of off-balance accounts does not differ from the structure of balance accounts.

Active-passive account

5.4. double entry

By its economic nature, any business transaction is necessarily characterized by duality and reciprocity. To preserve these properties and control the records of business transactions on accounts in accounting, the double entry method is used.

A double entry is a record, as a result of which each business transaction is reflected in the accounting accounts twice: on the debit of one account and the credit of another account interconnected with it.

Related to the double entry method are concepts such as "correspondence of accounts" and "accounting entry".

Correspondence of accounts is the relationship between accounts that occurs with the double entry method.

Accounting entry is the registration of correspondence of accounts, when an entry is simultaneously made on the debit and credit of accounts for the amount of the business transaction.

Accounting entries can be simple or complex. A simple accounting entry is the interaction of two accounts. Complex accounting entry - the interaction of three or more accounts.

5.5. Evaluation

Valuation is a monetary expression of the value of an object in accounting, that is, the amount in which an object is recognized in accounting and reporting.

An assessment of the obligations, income and expenses of the organization, as well as the means of production and inventories is singled out.

Accounts receivable, as a rule, are estimated on the basis of the conditions established by the agreement between the organization and the debtor. The same principles apply to the assessment of the organization's income. Accounts payable are assessed based on the conditions of occurrence. Expenses are recognized in accounting in actual amounts.

The acquired property is valued depending on the source of the acquisition. Valuation of property purchased for a fee is carried out by summing up the actual costs incurred for its purchase; property received free of charge - at market value on the date of posting; property produced by the organization itself - at the cost of its manufacture.

The composition of actually incurred costs includes, in particular, the costs of acquiring the object itself; commissions (cost of services) paid to supply, foreign trade and other organizations; customs duties and other payments; transportation, storage and delivery costs carried out by third parties.

The use of other valuation methods, including by way of reservation, is allowed in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as by the regulations of the Ministry of Finance of Russia and bodies that are granted the right to regulate accounting by federal laws.

5.6. Calculation

Calculation is the result of calculating in monetary terms the value of individual accounting objects and at the same time a method of their evaluation.

The subject of calculation is understood as the object of accounting, the cost of which is necessary for the management needs of the organization and is of interest to other users of accounting information.

All processes of the organization's activities are subject to calculation. In the process of acquiring the means of production, the cost of individual objects of non-current assets is determined. In the process of procurement of inventories, their cost and the cost of the procurement process as a whole are revealed. In the production process, the production cost of various types of products is determined using costing. In the sales process, the total cost of goods sold and the proceeds from it are calculated.

Thus, costing qualifies as an element of the accounting method and acts as a necessary addition to the assessment.

5.7. Financial statements

The composition, procedure for registration and presentation of financial statements is regulated by PBU 4/99 "Accounting statements of organizations" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.07.1999 No. 43n).

Financial statements are a system of indicators reflecting the property and financial position of an organization at the reporting date, as well as the financial results of its activities for a certain period.

The financial statements of the organization should include performance indicators of all its branches, representative offices and other divisions.

The financial statements include:

▪ balance sheet (form No. 1);

▪ profit and loss statement (form No. 2);

▪ explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss statement;

▪ auditor's report (if, by law, reporting is subject to mandatory audit).

Organizations must prepare financial statements for the month, quarter and year on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year. At the same time, monthly and quarterly reporting are intermediate.

The reporting year for organizations is the period from January 1 to December 31 inclusive. For newly created organizations, the first reporting year is the period from the date of their state registration to December 31, inclusive, and for organizations established after October 1, to December 31 of the next year, inclusive.

For the preparation of financial statements, the reporting date is the last calendar day of the reporting period, inclusive.

The annual reporting includes:

▪ balance sheet (form No. 1);

▪ profit and loss statement (form No. 2);

▪ explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss statement;

▪ the final part of the auditor's report.

Small business entities have the right not to submit explanations to the balance sheet and income statement as part of the annual report.

Quarterly financial statements include:

▪ balance sheet (form No. 1);

▪ profit and loss statement (form No. 2).

(See also 27.1 "Requirements for the preparation of financial statements", 27.2 "Composition and content of financial statements, 27.4 "Meaning and functions of the income statement", 27.5 "Consolidated financial statements".)

5.8. Balance sheet

The procedure for compiling and the requirements for the balance sheet are fixed by PBU 4/99 and Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22.07.03, 67 No. XNUMXn "On Forms of Accounting Statements of Organizations".

The balance sheet is a summary of the closing balances of all accounts. In a generalized form, it is a two-sided table: the left side is called Asset, the right side is called Passive. In the Asset of the balance, information is collected on the value of the assets (property) of the organization, in the Passive - on the sources of formation of this property.

The total of the Asset is equal to the total of the Passive. (This equality is usually called the general balance equation.)

The result of the balance sheet is otherwise called the balance sheet currency.

In the current balance sheet, there are two sections in the Asset and three in the Liabilities. Each section consists of articles. Each article has a serial number and contains information about one or more accounting objects.

There are several types of balance:

▪ reporting balance - as of the reporting date;

▪ opening balance - information on the funds and sources of the organization at the beginning of its activities;

▪ liquidation balance sheet - compiled upon liquidation of an organization;

▪ separation balance sheet - compiled when dividing an organization;

▪ unification balance sheet - compiled during a merger of organizations.

(See also 27.3 Meaning and Functions of the Balance Sheet.)

Topic 6. CLASSIFICATION OF ACCOUNTS

The classification of accounting accounts is their grouping on the basis of the homogeneity of the economic content of the indicators of property, liabilities and business transactions reflected in them.

Accounting accounts can be classified:

▪ 1) due to balance (active, passive, active-passive, off-balance sheet) (see 5.3 "Accounts");

▪ 2) according to the purpose and procedure for keeping records:

▪ tangible, or property - used to control and account for fixed assets, intangible assets, material assets: 01 “Fixed assets”, 07 “Equipment for installation”, 10 “Materials”, etc. Strictly active accounts;

▪ cash - intended for accounting for transactions with cash: 50 “Cash”, 51 “Settlement accounts”. Active accounts;

▪ stock funds - intended to account for stable and long-term sources of funds: 80 “Authorized capital”, 82 “Reserve capital”, 83 “Additional capital”. Strictly passive accounts;

▪ contractual (regulatory) - intended to regulate the assessment of an object. Opened in addition to the main property accounts to adjust the valuation of an object: 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets”;

▪ collection and distribution - used to account for expenses that, at the time of their occurrence, cannot be immediately attributed to specific manufactured or sold products. At the end of the month, these expenses are attributed to a specific type of product in accordance with the accepted methodology (25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”). These accounts do not have a balance and are not reflected in the company’s balance sheet;

▪ costing - intended to reflect production costs, which are taken into account when preparing costing calculations to determine the actual cost of specific types of products (works, services): 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 44 “Sales expenses”. Strictly active accounts;

▪ loan, or credit, - intended for accounting for bank loans: 66 “Short-term loans and borrowings”, 67 “Long-term loans and borrowings”. Strictly passive accounts;

▪ budgetary and distribution - intended for dividing expenses between reporting (budget) periods: 96 “Reserves for future expenses”, 97 “Future expenses”, 98 “Future income”;

▪ operational-resultative - designed to collect information about the organization’s income and expenses and determine the financial result: 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”, 99 “Profits and losses”. Active-passive accounts;

▪ 3) according to the level of detail of indicators:

▪ synthetic (first order accounts) - contain generalized indicators of property, liabilities and transactions for economically homogeneous groups. Accounting is carried out only in monetary terms and gives a general description of the object;

▪ sub-accounts (second-order accounts) - are intermediate between synthetic and analytical accounts. Designed for additional grouping of analytical accounts within a given synthetic account. Consequently, several analytical accounts make up one sub-account, and several sub-accounts make up one synthetic account;

▪ analytical (third-order accounts) - detail the content of synthetic accounts for individual types of property and transactions. Accounting is organized both in monetary and in natural and labor measures.

Topic 7. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS PROCESSES

Organizations perform a variety of business transactions that make up the content of the main business processes. It is economic processes that are for the organization the objects that make up economic activity.

There are three main business processes in an organization:

▪ procurement of inventory items;

▪ production of products (performance of work, provision of services);

▪ sale of products (performance of work, provision of services).

Basic principles of accounting for the process of procurement of inventory items. This process is a complex of business operations to provide the organization with raw materials, supplies, fuel, energy and other items and means of labor necessary for the production of products (performance of work, provision of services). During this process, both durable and disposable property is acquired.

When purchasing inventories, the organization pays the supplier their cost at purchase prices, and also bears additional costs associated with the supply (for transportation and unloading, for delivery from the railway station, from the airport or from the pier to the warehouse of the organization). All of these costs are referred to as "Procurement and Delivery Costs". Thus, the actual cost of acquiring (procurement) stocks consists of the cost at acquisition (procurement) prices and the costs of procurement and delivery of these valuables to the organization.

The main accounting accounts used in the procurement process: 10 "Materials", 51 "Settlement accounts", 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".

The buyer, having received from the supplier an invoice for the materials shipped to him, accepts it (gives consent to payment) or refuses to accept it. Based on the acceptance of the account in the accounting of the organization, an accounting entry is made on the debit of account 10 and the credit of account 60 for the cost of materials at purchase prices.

Example 1

In the debit of account 10, in addition to the purchase cost of materials, additional costs associated with their delivery, unloading, and stacking are taken into account. Summing up the cost of materials at purchase prices and additional costs, we calculate the actual cost of purchased inventory items (example 1).

Thus, despite the fact that the purchase price of materials is 756 rubles, the actual cost of the acquired object was 000 rubles.

The tasks of accounting for the process of procurement (acquisition) of resources:

▪ documentation and timely recording of the receipt of materials, fixed assets, and intangible assets;

▪ reliable calculation of the initial cost of fixed assets, intangible assets, the actual cost of purchased materials;

▪ timely repayment of debts to suppliers and contractors.

Basic principles of accounting for the production process. This process is the process of workers influencing objects of labor with means of labor to obtain finished products.

Human labor, objects and means of labor take part in the sphere of production. As a result, the organization generates the corresponding costs: wages to employees; the cost of items spent on the manufacture of products, etc. In addition, the organization has overhead costs (maintenance of machinery and equipment, the cost of repairing fixed assets for production purposes, etc.) and general business expenses (administrative and managerial, expenses for payment for information and audit services, etc.). All these costs add up to the cost of manufactured products, work performed or services rendered.

To account for production costs and calculate the cost of manufactured products, the main account 20 "Main production" is used. The debit of this account collects all costs that, in accordance with applicable law, are included in the cost of products (works, services) (example 2). According to the debit of account 20, there may be a balance that shows the balance of work in progress at the beginning or end of the reporting period. The credit of the account reflects the production cost of finished processing of products, work performed or services rendered (example 3).

Example 2

Example 3

The tasks of accounting for the production process:

• documentation and timely reflection in the accounting of all costs incurred;
• control over the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with the approved norms, standards and estimates;
• correct calculation of the actual cost of manufactured products (work performed, services rendered).

Fundamentals of accounting for the implementation process.

The scope of sales is a set of business operations related to the marketing and sale of products (performance of work, provision of services), fixed assets and other assets, as well as the determination of financial results (profit or loss). When accounting for transactions related to the sale and determination of the financial result, the following accounts are used: 43 "Finished products", 90 "Sales", 91 "Other income and expenses", 99 "Profits and losses". The organization may also incur additional sales costs: packaging, transport, commission fees, advertising costs, etc. These costs are called commercial (non-production) and are accounted separately on account 44 "Sale costs".

The main accounting account on which the organization keeps records of the process of selling finished products (performance of work, provision of services) is account 90 "Sales". On this account, the financial result from the sale of products (performance of work, provision of services) is revealed as the difference between the cost of the sale and the full cost. The peculiarity of account 90 is that on it the same business transactions are expressed in two estimates: at cost (expenses) and at sales prices (income). Comparison of these two estimates and allows you to identify the financial result.

The calculated financial result from the sale of products (performance of work, provision of services) is subject to mandatory write-off at the end of the month to account 99 "Profit and Loss". Thus, the balance on account 90 "Sales" does not remain.

A similar principle of operation is used when making accounting entries on account 91 "Other income and expenses".

The tasks of accounting for the implementation process:

• documenting and timely reflection in the accounting of shipment (release) of finished products, goods, delivery of work performed and services rendered; shipping and sales costs;
• correct calculation of expenses written off in the process of implementation;
• timely posting of funds received from the buyer (customer);
• correct calculation of the financial result from the sale of products.

Topic 8. TYPICAL CHANGES IN THE BALANCE SHEET UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF COMPLETE BUSINESS OPERATIONS

Business transactions arising in the course of the organization's activities do not violate the equality of the results of the Asset and Liabilities, while the amounts in the context of individual articles and sections of the balance sheet may change. This is explained by the fact that each operation affects two balance sheet items. At the same time, they can be in the Asset or the Passive, or both in the Asset and the Passive. Depending on the nature of the change in items, business transactions can be divided into four groups:

▪ Type 1 of business transactions shows changes in Asset items with a constant balance sheet currency.

Example 1

Receipt of money from the current account to the cashier:

▪ Debit accounts 20 "Primary production" Credit accounts 10 "Materials".

▪ Type 2 is characterized by changes in Liability items with a constant balance sheet currency.

Example 2

Part of retained earnings is used to replenish the reserve capital:

▪ Debit accounts 70 "Settlements with personnel for payroll" Credit accounts 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".

▪ Type 3 causes changes in the Asset and Liability items, while the balance sheet currency increases.

Example 3

Calculation of wages for workers of the main production:

▪ Debit accounts 51 Credit accounts 66 "Calculations on short-term credits and loans".

▪ 4th type causes changes in the Asset and Liability items, while the balance sheet currency decreases.

Example 4

Wages paid to workers:

▪ Debit accounts 66 Credit accounts 51.

Topic 9. ACCOUNTING REGISTERS AND FORMS OF ACCOUNTING REPORTS

Under the accounting technique is understood the registration of accounting information, carried out manually or with the help of technical means. For this purpose, accounting registers are used.

Registers are designed to systematize and accumulate information contained in primary documents for reflection in accounting accounts and financial statements. The correctness of the reflection of business transactions in the accounting registers is ensured by the persons who compiled and signed them. The content of internal reporting registers is a trade secret.

Accounting registers reflect all business transactions. Registers can be kept in special books, on separate cards, in the form of typescripts.

Forms of registers are developed and recommended by the Ministry of Finance of Russia; bodies to which federal legislation grants the right to regulate accounting; executive authorities, as well as the organizations themselves, subject to the general methodological principles of accounting.

Accounting registers are tables of a special form designed to register business transactions. They differ in:

▪ Classification of accounting registers by appearance.

▪ Accounting books - bound accounting tables with special graphics. They are used for accounting in accounting at production sites (workshops, warehouses, teams). All pages are numbered, the number of pages and the signature of the chief accountant are indicated at the end of the book. The most common: General Ledger and Inventory Ledger.

▪ Cards - separate sheets of paper or cardboard of a small standard size, lined up for accounting needs. Must be kept in a file cabinet. Cards are distributed into sections, and special signs are attached to them. Each card file is assigned to an accountant who is responsible for the safety of the cards and the accuracy of the entries made.

▪ Free sheets (statements, order journals, typographs) - unlike cards, they are stored in registration folders.

Classification by nature of recording.

▪ Chronological registers - used to register all documents in the order they were received, but without distributing them among accounts. Chronological recording is made in special registration journals or registers (Cash Book, Register of Incoming Goods, inventory of cards for accounting of fixed assets). Its purpose is to ensure control over the safety of documents received by the accounting department and the correctness of the recording. Chronological registration is used for making inquiries.

▪ Systematic registers - maintained for grouping accounting records into synthetic and analytical accounts (The general ledger is maintained by the accounting department using a memorial order form of accounting for grouping transactions into synthetic accounts).

▪ Combined registers - combine chronological and synthetic records (most order journals, the "Main Journal" book).

Classification by volume of information.

Synthetic registers - open for maintaining synthetic accounts (without explanatory text, indicating only the date, numbering and posting). A short text is rarely given (register of accounting documents).

Analytical registers - serve to reflect the indicators of analytical accounts and control the presence and movement of each type of value.

Classification by structure.

One-way registers - various cards for accounting for material values, settlements, they combine separate columns of debit and credit entries. Accounting is kept on one sheet in monetary, natural or both meters simultaneously.

One-way register form.

Bilateral registers - used in bookkeeping. The account is opened on a expanded page, the left one is Debit, the right one is Credit. Used only for manual accounting.

Double-sided register form.

▪ Multigraph registers - reflect additional indicators within the analytical account. In particular, accounting for the movement of materials is reflected for the organization as a whole, as well as in the context of materially responsible persons, departments and cost items.

▪ Linear registers are a type of polygraph registers. Here, each analytical account is reflected on only one line, which makes it possible to divide the synthetic account into an unlimited number of analytical ones.

▪ Chess registers - used to simultaneously reflect the amounts in the debit of one account and the credit of another. Each amount is written at the intersection of a row and a column.

Topic 10. CORRECTION OF ERRORS IN DOCUMENTS AND ACCOUNTING REGISTERS

When maintaining documents and registers of blots, erasures are not allowed both in the digital and in the text part.

When storing accounting registers, they must be protected from unauthorized correction.

To correct erroneous entries in accounting, several methods are used.

Corrective method - consists in crossing out the text or amount and writing the correct text or amount over the crossed out one. Strikethrough is done with one line so that it is possible to read the strikethrough. The entire amount is crossed out completely, even if only one figure is erroneously recorded. The correction must be specified and confirmed: in the document - by the signatures of the persons who endorsed the document; in accounting registers - by the signature of the person who made the correction. In the margins opposite the line of the corrected entry, a typical clause is given: "Believe the corrected". The corrective method is used to correct errors as a result of incorrect calculation of totals, as well as in cases of recording in the wrong accounting register that is indicated in the transaction. This method is used if errors are found in the registers of the journal-order form of accounting before putting down the results, as well as in the accounting registers of the memorial-order form before the presentation of the balance sheet. After the totals have been transferred to the General Ledger, no corrections are allowed. In this case, the accounting department draws up a certificate for the amount of the error, the data of which is entered in the General Ledger as a separate line. These certificates are stored in the relevant registers.

Method of additional posting - is used when the amount recorded in the registers is less than the actual one:

▪ if the correspondence of accounts is indicated correctly, but in a smaller amount;

▪ if the actual cost of production is higher than the standard (planned) one.

Postings are made for the missing amount.

Example 1

On the basis of an extract from the current account, 1000 rubles were received by the cashier. Prepared accounting entry: Debit accounts 50 "Cash register" Credit accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" in the amount of 100 rubles. So additional wiring is needed: Debit accounts 50 "Cash register" Credit accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" in the amount of 900 rubles.

The "red side" method (or negative entry) is used to correct erroneous entries if they are made for a large amount, or when making an incorrect posting. The correction is that the incorrect entry or entry is overwritten in red (or highlighted: "circle"), then the entry is made in normal color. When calculating the totals, the "red" amount is subtracted.

Example 2

Consider the same case as in the previous example, but with this version of the wiring: Debit accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" Credit accounts 50 "Cashier" in the amount of 1000 rubles.

The fix is ​​to write the wiring: Debit accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" Credit accounts 50 "Cashier" in the amount of 1000 rubles. in red ink, and then the correct wiring is written: Debit accounts 50 "Cash register" Credit accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" in the amount of 1000 rubles.

Topic 11. FORMS OF ACCOUNTING

To register information in accounting in different combinations, books, cards, magazines, etc. are used, entries in which are made in different sequences. As a result, various forms of accounting are formed.

The form of accounting is understood as a set of accounting registers that predetermine the relationship between synthetic and analytical accounting, the methodology and technique for registering transactions, the technology and organization of the accounting process.

The following are the most common forms of accounting.

"magazine main". This is one of the book and card forms of accounting, conducted in organizations with a small volume of production, in individual institutions and some financial bodies. A characteristic feature of this form is that the registers for chronological and systematic records are combined in one register - the "Magazine Main". Journal entries are written directly from primary documents or from consolidated documents. When registering, each posting is assigned a number and one line is assigned. Synthetic account balances are transferred to the journal at the beginning of the month. Then transactions are recorded, turnovers are displayed and the balance is calculated. Thus, the accounts are closed after the balance is recorded on the 1st day of the next month.

Analytical accounting is kept in books or on cards. According to the analytical accounting, a turnover sheet is compiled, which is checked against the synthetic accounting data.

A simple form is maintained using property registers. Eight unified statements are used as accounting registers:

▪ B1 (accounting for fixed assets and depreciation charges);

▪ B2 (accounting for inventories, goods, finished products and VAT paid by value);

▪ B3 (accounting for production costs);

▪ B4 (accounting for cash and funds);

▪ B5 (accounting for settlements and other operations);

▪ B6 (sales accounting);

▪ B7 (accounting for settlements with suppliers);

▪ B8 (accounting for wages).

Accounting for operations is completed after a month by calculating the totals for turnover. The results are entered in the chess sheet - B9.

The memorial order form of accounting got its name from the memorial order, which completes the processing of primary documents. With this form of accounting, a memorial order is drawn up for each business transaction (or group of transactions combined in a consolidated document). A characteristic feature of this form is that the documents received by the accounting department are accumulated and recorded in the accumulative statements. A memorial order is drawn up for each group of documents. All documents related to this posting, both primary and summary, are attached to it. The order indicates the number, summary of the operation, debit, credit, amount.

Synthetic accounting is conducted in two registers:

▪ registration journal;

▪ General ledger.

The journal is used to record transactions in chronological order. Then memorial warrants are recorded in the General Ledger, which has a two-sided form.

Analytical accounting is carried out mainly in cards, entries in analytical accounting registers are made directly from primary or summary documents attached to the order.

The journal-order form got its name from the main register - the journal-order. With this form of accounting, two main registers are used:

▪ To facilitate the work of summarizing and grouping data, special development tables are used.

Order magazines are free sheets built according to the chess principle. Entries are made on the basis of receipt of documents. Order journals are built on a credit basis. They can be used for one account (journal-order No. 1 - "Cashier", journal-order No. 2 - "Settlement account") or for several accounts (journal-order No. 10 - "Costs of production").

In addition to order journals, statements are opened. They are used when the required analytical indicators are difficult to obtain directly from order journals.

Cash transactions, transactions on settlement and currency accounts are recorded both in debit and credit.

The totals of the order journals at the end of the month are transferred to the general ledger.

The main ledger opens for a year. One or two sheets are assigned to each account. Based on the General Ledger and other registers, reporting forms are filled out.

The automated (electronic) form arose with the use of computer technology for data processing. Special programs for accounting and financial calculations have been developed that allow you to form certain indicators and make calculations. The use of an electronic form of accounting allows without printing:

• register and store data;
• perform arithmetic operations on data;
• generate indicators for financial statements.
• An automated form of accounting differs from traditional forms in the speed of performing arithmetic operations and in the reliability of data storage.

The choice of the form of accounting is reflected in the order on the choice of accounting policy.

Topic 12. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE CHIEF ACCOUNTANT

Accounting in the organization is carried out by the accounting department headed by the chief accountant. If the organization does not have an accounting service, the head has the right to entrust accounting and reporting to a specialized organization or relevant authorities (on a contractual basis).

Work in accounting is divided, as a rule, into main groups, for example:

▪ settlement - deals with issues related to accounts 69 "Settlements for social insurance and security", 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", 73 "Settlements with personnel for other transactions", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors”, etc.;

▪ material - accounts 10 “Materials”, 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, etc.;

▪ production-costing, or cost, - accounts 20 “Main production”, 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, etc.

The chief accountant is appointed (dismissed) by the head of the organization and reports directly to him. In his work, he must be guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulatory legal documents, as well as be responsible for compliance with the accounting principles contained therein.

The Chief Accountant is responsible for:

▪ for the formation of accounting policies;

▪ ensuring control and recording of business transactions in the accounts;

▪ provision of operational information;

▪ preparation of financial statements in a timely manner;

▪ conducting economic analysis jointly with other services.

The chief accountant, together with the head of the organization, signs documents that serve for the receipt and issuance of inventory items and cash, as well as settlement documents. These documents without the signature of the chief accountant are considered invalid and are not accepted for execution.

The chief accountant does not have the right to accept for execution and execution documents on operations that are contrary to the law and violate financial and contractual discipline. The chief accountant informs the head in writing about such documents.

Appointment and relocation of financially responsible persons is coordinated with the chief accountant. Their list, as well as the list of persons entitled to sign primary documents, is approved by the head of the organization, also in agreement with the chief accountant.

The requirements of the chief accountant for documenting business transactions and providing documents to the accounting service are mandatory for all employees of the organization.

The chief accountant cannot be assigned duties directly related to liability. He is not allowed to receive cash and inventory items by checks and other documents. In small organizations, the duties of a cashier can be performed by the chief accountant by written order of the head of the organization.

When the chief accountant is dismissed from office, the cases are handed over to the newly appointed chief accountant (in the absence of the latter, to the employee appointed by order of the head). At the same time, the state of financial statements and the reliability of data are checked. After verification, an act is drawn up, which is approved by the head of the organization.

Topic 13. ACCOUNTING POLICY

The accounting policy of an organization is defined as a set of accounting methods used by it: primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping of facts of financial and economic activity and the final generalization of its results. The procedure for the formation of an accounting policy is regulated by PBU 1/98 "Accounting policy of an organization" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.12.1998 No. 60n).

▪ Accounting methods include:

▪ methods of grouping and assessing facts of economic activity;

▪ options for repaying the value of assets;

▪ organization of document flow;

▪ inventory;

▪ methods of using accounts and accounting registers;

▪ methods of information processing.

The choice of an organization's accounting policy is determined by its specifics, including commercial, features of the management organization, current and long-term goals.

▪ The organization’s accounting policies are influenced by:

▪ tax conditions;

▪ benefits;

▪ form of ownership;

▪ personnel qualifications, etc.

A special place in the accounting policy is occupied by methodological and organizational aspects.

Methodological aspects include:

▪ options for calculating depreciation for fixed assets and intangible assets;

▪ the procedure for recording transactions for the purchase of materials in the accounts;

▪ method for estimating inventories;

▪ options for accounting for production costs;

▪ the procedure for writing off general production and general business expenses;

▪ list of created reserves.

Organizational aspects include:

▪ choice of accounting form;

▪ organization of the work of the accounting service;

▪ system of internal production accounting, reporting and control;

▪ procedure for conducting an inventory of property and liabilities;

▪ application of the working chart of accounts;

▪ technology for processing accounting information;

▪ volume, timing and addresses for providing information;

▪ system of relationships with audit services.

When developing the accounting policy of the organization, it must be remembered that after approval by the order of the head, it becomes legally binding. Therefore, the accounting policy should include methodological and organizational aspects, which should be supported by regulations.

SECTION II. ACCOUNTING IN THE PRODUCTION SPHERE

Topic 14. CASH ACCOUNTING

14.1. The procedure for maintaining and reflecting in the accounting of cash transactions

General rules for the storage, use and accounting of funds are established by the Central Bank of Russia. To date, the letter of the Central Bank of Russia dated September 22.09.1993, 40 No. XNUMX "On approval of the procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation" is valid. Additionally, you need to follow:

▪ Regulations of the Central Bank of Russia dated January 05.01.1998, 14 No. XNUMX-P “On the rules for organizing cash circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation”;

▪ Federal Law No. 22.05.2003-FZ of May 54, XNUMX “On the use of cash register equipment when making cash payments and (or) payments using payment cards.”

To carry out cash settlements, each organization must have a cash desk and keep a cash book in the prescribed form.

Acceptance by organizations of cash in settlements with the population is carried out using cash registers.

The current legislation provides for:

▪ specially equipped cash register premises; full financial responsibility of the cashier;

▪ limiting cash balances;

▪ limitation of their storage period;

▪ size and duration of use of advances for business and travel expenses.

If the organization does not have the opportunity to provide a specially equipped room for the cash desk, then a safe is needed to store funds.

When hiring a cashier, he must be familiarized with the procedure for conducting cash transactions against receipt. With him is an agreement on full liability. Temporary replacement of the cashier is made by written order of the administration. An agreement on material liability is also concluded with a substitute worker. If the staffing table does not provide for the position of a cashier, then these duties are assigned to the employee in the order of combination.

The organization can keep cash in its cash desk within the limits established by the bank, in agreement with the head of the organization. If necessary, limits on cash balances are reviewed.

Organizations are obliged to hand over to the bank all cash in excess of the established limits on the balance of cash on hand in the manner and within the time agreed with the servicing banks.

Primary cash desk documents are documents developed by the Central Bank of Russia.

Acceptance of cash by cash desks of organizations is carried out according to cash receipt orders signed by the chief accountant or a person authorized to do so by a written order of the head of the organization. On receipt of money, a receipt is issued to the incoming cash order signed by the chief accountant or a person authorized to do so, and the cashier. The receipt is certified by the seal (stamp) of the cashier or the imprint of the cash register.

The issuance of cash from the cash desks of organizations is carried out according to cash orders or duly executed other documents (payment, payroll, applications for the issuance of money, invoices, etc.) with the imposition of a stamp on these documents with the details of the cash order. Documents for the issuance of funds must be signed by the head and chief accountant of the organization or persons authorized to do so.

Special requirements are imposed on the execution of cash orders. Corrections are not allowed. Executed cash documents are canceled with special stamps ("Received" or "Paid").

All incoming and outgoing cash orders are registered in a special journal (unified form No. K2).

Current accounting of funds is maintained by the cashier in the cash book. It registers the balance of funds at the beginning of the day, transactions for income and expenditure (per day), sums up the receipts and disbursements, and displays the balance at the end of the day.

Entries in the cash book are kept in two copies through carbon paper. The second copy - detachable - serves as a cashier's report. All incoming and outgoing documents are attached to the report and at the end of the working day they are handed over to the accounting department against the receipt of the accountant.

With an automated form of accounting, separate sheets of the cash book are generated daily in the form of machine diagrams: 1st sheet - loose sheet of the cash book, 2nd sheet - cashier's report.

At the end of the reporting period, the cash book is certified by the signatures of the chief accountant and the head of the organization, laced and sealed.

In addition to the daily report of the cashier, an audit of the cash desk is carried out within the time limits established by the administration. The audit should be sudden, and it should be carried out at least once a month. By order of the management, an inventory commission is created, during the audit all documents and all funds are checked sheet by sheet. The result is documented.

From November 21, 2001, based on the instructions of the Central Bank of Russia dated November 14.11.2001, 1050 No. 60-U, the maximum amount of cash settlements between legal entities for one transaction in the amount of XNUMX thousand rubles is established.

14.2. The procedure for opening settlement accounts in the bank and conducting operations on them

The regulatory document that determines the procedure for making cashless payments is the regulation of the Central Bank of Russia dated 03.10.2002 No. 2-P "On cashless payments in the Russian Federation" (as amended on 03.03.2003).

An organization can have several current accounts at the same time. At her discretion, she chooses a bank to open an account. The organization can perform all types of operations from any current account.

The procedure for opening settlement and other accounts, the execution and execution of transactions are established by the Central Bank of Russia.

To open a bank account, you must provide the following documents:

▪ a notarized copy of the charter (and a notarized copy of the constituent agreement, if any);

▪ a notarized copy of the registration certificate at the registration chamber;

▪ a notarized copy of the certificate of registration with the tax authority;

▪ a photocopy of statistics codes, certified by the head of the organization and the seal of the organization;

▪ a photocopy of the founder’s decision (minutes of the general meeting of founders) on the appointment of the head of the organization, certified by its head and seal;

▪ a photocopy of the order on the appointment of the chief accountant of the organization, certified by its head and seal;

▪ certificates from the Social Insurance Fund, the Mandatory Medical Insurance Fund and the Pension Fund;

▪ a bank card with notarized sample signatures of the head and chief accountant of the organization.

When changing the name of the organization, the nature of its activities, the composition of account holders, appropriate corrections are made to the documentation, and when the organization is reorganized, new documents are submitted to the bank.

All operations on the account are carried out on the basis of written instructions of the account holder:

▪ depositing cash - based on an announcement for cash deposits;

▪ receiving cash from the account - a cash check;

▪ transfer - payment order, settlement check, payment request-order.

Without acceptance, the bank can write off funds to pay for electricity, heat supply, water supply, etc. (calculations in the order of planned payments).

Also, without acceptance, write-offs are made by decision of the judicial and tax authorities.

The basis for entries in accounting registers are bank statements - a list of all transactions performed on the account for the period with attached copies of payment documents. All entries in the credit statement mean receipt to the account, for debit - write-off from the account.

Identified errors are corrected after agreement with the bank, for which a deadline is set - 10 days from the date of receipt of the statement.

14.3. Settlements by payment orders

A payment order is an order from the account holder (payer) to the bank serving him, drawn up by a settlement document, to transfer a certain amount of money to the beneficiary's account opened with this or another bank. The Bank executes the payment order within the period stipulated by the legislation, or within a shorter period established by the bank account agreement or determined by the business practices used in banking practice.

The payment order is valid for 10 days, including the day it was made.

Money transfers can be made by payment orders:

▪ for goods supplied, work performed, services rendered;

▪ to budgets of all levels and to extra-budgetary funds;

▪ for the purpose of returning/placing credits (loans)/deposits and paying interest on them;

▪ for other purposes provided for by law or agreement.

In accordance with the terms of the main agreement, payment orders can be used for advance payment for goods, works, services or for making periodic payments.

Payment orders are accepted by the bank regardless of the availability of funds in the payer's account.

The bank, at the request of the payer, is obliged to inform him of the execution of the payment order no later than the next business day after the payer's application to the bank, unless another period is provided for by the bank account agreement. The procedure for informing the payer is determined by the bank account agreement.

14.4. Accounting for funds held in letters of credit

A letter of credit is a conditional monetary obligation accepted by a bank (hereinafter referred to as the issuing bank) on behalf of the payer to make payments in favor of the recipient of funds upon presentation by the latter of documents that comply with the terms of the letter of credit, or authorize another bank (hereinafter referred to as the executing bank) to make such payments.

Banks can open the following types of letters of credit:

▪ covered (deposited) and uncovered (guaranteed);

▪ revocable and irrevocable (can be confirmed).

When opening a covered (deposited) letter of credit, the issuing bank transfers the amount of the letter of credit (cover) at the disposal of the executing bank at the expense of the payer or the credit provided to him for the entire period of the letter of credit.

When opening an uncovered (guaranteed) letter of credit, the issuing bank grants the executing bank the right to write off funds from its correspondent account within the amount of the letter of credit.

A revocable letter of credit is a letter of credit that can be changed or canceled by the issuing bank on the basis of a written order of the payer without prior agreement with the recipient of funds and without any obligations to him of the issuing bank after the withdrawal of the letter of credit. Irrevocable is a letter of credit that can be canceled only with the consent of the recipient of funds.

The letter of credit is intended for settlements with one recipient of funds. The procedure for settlements under a letter of credit is established in the main contract, which reflects:

▪ name of the issuing bank;

▪ name of the bank serving the recipient of funds;

▪ name of the recipient of funds;

▪ letter of credit amount;

▪ type of letter of credit;

▪ method of notifying the recipient of funds about the opening of a letter of credit;

▪ method of notifying the payer about the account number for depositing funds opened by the executing bank;

▪ a complete list and precise description of documents provided by the recipient of funds;

▪ validity periods of the letter of credit, provision of documents confirming the supply of goods (performance of work, provision of services), and requirements for the execution of these documents;

▪ payment terms (with or without acceptance);

▪ liability for non-fulfillment (improper fulfillment) of obligations.

The main contract may include other conditions relating to the procedure for settlements under a letter of credit.

Payment under the letter of credit is made in a cashless manner by transferring the amount of the letter of credit to the account of the recipient of funds. Partial payments under a letter of credit are allowed.

14.5. Accounting for transfers in transit

The concept of "transfers in transit" is used to account for the movement of funds (transfers) in cases where there is a time gap between the moment of a documented write-off and the moment the funds are credited to the corresponding accounting account, in particular:

▪ proceeds from the sale of goods produced by organizations engaged in trading activities, deposited in the cash desks of credit institutions, savings banks or post office cash desks for crediting to the current or other account of the organization, but not yet credited for its intended purpose;

▪ funds (transfers) in foreign currencies deposited at the cash desks of credit institutions for crediting to the current or other account of the organization, but not yet credited for their intended purpose.

The basis for accepting monetary documents for accounting are receipts from a credit institution, a savings bank, a post office, copies of accompanying statements for the delivery of proceeds to collectors, etc.

If banking institutions draw up statements from bank accounts in a form different from the generally accepted one, and these statements contain information on the amounts of funds that have been received by the organization, but have not yet been confirmed by settlement bank documents, then the organization reflects such amounts in accounting as "transfers on the way" and is not entitled to dispose of them until the credit institution receives settlement documents confirming the payment.

14.6. Accounting for monetary documents

The organization’s cash desk can store such monetary documents as paid vouchers to rest homes and sanatoriums, postage stamps, state duty stamps, bill of exchange stamps, paid travel tickets, etc. Receipts and issuance of monetary documents are drawn up on the basis of incoming and outgoing cash orders with subsequent compilation cashier of the report on the movement of monetary documents.

Monetary documents are evaluated in accounting in the amount of actual costs for their acquisition.

Analytical accounting is conducted by types of monetary documents.

Topic 15. INVENTORY ACCOUNT

15.1. The concept and classification of inventories

Inventories are part of the organization's assets:

▪ used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale, performance of work, provision of services;

▪ intended for sale;

▪ used for the management needs of the organization.

In accordance with PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n), finished products and goods also belong to inventories.

Inventories are classified:

▪ by role and purpose in the production process;

▪ by technical properties.

From the point of view of the role and purpose in the production process, inventories are divided into main and auxiliary.

The main production stocks are the objects of labor that form the basis of manufactured products:

▪ raw materials - products of the mining industry and agriculture;

▪ basic materials - manufacturing products;

▪ purchased semi-finished products - materials that have undergone certain processing, but have not yet become finished products;

▪ components - material assets intended to complete the manufactured object.

Auxiliary production stocks are objects of labor that give the object certain properties and qualities (varnishes, paints, etc.) or are used to maintain the means of labor (lubricant and cleaning material).

Classification by technical properties is used in the production technology and organization of analytical accounting:

▪ raw materials and supplies;

▪ purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts;

▪ fuel;

▪ containers and packaging materials;

▪ spare parts;

▪ other materials;

▪ building materials;

▪ materials transferred for processing to third parties.

Each of these groups is divided into subgroups, where a list of names of materials is given with a description of their technical features. This classification is the basis for the development of the nomenclature, i.e. a systematic list of all materials used in production. Each material is assigned a nomenclature number (code).

The accounting unit can be:

▪ nomenclature number of the material and production stock;

▪ party;

▪ homogeneous group, etc.

The accountant may have an opinion that the item number should be considered as an object of accounting for inventories. Of course, this is not so. The nomenclature number is only a conditional (code) designation of a real-life object. Therefore, the accounting unit of the stock can be a specific type (name) of the stock or a group (batch) of stocks, which are assigned the corresponding item number.

15.2. Assessment of inventories upon admission

In accounting, inventory is valued at actual cost. In current accounting, organizations can evaluate materials at a book price and separately take into account deviations in the actual cost of materials from the book price. In financial statements, materials are valued at actual cost.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition. VAT and other reimbursable taxes (except for cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation) are not included in the actual cost. Actual costs include:

▪ amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);

▪ expenses for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

▪ customs duties;

▪ fees paid to the intermediary organization through which the supplies were purchased;

▪ costs of procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs;

▪ other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories received by the organization under a donation agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. The actual cost in this case includes the actual costs of the organization for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use.

The actual cost of inventories contributed to the authorized (reserve) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, the actual cost also includes the actual costs of the organization for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use.

The actual cost of inventories when they are manufactured by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of stocks is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the relevant types of products.

The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of such assets is based on the price at which an entity would normally charge similar assets in comparable circumstances.

Transportation and other costs associated with the exchange are added to the cost of the received stocks directly or are preliminarily included in the composition of transportation and procurement costs, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. If the exchange agreement provides for the exchange of unequal goods, then the difference between them in monetary form is recorded by the party that transferred the goods of a higher value, in the debit of the settlement account. The resulting debt is repaid in the manner prescribed by the agreement.

The valuation of stocks that do not belong to this organization, but are in its use or disposal, is carried out in the amount provided for in the contract, or in the amount agreed with their owner. In the absence of a price for these reserves in the contract or a price agreed with the owner, they may be taken into account at a conditional valuation.

The valuation of inventories, the value of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is made in rubles by recalculating the amount in foreign currency at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of Russia, effective on the date of acceptance of reserves for accounting.

15.3. Accounting for inventories

The basis for accepting materials for accounting is the primary documents for the receipt and issue of materials.

For materials received from outside, the organization receives:

▪ transport documents;

▪ invoice from the supplier;

▪ certificate and other documents in accordance with the terms of the purchase and sale agreement.

A receipt order is issued at the warehouse (standard intersectoral form No. M-4, approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30.10.1997, 71 No. XNUMXa). For bulk homogeneous cargo arriving several times during the day from the same supplier, it is allowed to draw up one receipt order for the whole day. During this day, each goods receipt is recorded on the back of the order, which is counted at the end of the day, and the total is recorded in the receipt note. Instead of an incoming order, the acceptance and posting of materials can be made out by affixing a stamp on the supplier's document (waybill, waybill), the imprint of which contains the same details as in the incoming order. In this case, the details of the specified stamp are filled in and the next number of the incoming order is put. Such a stamp is equivalent to a receipt order.

If the quantity and quality of the materials arrived at the warehouse do not correspond to the supplier's data, the materials are accepted by the commission and draw up a material acceptance certificate (standard intersectoral form No. M-7), which serves as the basis for filing a claim with the supplier or transport organization. In the case of drawing up an acceptance certificate, a credit order is not issued.

Materials coming from their production are issued an invoice for the internal movement of materials.

Materials received after the liquidation of the fixed asset are formalized by an act of posting of material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures (standard intersectoral form No. M-35).

If, in the interests of production, it is advisable to send materials directly to the organization's subdivision, bypassing the warehouse, such batches of materials are recorded as received at the warehouse and transferred to the organization's subdivision. At the same time, in the receipt and expenditure documents of the warehouse and the receipt documents of the organization's division, a note is made that the materials were received from the supplier and issued to the division without bringing them to the warehouse (in transit).

Acceptance acts and receipt orders are drawn up on the day of receipt of the relevant materials at the warehouse or at other deadlines established by the organization, but not later than the deadlines established by regulatory enactments for the acceptance of incoming goods.

Materials received for safekeeping are recorded by the financially responsible person in a special book (card), stored separately in the warehouse and are not consumed.

Posting of materials purchased by accountable persons of the organization is carried out in the generally established manner on the basis of supporting documents confirming the purchase (accounts and checks of stores, a receipt for a cash receipt order - when buying from another organization for cash, an act or certificate of purchase on the market or from the population ), which are attached to the advance report of the accountable person.

On the basis of primary documents, the acquisition of materials is reflected in the accounting entry:

▪ Debit accounts 10 "Materials" - the amount of actual costs for the purchase of materials;

▪ Debit accounts 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" - VAT amounts on invoices of third parties;

▪ Credit settlement accounts: 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 71 "Calculations with accountable persons", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", etc.

VAT is presented for reimbursement from the budget on capitalized and paid for materials for production purposes and is reflected in the debit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" and the credit of account 19.

Materials received from the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital are accepted for accounting at the cost agreed by the founders and are recorded in the accounting entry:

▪ Debit accounts 10 Credit accounts 75 "Settlements with founders".

The actual costs of the organization for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use are reflected in the debit of account 10, VAT - in the debit of account 19 and the credit of accounts 60, 71, 76, etc.

Materials received under a donation agreement or free of charge are reflected in the assessment at market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 10 Credit accounts 98 "Deferred income", sub-account 2 "Gratuitous receipts".

The actual costs of the organization for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use are reflected in the debit of account 10, VAT - in the debit of account 19 and the credit of accounts 60, 71, 76, etc.

Features of accounting and evaluation of materials when using accounts 15 and 16. Valuation of materials in current accounting can be carried out at the accounting price, which can be the planned cost of procurement or the purchase price of materials. In this case, accounting is organized using accounts: 10 “Materials”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”.

The actual cost of purchased materials is reflected in accounting in the debit of account 15 and the credit of accounts 60, 71, 76, VAT - in the debit of account 19 and the credit of accounts 60, 71, 76. The accounting value of actually received materials is debited to the debit of account 10 from the credit of account 15 .

Thus, the debit of account 15 reflects the actual cost of materials, and the credit - their accounting price. The difference between the actual cost of the materials received and their accounting price is a deviation of the actual cost from the accounting price, which are taken into account on account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets". Deviations are written off from account 15 to account 16 as follows:

▪ Debit accounts 16 Credit accounts 15 - if the actual cost is higher than the accounting price;

▪ Debit accounts 15 Credit accounts 16 - if the actual cost is lower than the book price.

The debit balance of ending account 15 shows the actual cost of materials in transit.

The debit and credit deviations from accounting prices accumulated on account 16 are debited to the accounts of production costs, as a rule, in proportion to the cost of materials used in production (at prices):

▪ Debit accounts 20 "Primary production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "overhead costs" 26 "General running costs", 28 "Marriage in production". If the accounting price of the materials used is lower than their actual cost, an additional entry is made in the credit of account 16;

▪ Debit accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 28. An additional entry using the “red reversal” method is made on the credit of account 16 if the accounting price of the materials consumed is higher than their actual cost.

15.4. Accounting for the release of inventories

The release of materials for the needs of production with system consumption is carried out on the basis of pre-established limits. The supply department sets a limit for the issue of materials for production, based on the approved material consumption rates. The limited release of materials from the warehouse is issued by limit-fence cards (standard intersectoral form No. M-8). Materials issued irregularly are issued with a requirement-invoice (standard intersectoral form No. M-11).

The movement of materials from one warehouse to another is issued an invoice for the internal movement of materials.

The release of materials is reflected in the accounting department on the basis of documents on the release of materials on the credit of account 10 in correspondence with the debit of accounts 20, 23, 25, etc.

Valuation of inventories during release for the needs of the organization. In accordance with PBU 5/01, organizations have the right, when releasing materials into production and other disposal, to evaluate them in one of the following ways:

▪ at the cost of each unit;

▪ at average cost;

▪ at the cost of the first materials purchased - FIFO method;

▪ at the cost of the last materials purchased - the LIFO method.

The chosen valuation method should be fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.

Estimating the cost of each unit can be applied to enterprises with a small range of products that carry out special orders, when it is possible to track the use of materials in production and organize such accounting.

When evaluating inventories at the average cost, it is customary for each type (group) of stocks to determine the average unit cost by dividing the total cost of the type (group) of stocks by their number.

Under the FIFO method, the actual cost of written-off inventories is determined as the cost of materials purchased in the first place, taking into account the cost of inventories listed at the beginning of the month, i.e., at the cost of purchases first in time.

The LIFO method is based on the assumption that inventories, the first to enter production, should be valued at the cost of the last purchases.

15.5. Accounting for the disposal of inventories

To account for the sale and other disposal of inventory items, the operating result account 91 "Other income and expenses" is intended.

The disposal of materials as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations is accounted for as long-term investments. The actual cost of transferred materials is reflected in the credit of account 10 "Materials" and the debit of account 58 "Financial investments". The difference between the actual cost and the agreed valuation of the transferred materials is written off:

▪ in debit accounts 91-2 "Other expenses" loan accounts 58 - if the agreed value is lower than the book value of the materials;

▪ in debit accounts 58 и credit accounts 91-1 "Other income" - if the agreed cost is higher than the actual cost of materials.

The sale of materials to a third party is reflected in the accounting upon the transfer of materials and the signing of acceptance documents, unless the contract provides for a different procedure for the transfer of ownership to the buyer. For the total amount of the buyer's debt, an entry is made in the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and the credit of account 91-1. The costs associated with the implementation are reflected in the debit of account 91-2 and the credit of the accounts of expenses and settlements: 44 "Sales expenses", 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors, etc. VAT on the sale of materials is charged on the debit of account 91-2 and the credit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees", sub-account "Calculations on VAT". The actual cost of materials is written off to the debit of account 912 and the credit of account 10.

When materials are disposed of due to a gratuitous transfer, the actual cost is written off to the debit of account 91-2 and the credit of account 10. The loss from the gratuitous transfer is written off from own sources to the debit of account 99 "Profit and Losses" and the credit of account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses." In case of gratuitous transfer of materials, VAT is paid by the transferring party. The amount of accrued VAT is reflected in the debit of account 91-2 and the credit of account 68, sub-account "VAT settlements".

The write-off of material assets lost as a result of natural disasters and other emergencies requires a certificate of emergency. The loss in this case is attributed to the financial result and is reflected in the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" and the credit of account 10 "Materials", and then written off to the debit of account 99 "Profits and losses" from the credit of account 94.

15.6. Inventory of inventories

To ensure the reliability of accounting and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of material assets. (On the procedure and conditions for conducting inventories, see: Topic 5, question 5.2.)

The inventory is carried out by the inventory commission, appointed by order of the head of the organization, in the presence of a financially responsible person and all members of the commission.

Surplus inventories identified during the inventory are accounted for at market prices, and at the same time their value is attributed in commercial organizations to financial results in the debit of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of account 91-1 "Other income".

Shortfalls and damage to inventories are written off at their actual cost to the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables", credit of account 10 "Materials", the corresponding subaccount (in terms of the contractual (account) price of the stock), credit of account 10, subaccount "Transportation procurement costs" or account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials" (in terms of the share of transport and procurement costs).

Damaged stocks that can be used in the organization or sold (at a markdown) are simultaneously credited at market prices, taking into account their physical condition (with a decrease in damage losses by this amount) in the debit of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of account 94.

Shortage and damage within the limits of attrition is debited from the credit of account 94 to the debit of accounts: 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses", etc. Shortage in excess of the norms of attrition is attributed to the account of the perpetrators from the credit of account 94 to the debit of account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", subaccount 2 "Settlements with personnel for compensation for material damage".

If the perpetrators are not identified or the court refused to recover losses from them, then losses from shortages and damage to stocks are written off from the commercial organization to financial results in the debit of account 91-2 from the credit of account 94.

Inventories lost (destroyed) as a result of natural disasters, fires, accidents and other emergencies are written off at actual cost from the credit of account 94 to the debit of account 99 "Profits and losses", subaccount "Extraordinary expenses".

Insurance indemnities received as compensation for losses from natural disasters, fires, accidents and other emergencies are accounted for as part of the organization's emergency income in the debit of account 51 "Settlement accounts" and the credit of account 99.

Topic 16. ACCOUNTING FOR LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS

16.1. Non-current assets: concept, types

▪ Fixed assets (FPE) - means of labor used in carrying out the financial and economic activities of the organization for a period exceeding 12 months. These are buildings, structures, transport, equipment, computer technology, etc.

▪ Profitable investments in material assets - expenses of the organization in the form of investments in buildings, equipment and other assets that have a material structure, provided by the organization for temporary use in order to generate income.

▪ Intangible assets - long-term costs of an organization to acquire exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity arising from patents, certificates and other documents of protection. This category also includes organizational expenses that arise when creating a business entity in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital and the value of the business reputation of the acquired organizations.

▪ Investments in non-current assets - long-term investments of an organization in the acquisition (construction) of fixed assets, creation and acquisition of intangible assets.

▪ Long-term financial investments - investments of an organization in securities of joint-stock companies, state and private debt securities, authorized (share) capitals of other organizations (clause 3 of PBU 19/02).

16.2. Determination of the initial cost of objects upon acquisition

The initial cost of fixed assets contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital is the monetary value agreed by the founders, unless otherwise provided by law. (If the nominal part of the share of a company member in the authorized capital of the company, paid by a non-monetary contribution, is more than 200 minimum wages, such a contribution must be assessed by an independent appraiser.) The initial cost also includes the actual costs of the organization for the delivery of objects and bringing them into a condition suitable for use.

For fixed assets received under a donation agreement (free of charge), the initial cost is recognized as their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. The initial cost also includes the actual costs of the organization for the delivery of objects and bringing them into a condition suitable for use (according to Article 575 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, only such gifts are allowed between commercial organizations, the value of which does not exceed 5 minimum wages. According to Article 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a transaction , which does not comply with this requirement of the law or other legal acts, may be declared null and void and the parties will be required to return what they received under the transaction.This restriction on gratuitous donation does not apply if the fixed assets were donated by non-profit organizations or individuals).

Documents for determining the market value can be:

▪ data on prices for similar products received in writing from the manufacturer’s organization;

▪ information on the price level available to statistical authorities. Data from trade inspections and organizations;

▪ information on price levels published in the media;

▪ expert opinion on the cost of individual fixed assets.

The initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is the sum of all actual acquisition costs. VAT and other refundable taxes (except as provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation) are not included in the initial cost.

The actual costs of acquiring fixed assets can include:

▪ amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);

▪ amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;

▪ registration fees, customs duties, patent duties and other similar payments made in connection with the acquisition (receipt) of rights to the object;

▪ non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of fixed assets;

▪ fees paid to the intermediary organization through which the fixed asset was acquired;

▪ other expenses directly related to the acquisition, and bringing the OS to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the initial cost of fixed assets, if they are not directly related to their acquisition, construction or manufacture.

The initial cost of fixed assets received under an agreement providing for the fulfillment of obligations by non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of the transferred property, which consists of the sale (acquisition) price. That is, based on the price, which acts as the market price of the transferred values. This operation is formalized by an exchange agreement, according to which each party acts as a buyer and seller at the same time, there are no cash settlements.

Topic 17. ACCOUNTING FOR FIXED ASSETS

17.1. Concept, classification of funds

An object is accepted by the organization for accounting as fixed assets if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

▪ a) the object is intended for use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, for the management needs of the organization, or to be provided by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;

▪ b) the object is intended for use for a long time, i.e. a period lasting more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

▪ c) the organization does not intend the subsequent resale of this object;

▪ d) the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

A non-profit organization accepts an object for accounting as fixed assets if it is intended for use in activities aimed at achieving the goals of creating this non-profit organization (including in business activities carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation), for management needs non-profit organization, as well as if the conditions specified in paragraphs. "b" and "c".

Fixed assets intended exclusively to be provided by an organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use in order to generate income are reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of profitable investments in material assets.

Assets for which the above conditions are met and with a value within the limit established in the accounting policy of the organization, but not more than 20 rubles per unit, may be reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of inventories. In order to ensure the safety of these objects in production or during operation, the organization must organize proper control over their movement.

Fixed assets in the organization are classified according to different criteria:

▪ 1. By industry:

▪ industry;

▪ construction;

▪ agriculture;

▪ trade and catering, etc.

2. According to the composition and placement or natural property, the classification of fixed assets is given in the all-Russian classifier of fixed assets, Decree of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, Gosstandart of the Russian Federation of December 26.12.1994, 359 No. 6 and in PBU 01/30.03.2001 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. of March 26, XNUMX No. XNUMXn. The following groups are distinguished:

▪ buildings;

▪ structures;

▪ working and power machines and equipment;

▪ measuring and control instruments and devices;

▪ vehicles;

▪ tool;

▪ computer technology;

▪ production equipment and household equipment;

▪ working, productive and breeding livestock;

▪ perennial plantings;

▪ land plots;

▪ environmental management facilities;

▪ on-farm roads;

▪ other operating systems;

▪ capital investments in radical land improvement;

▪ capital investments in leased fixed assets.

3. According to the direction of use at each enterprise, OS are divided into

▪ production fixed assets;

▪ non-production fixed assets.

Production fixed assets, objects, the use of which is aimed at systematic profit making as the main goal of activity, i.e. use in the production of industrial products, in construction, agriculture, catering, transport, communications, trade, etc.

Non-production fixed assets - do not participate in the production process, are used to meet the personal needs of the enterprise's employees (housing, communal facilities, cultural, health facilities that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise).

4. By use:

▪ in operation;

▪ in stock;

▪ in the stage of completion, additional equipment or partial liquidation;

▪ for conservation.

5. By accessories:

▪ own;

▪ rented;

▪ those that are under the operational management or economic control of the organization.

An item of fixed assets is valued at its original cost. This is the cost at which fixed assets are accepted for accounting. It does not change during the entire period of operation of the facility, with the exception of cases provided for by law, and depends on the source of income.

It is possible to change the initial cost of fixed assets:

▪ when revaluing fixed assets;

▪ during reconstruction and modernization.

When the initial cost changes, the replacement cost of the fixed asset is formed.

The residual value of the fixed asset is determined by calculation: the initial (replacement) cost minus the amount of previously accrued depreciation of fixed assets.

17.2. Accounting for the receipt of fixed assets

Enrollment of individual objects in the OS is carried out using the Act (waybill) of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets (f. OS-1). The act is drawn up by a commission, which is approved by order of the head of the organization. The act is drawn up in one copy for each incoming object (the act can be issued for a group of homogeneous OS objects related to production and household inventory, tools, equipment, etc., if these objects are of the same type, have the same cost, from one supplier and are accepted in one calendar month). After registration, the Act, together with the attached technical documentation, is transferred to the accounting department of the organization, signed by the chief accountant and approved by the head of the organization. When registering an internal transfer of fixed assets, an Act is issued in two copies for the deliverer and for the recipient. Accounting for all OS objects that have come into operation is carried out using an inventory card for accounting for fixed assets (f. OS-6). The inventory card is filled in by an accounting officer in one copy on the basis of documents for enrolling an object, moving, retrofitting, reconstruction, modernization, as well as documents for major repairs and write-offs.

Fixed assets received after restoration are drawn up by the Acceptance and Delivery Certificate of the repaired, reconstructed and modernized facilities (f. OS-3). Incoming equipment is formalized by the Equipment Acceptance Certificate (form OS-14), equipment defects identified during acceptance are recorded in the act of detected defects (form OS-16).

The accounting unit of fixed assets is an inventory item. An inventory item of fixed assets is an object with all fixtures and fittings or a separately structurally isolated item designed to perform certain independent functions, or a separate complex of structurally articulated items that are a single whole and designed to perform a specific job. A complex of structurally articulated objects is one or more objects of the same or different purposes, having common devices and accessories, common control, mounted on the same foundation, as a result of which each object included in the complex can perform its functions only as part of the complex, and not independently.

If one object has several parts, the useful lives of which differ significantly, each such part is accounted for as an independent inventory object.

An object owned by two or more organizations is reflected by each organization as part of fixed assets in proportion to its share in the common property.

Synthetic accounting of fixed assets is maintained on an active inventory account 01 "Fixed assets". On this account, fixed assets are reflected in the assessment at the original or replacement cost.

The expenses of the organization associated with the acquisition of fixed assets are long-term investments, for which the current chart of accounts provides for an account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". The enrollment of objects in the composition of fixed assets in the assessment at historical cost is documented by the entry - Debit accounts 01 "Fixed assets" Credit accounts 08 "Investments in non-current assets".

The initial cost of fixed assets contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital is their monetary value, agreed by the founders, unless otherwise provided by law.

The following entries are made in the accounting records:

▪ an asset was received from the founder as a contribution to the authorized capital - 08 debit "Investments in non-current assets" 75 loan "Settlements with the founders" in the assessment at the agreed cost;

▪ reflects the expenses of the organization for the delivery and completion of the object - Debit 08 "Investments in non-current assets".

60 loan "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", etc., VAT - 19 debit "VAT on acquired valuables" Credit 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", etc.;

▪ fixed assets assessed at historical cost were capitalized - Debit 01 Credit 08 "Investments in non-current assets", VAT refund on capitalized and paid fixed assets in terms of organization's expenses 68 debit/VAT and 19 loan.

For fixed assets received under a donation agreement (free of charge), the initial cost is recognized as their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

The following entries are made in the accounting records:

▪ D 08 "Investments in non-current assets" K 98-2 "Deferred income / gratuitous receipts" in the assessment at the current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. For tax purposes, this amount is added to taxable income;

▪ the costs of delivering the specified OS and bringing them into a state in which the OS are suitable for use are reflected - 08 debit "Investments in non-current assets" 60 loan "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", etc., VAT on the indicated expenses is reflected according to debit accounts 19 и Credit accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", etc.

Acceptance of an object for accounting as part of fixed assets in the assessment at historical cost is reflected at debit accounts 01 и Credit accounts 08 "Investments in non-current assets". As the specified objects are depreciated and the record is made - Debit 20, 23, 25, 26, 44 84

02 loan income is recognized in the amount of accrued depreciation 98 debit/ gratuitous receipts and Credit accounts 91/1.

The initial cost of fixed assets purchased for a fee is the sum of all actual acquisition costs. VAT and other refundable taxes (except as provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation) are not included in the initial cost. Entries are made in accounting: - on the basis of documents, the actual expenses incurred by the organization are reflected Debit 08 Credit 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" and other VAT - 19 debit "VAT on purchased assets" 60 loan "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", etc.

Posting of an object for accounting as part of fixed assets, all expenses that form the initial cost of the fixed assets object are written off - Debit 01 Credit 08. The amount of VAT is claimed for reimbursement from the budget as paid assets for production purposes are taken into account and is reflected Debit 68 Credit 19.

Initial cost Fixed assets received under an agreement providing for the fulfillment of obligations by non-monetary means, the value of the transferred property, which consists of the sale (acquisition) price, is recognized.

17.3. Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets

Depreciation of fixed assets is a systematic decrease in the initial (replacement) cost of fixed assets over its useful life (service). Depreciation is charged on fixed assets that are owned by the enterprise (in operational management, economic management). For fixed assets leased, depreciation is charged by the lessor. For fixed assets leased, depreciation is charged either by the lessor or the lessee, depending on the terms of the leasing agreement.

Depreciation is charged from the month following the month of acceptance of fixed assets for accounting. The accrual of depreciation is terminated from the 1st day of the month following the month of full repayment of the value of fixed assets. Depreciation is accrued until the full repayment of the cost of fixed assets or write-off of fixed assets from accounting.

Depreciation is suspended in cases where fixed assets are located:

▪ for conservation by decision of the head of the organization for a period of more than three months;

▪ for modernization and reconstruction for a period of more than 12 months.

For the OS objects used for the implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation on mobilization preparation and mobilization, which are mothballed and are not used in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for the provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use , depreciation is not charged.

Depreciation is not charged on fixed assets of non-profit organizations. According to them, on the off-balance account, information is summarized on the amounts of depreciation accrued on a linear basis.

For objects of the housing stock, which are accounted for as part of profitable investments in material assets, depreciation is charged in accordance with the generally established procedure.

Land plots are not depreciated; objects of nature management; objects classified as museum items and museum collections, etc.

Depreciation is accrued monthly, regardless of the results of the financial and economic activities of the organization.

It is important to determine the useful life of OS objects. The useful life is the period during which fixed assets generate income for the organization. The useful life is determined by the organization when accepting an object for accounting. Determining the useful life of an asset is based on:

▪ from the expected life of this object in accordance with the expected productivity or capacity;

▪ expected physical wear and tear, depending on the operating mode (number of shifts), natural conditions and the influence of an aggressive environment, and the repair system;

▪ regulatory and other restrictions on the use of this object (for example, rental period).

In cases of improvement (increase) of the initial standard indicators of the functioning of an item of fixed assets as a result of the reconstruction or modernization, the organization reviews the useful life of this item.

The useful life is determined by the taxpayer on the date of commissioning of the object in accordance with the provisions of Part 2 of Art. 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and based on the classification of OS according to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 01.01.2002 No. 1 on groups of depreciable property. Depreciable property is combined into 10 groups depending on the useful life.

When calculating depreciation in accordance with PBU 6/01 (for accounting purposes), an enterprise can use the following methods:

▪ 1) linear;

▪ 2) reducing balance;

▪ 3) write-off of years based on the sum of the numbers of years of useful life;

▪ 4) write-off of cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).

The application of one of the methods of depreciation for a group of homogeneous items of fixed assets is carried out during the entire useful life of the items included in this group.

▪ Using the straight-line method, depreciation charges are determined based on the initial cost of fixed assets and their useful life.

▪ When writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of its useful life, depreciation charges are determined based on the original cost of the object and the ratio of the years remaining until the end of its service life to the sum of the numbers of years.

▪ When depreciating using the reducing balance method, deductions are determined based on the residual value of the fixed asset at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this object and a coefficient not exceeding 3, established by the organization.

▪ When writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works), the amount of depreciation charges is determined for each reporting period, based on the original cost and the ratio of the actual volume of products in physical terms for the reporting period to the estimated volume of products (works) for the entire useful life of the fixed asset.

The amount of accrued depreciation in the net balance sheet is not reflected as a separate item.

The accrued depreciation is deducted from the initial cost of fixed assets, forming the residual value of fixed assets, for which fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet on line 120.

Accounting entries for depreciation:

▪ Depreciation - Debit accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 44 и Credit accounts 02 - depending on the place of operation of the object.

Depreciation for non-manufacturing fixed assets - Debit accounts 29 и Credit accounts 02.

17.4. Accounting for the cost of restoring fixed assets

Restoration of fixed assets is carried out through repair, modernization and reconstruction.

Types of repair - current, medium and capital. The main primary document, according to which the scope of work for a major overhaul, its duration, estimated cost, is determined is a defective statement. Repair of fixed assets objects can be carried out in a contract, economic or mixed way.

The cost of repairing fixed assets for production purposes are included in the costs of the organization. Accounting for the repair of fixed assets can be organized according to one of two options.

1. Costs for the repair of fixed assets are included in the costs of the organization as they arise;

▪ with the contract method, records are made: Debit accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 44, 19 etc. and Credit accounts 60 (76);

▪ with the economic method - Debit accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 44 etc. and Kedit accounts 10, 70, 69 and more

2. When creating a reserve for the repair of fixed assets at the expense of uniform monthly planned deductions in Debit accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 44 etc. and Credit accounts 96 "Reserve for future expenses".

When using a reserve:

▪ with the contract method - Debit accounts 96, 19 и Credit accounts 60 (76);

▪ with the economic method - Debit accounts 96 и Credit accounts 10, 70, 69 and more

The amount of the excessively created reserve for the repair of fixed assets at the end of the repair at the end of the reporting year is reversed. If the repair continues, it goes to the next year. In the following year, the unused reserve for the repair of fixed assets at the end of the repair is added to the income of the reporting period - Debit accounts 96 и Credit accounts 91/1 "Other income".

Acceptance of fixed assets upon completion of repair work is carried out according to the act f. OS-3. (In case of current repairs, the Act is drawn up only if the repair is carried out by contract.)

When accounting for the cost of restoring fixed assets, the accountant needs to clearly separate the costs associated with repairs and the costs associated with modernization and reconstruction, which are accounted for as investments in non-current assets and may increase the initial cost of fixed assets.

The costs of modernization and reconstruction, if they lead to an improvement in the technical qualities of the functioning of the fixed asset (useful life, capacity, quality of use, etc.), may be written off as an increase in the initial cost of the object. Initially, the cost of modernization is recognized at debit accounts 08 и Credit accounts 60, 71, 76, etc. - with the contract method of carrying out modernization and Debit accounts 08 и Credit accounts 10, 69, 70, 71, 76 and others - with the economic method of modernization and reconstruction. After the end of these costs:

▪ or increase the initial cost of the object - Debit accounts 01 и Credit accounts 08;

▪ or written off as expenses of the organization - Debit accounts 91/2 и Credit accounts 08.

If modernization is also carried out during the repair process, the two types of costs in accounting should be separated.

17.5. Accounting for the disposal of fixed assets

Disposal of an OS object takes place in the following cases:

▪ sales;

▪ termination of use due to moral or physical wear and tear;

▪ liquidation in case of an accident, natural disaster and other emergency situation;

▪ transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of another organization, a mutual fund;

▪ transfers under an agreement of exchange, gift;

▪ making a contribution under a joint venture agreement;

▪ identifying shortages or damage to assets during their inventory;

▪ partial liquidation during reconstruction work;

▪ in other cases.

Disposal of fixed assets due to unsuitability for further operation due to physical wear and tear, as a result of accidents, natural disasters is drawn up by an act for the write-off of fixed assets (form OS-4), for vehicles an act is drawn up for the write-off of vehicles (form OS-4a). Acts for writing off fixed assets are drawn up by the commission in two copies, signed by members of the commission and approved by the head of the organization. One copy of the Act is transferred to the accounting department, the second serves as the basis for the employee to whom the object was assigned to hand over parts, components and assemblies of the dismantled equipment suitable for use, and useful waste to the warehouse. The cost of these valuables and the costs associated with the write-off of the object are reflected in the relevant section of OS-4 "Reference on the costs associated with the write-off of fixed assets and the receipt of material assets from their write-off". The specified values ​​are accounted for at the current market value and are reflected in the debit of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of account 91-1 "Other income".

When transferring fixed assets to other organizations, an Act (invoice) of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets is drawn up. In the inventory card of accounting for fixed assets f. OS-6 a mark is made on the disposal of the object.

The disposal of fixed assets is reflected in accounting using account 01 sub-account "Retirement of fixed assets", the debit of this sub-account reflects the initial cost of the retiring object on the loan, the amount of accumulated depreciation and the residual value of the object.

Write-off of the initial cost in all cases of disposal is reflected at debit accounts 01/select. and Credit accounts 01.

Write off the amount of previously accrued depreciation - Debit accounts 02 и Credit accounts 01/select.

The residual value of the objects to be retired is in most cases written off by the entry - Debit accounts 91-2 и Credit accounts 01/select.

The order of reflection on the accounts in the future depends on the reason for the withdrawal.

1. Write-off due to physical depreciation involves accounting for the costs of liquidating the facility. Liquidation can be carried out on its own or with the participation of a contractor. When the liquidation is carried out on its own, the costs of liquidating the fixed asset are reflected in the debit 91-2 of account "Other expenses" and the credit of accounts 10, 70, 69, etc. If the liquidation is carried out by a contractor, then on the basis of the contractor's account, the costs of liquidation are reflected in the debit account 91-2 and credit of account 60, and VAT - on the debit of account 19 and credit of account 60. The financial result is calculated for each liquidation object on account 91-9 as the difference between the debit and credit of the account and is debited to account 99 "Profit and Loss" . The loss from the write-off of the object is reflected in the accounting records in the debit of account 99 and the credit of account 91-9.

2. The disposal of fixed assets due to obsolescence is associated with a loss, which is written off to the debit of account 99 from the credit of account 91-9.

3. The transfer of fixed assets as a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization is accounted for as a long-term investment. The residual value of the transferred object is reflected in the debit of account 58 "Financial investments" and the credit of account 01/select. If the agreed value is lower than the residual value of the fixed asset, the difference in estimates is written off to the debit of account 91/2 and the credit of account 58. If the agreed value is higher than the residual value, the financial result of the operation is reflected in the debit of account 58 and the credit of account 91/2.

4. The sale of fixed assets is accounted for on the basis of relevant agreements. An invoice, waybill, etc. are issued to the buyer. For the total amount of the buyer's debt in accounting, a posting is made on the debit of account 62 and the credit of account 91-1. The costs associated with dismantling are considered as sales costs and are reflected in the debit of account 91-2 and the credit of accounts 10, 69, 60, 76, etc. VAT is charged on sales - the debit of account 91-3 and the credit of account 68. Sales profit is reflected in the debit of account 91-9 and the credit of account 99, the loss is the debit of account 99 and the credit of account 91-9.

5. In case of gratuitous transfer, in addition to the act (waybill) of acceptance and transfer f. OS-1 is issued an advice (notice) on the transfer of the object indicating the reason for the transfer, the initial cost and the amount of depreciation for the period of operation of the asset. The VAT payer is the transferring party. The accrual of tax is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 91-2 and the credit of account 68/VAT. The loss from the gratuitous transfer is written off to the debit of account 99 from the credit of account 91-9.

6. Write-off as a result of accidents, natural disasters and other emergencies (theft) requires a certificate of natural disasters or a certificate of refusal to initiate a criminal case. The loss resulting from the above cases is attributed to the financial result of the organization in the debit of account 99 and the credit of account 91-9.

17.6. Accounting for the lease of fixed assets. Rental types

A lease agreement is one of the most common types of business transactions. The current legislation provides for a wide range of special types of lease agreements that organizations can conclude. Lease issues are covered in Art. 606-670 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. According to the lease agreement, the lessor transfers the property to the lessee for temporary use or temporary possession and use. According to Art. 607 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the law may establish the types of property, the rental of which is not allowed. Only individually defined things that do not lose their natural properties in the process of their use can be rented out. (Intangible assets are not rented - these are not things, money is not rented, etc.) The right to rent in accordance with Art. 608 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation belongs only to the owner. The landlord may also be the one who has the right to dispose of the property. Article 615 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation "Use of leased property" establishes that the tenant has the right, with the consent of the landlord, to sublease the leased property (sublease) and transfer his rights and obligations under the contract to another person (transfer). Paragraph 2 of Art. 615 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation gives the tenant the right to provide the leased property for free use, to pledge lease rights.

Lease of property is formalized by: rental agreements, lease of vehicles (with and without crew), lease of a building or structure, lease of an enterprise as a property complex, financial lease (leasing).

The lease of property as a permanent business activity is formalized by a rental agreement, which is concluded for a period of up to one year. The lease payment under the rental agreement is established in the form of payments determined in a fixed amount, made periodically or at a time. Capital and current repairs of leased property under a rental agreement are the responsibility of the lessor. The lessor takes into account the amount of rent under the rental agreement on account 90 "Sales". The debit of account 90/1 "Cost of sales" reflects the costs of leased property, and the credit - account 90/1 "Revenue" revenue, i.e. the amount of rent received. The repayment of the cost of rolled products from January 1, 1999 in accordance with clause 51 of the Regulations on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation, Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29.07.1998, 34 No. 03n is carried out by accruing depreciation in a linear way. The presence and movement of property provided under a rental agreement is subject to accounting on account 2-02, depreciation is charged on the credit of account XNUMX "Depreciation" separately. The write-off of retired rental items is reflected in accounting as follows:

▪ debit account 03/select. and account credit 03 - write-off of the original cost;

▪ debit account 02/depreciation of rental items and credit account 03/select. - write-off of the amount of accrued depreciation;

▪ debit account 90/2 and credit account 03/select. - write-off of residual value;

▪ loss from write-off of rental items is reflected in the debit of account 99 and the credit of account 90/9.

17.7. Accounting for the lease of property provided for a fee for temporary use from the lessee and the lessor

Individual items of fixed assets are transferred or accepted for short-term lease. Short-term leases include leases up to one year, and for buildings, structures and non-residential premises in residential buildings - up to five years. The procedure for leasing buildings, structures and non-residential premises belonging to federal property is determined by a standard agreement for the leasing of buildings, objects, structures and non-residential premises that are federal property by the State Property Committee of Russia.

The terms of the lease are determined in the contract. The transfer of an object for rent is drawn up by an act (invoice) of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets f. OS-1. The right of ownership remains with the lessor, the right of use passes to the tenant. During the transfer, the lessor makes a note in the fixed assets inventory card, a copy of the inventory card is transferred to the lessor. The transfer of fixed assets is recorded by the lessor in the debit of account 01/"Leased" and the credit of account 01/"Fixed assets". The cost of property leased is reflected in the debit of account 011 "Fixed assets leased". Depreciation is charged by the lessor and reflected in the debit of account 91-2 and the credit of account 02. The accrued rent is recorded in the debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" and the credit of account 91/1 (98 "Deferred income"). VAT accrued on rent is accounted for in the debit of account 91/3 and the credit of account 68. The payment received from the tenant to the settlement account is made out by an entry in the debit of account 51 "Settlement account" and the credit of account 76 "Settlements with debtors and creditors" ( if there was an advance payment, as the corresponding period comes, this amount is debited by an entry - the debit of account 98 and the credit of account 91-1).

Payment by the landlord for major repairs is reflected in the debit of accounts 91-2 and 19-VAT and the credit of account 51 (the credit of account 76 accrual). Modernization costs are recorded as part of the capital investments of the lessor in the debit of account 08 and the credit of the expense and settlement accounts, and then can be written off as an increase in the cost of fixed assets in the debit of account 01 if, as a result of modernization and reconstruction, there was an improvement in the initial performance indicators. The return of leased fixed assets is reflected in the debit of account 01 and the credit of account 01/leased and the credit of the off-balance account 011.

Accounting for short-term lease transactions, when the lease of fixed assets is the subject of the organization's activities, is carried out using account 90 "Sales". The accrued rent is reflected in the debit of account 76 and the credit of account 90-1, the lessor is a VAT payer, which is reflected in the debit of account 90-3 and the credit of accounts 68-VAT. The expenses of the organization for the implementation of activities are reflected in the debit of accounts 20, 44 and the credit of the accounts of expenses and settlements (10, 70, 96, 71, 25, 26, etc.) and are written off by accounting entries in the debit of account 90-2 from the credit of accounts 20, 44.

The lessee accepts the leased object to the off-balance account 001 "Leased fixed assets". Within the terms established by the lease agreement, the tenant calculates the rent. The amount of accrued rent is taken into account:

▪ by debit to cost accounts 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 44 “Sales expenses”;

▪ by the debit of account 97 “Deferred expenses”, when rent is accrued several months in advance, and the credit of account 76 “Settlements with debtors and creditors”. VAT on rent is reflected in the debit of account 19 “VAT on acquired assets” and the credit of account 76 “Settlements with debtors and creditors”. Costs for current repairs of leased fixed assets are reflected as costs for repairs of own assets in the debit of account 20 (23, 25, 26, 44, etc.). When a tenant makes capital investments in leased fixed assets, an entry is made for the amount of capital investments - debit to account 08 “Capital Investments” and credit to expense and settlement accounts 76, 60, 10, 12, 02, 70, 69, etc. Capital investments into leased fixed assets:

▪ 1) are included in the tenant’s fixed assets - by debiting account 01 “Fixed assets” and crediting account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, unless otherwise provided by the lease agreement;

▪ 2) if capital investments were made with the consent of the lessor and are inseparable from the leased fixed assets, the lessee has the right to their compensation. In accounting, entries are made in the debit of account 76 “Settlements with debtors and creditors” and the credit of account 91/1, the cost of realized capital investments is written off - debit of account 91/2 and credit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”;

▪ 3) the cost of inseparable improvements made without the consent of the lessor is transferred to the tenant free of charge, an entry is made in accounting - debit to account 91-2 and credit to account 08.

17.8. Accounting for property provided under a financial lease (leasing) agreement with the lessor and the lessee

Leasing is a type of lease (in the lane from English Leaing - rent). Leasing is a lease with the right to purchase, short-term - up to 1,5 years, medium-term - from 1,5 to 3 years and long-term - 3 years or more. Leasing transfers property related to new fixed assets that was not previously used by the lessor and acquired by him specifically for the purpose of leasing to the lessee.

The participants in the transaction are the lessor, the lessee and the seller of the leased property (manufacturer).

Leasing can be with or without redemption of the leased property by the lessee.

The accounting procedure for leasing operations is established by Order No. 17.02.1997 of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 15, 13.03.1996 "On the reflection in accounting of transactions under a leasing agreement" and letter of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 1 No. 21-483-15 / 665 "On the reflection of costs for the acquisition of leasing equipment" . In accordance with Order No. XNUMX of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, property transferred under leasing is considered the property of the lessor (except for property acquired at the expense of budgetary funds). The legal field of leasing activities is defined by Art. XNUMX of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Leasing". Who accepts the property on the balance sheet: the lessor or the lessee, is determined in the leasing agreement.

In the accounting of the lessor, all costs related to the acquisition, installation and installation of leased property from the lessor are considered as capital costs and are reflected in the debit of account 08, the subaccount "Acquisition of certain fixed assets", VAT - in the debit of account 19 and the credit of account 60. After completion of all operations for the formation of the initial cost of the leased property is taken to the balance on the debit of account 03 "Profitable investments in material values" from the credit of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". This property is transferred to the lessee on the basis of an agreement and an act of transfer. When the terms of the lease agreement provide for the delivery of leased property directly to the lessee, then these entries are made in accounting in transit, on the basis of the lessee's primary accounting documents.

When the property is accounted for on the lessor's balance sheet, entries are made in the accounting - the debit of account 03/property leased and the credit of account 03/property for lease.

▪ The lessor's expenses for carrying out leasing activities are recorded in the debit of account 20 "Main production" and the credit of accounts 23, 76, etc.

▪ Depreciation is charged by the lessor to the debit of account 20 “Main production” and the credit of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”. The monthly amounts accumulated on account 20 “Main production” are written off to the debit of account 90-2 from the credit of account 20 “Main production”.

▪ The accrual of leasing payments is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” in correspondence with account 90-1 “Revenue”, issued by an invoice.

▪ Leasing payments are subject to VAT in the generally established manner - debit to account 90-3 “VAT” and credit to account 68/VAT.

▪ Receipt of payment from the lessee - debit to account 51 (52) and credit to account 62.

▪ Financial result - debit to account 90-9 “Profit/loss from sales” and credit to account 99 “Profit and loss”. After full repayment of the cost of the object during the period of operation, the lessee becomes the owner in full. An entry is made in accounting - debit account 02 and credit account 03.

▪ When the leased property is returned and its use for leasing is terminated, its value is reflected in the debit of account 01 “Fixed assets” and the credit of account 03.

The leasing agreement may provide for a settlement option in which the lessee acquires ownership of the lessor’s object with undercharged depreciation for the period of operation of the object, undertaking to pay the remaining part, while the lessor draws up records:

▪ debit account 02 for the amount of accrued depreciation and credit account 03;

▪ debit account 91-2 for under-depreciated cost and credit account 03.

▪ Financial result - debit to account 91-9 and credit to account 99 - profit.

The property can be recorded on the balance sheet of the lessee, the lessor makes entries:

▪ on the debit of account 76 and the credit of account 91-1 - for the agreed value;

▪ simultaneously debit account 91-2 and credit account 03 - to the book value;

▪ simultaneously debit account 91-2 and credit account 98 “Deferred income” - for the difference between the total payment amount under the agreement and the book value of the property.

This property is removed from the off-balance sheet and reflected in the credit of account 011. The current costs of the lessor during the month are recorded on account 20, and then written off to the debit of account 91-2 from the credit of account 20. Payment of leasing payments is reflected in the debit of account 51 and the credit of account 76 , at the same time, in proportion to the amount of payment, the financial result for such operations is formed - the debit of account 98 and the credit of account 91/9;

▪ when returning the leased property to the lessor, if the property will be used in the future for leasing activities, an entry is made for the residual value on the basis of documents in the debit of account 03 and the credit of account 76 “Debt on leasing payments” (when property is returned with a fully repaid value, it is accounted for at a conditional valuation of 1 ruble (in international practice, such property is valued at market value).

Accounting for the lessee.

The accounting records of the lessee reflect:

▪ receipt of leased property;

▪ calculation of leasing payments;

▪ return of leased property;

▪ repurchase of leased property.

The lessee's property is accounted for on the off-balance account 001 "Leased Fixed Assets" in the event that it continues to be listed on the lessor's balance sheet.

Settlements with the lessee on lease payments are reflected on account 76: the cost of leasing services - the debit of accounts of production costs (circulation) 20, 25, 26, 44 and the credit of account 76 "Debt on lease payments". At the end of the leasing agreement, the leased property is debited from the off-balance account 001 "Leased fixed assets" subject to redemption in full and credited to fixed assets in the debit of account 01 and the credit of account 02.

When buying out property before the expiration of the lease agreement, the early accrued payments are credited to account 97 "Deferred expenses" and to the credit of account 76 "Debt on lease payments".

If the leased property is recorded on the balance sheet of the lessee, this situation is considered as own capital investments on the debit of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets", VAT on the debit of account 19 "VAT paid" and on the credit of account 76 "Debt on lease payments". The costs associated with bringing this property to a state suitable for operation are reflected in the debit of account 08 and the credit of accounts 10, 70, 69, etc. Acceptance for operation - in the debit of account 01 and the credit of account 08. Depreciation deductions are reflected in the selected account way politics.

17.9. Inventory of fixed assets

The procedure for conducting an inventory of fixed assets and reflecting its results in accounting are regulated by the "Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial liabilities" order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13.06.1995, 49 No. 5. The inventory is carried out in order to confirm the actual presence of fixed assets in kind at the places of their operation or location and at accounting data. Except for cases when an inventory is a mandatory procedure (see: topic 5.2, question 01), an inventory of fixed assets is carried out once every three years, and of the book fund of libraries - once every five years. Other deadlines for the inventory are set by the head of the organization. The members of the inventory commission establish the actual availability and technical condition of the OS. The results of the check are recorded in the inventory records. Unrecorded objects are accepted for accounting in the assessment of the current market value on the debit of account 91 and the credit of account 1/XNUMX.

The shortage of the OS object identified by the results of the inventory is reflected in the records:

▪ debit accounts 01/select. and credit accounts 01 - initial cost;

▪ debit accounts 02 и credit accounts 01/select. - accrued depreciation;

▪ debit accounts 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" and credit accounts 01/select. - residual value.

As the circumstances of the shortage are clarified, the losses of such property are attributed to the perpetrators:

▪ debit accounts 73/2 "Calculations for compensation of material damage" for the total amount to be repaid by the guilty person;

▪ credit accounts 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" - in the amount of the residual value;

▪ loan 98 "Deferred income" for the difference between the residual value of the missing object and the amount to be repaid.

If the perpetrators are not identified or the court refuses to recover from the financially responsible person, the amount of the shortage is written off to the financial results - debit accounts 91-2 "Other expenses" and account credit 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" - residual value.

Topic 18. ACCOUNTING FOR INTANGIBLE ASSETS

18.1. The concept, classification and valuation of intangible assets

Intangible assets (IA) are objects with a valuation that can bring economic benefits to the organization used in the production of products (performance of work, provision of services or for management purposes) for a period exceeding 12 months, but do not have a material structure.

Below are the main classification groups of intangible assets.

1. Exclusive rights of the patent holder for inventions, industrial designs, utility models and selection achievements:

▪ right to invention - the right to use a patent-protected technical solution (device, method, substance, microorganism strain, plant and animal cell culture), as well as to use a previously known device, method, substance, strain for a new purpose;

▪ the right to an industrial design - the right to use a patent-protected artistic and design solution of a product that determines its appearance. Physically, industrial designs can be a three-dimensional model (of a car, machine tool, dishes, furniture, etc.) or a flat image (industrial design of fabric, carpet, font, etc.);

▪ the right to a utility model - the right to use the means of production and consumer goods, as well as their parts, protected by a certificate of constructive execution;

▪ selection achievement - a new variety of plants or a new breed of animals, i.e. a certain group of plants or animals that has distinctive characteristics unique to this group.

2. Exclusive copyright for computer programs and databases:

▪ copyright for computer programs - the right to publish, reproduce, distribute and other actions to introduce into economic circulation a set of data and commands intended for the operation of computers and other computer devices in order to obtain a certain result, including preparatory materials obtained during development computer programs and audiovisual displays generated by it;

▪ copyright for a database - the right to publish, reproduce, distribute and other actions to introduce into economic circulation a set of data (articles, calculations, etc.), systematized in such a way that this data can be found and processed using a computer .

3. Exclusive rights of the owner to the trademark and service mark, appellation of origin of goods:

▪ the right to a trademark and service mark - the right to use and dispose of designations protected by a certificate, ways to distinguish the goods and services of some legal entities or individuals from the goods and services of other legal entities and individuals. A trademark represents verbal, figurative, three-dimensional and other designations or their combinations using any colors or color combinations;

▪ appellation of origin of goods - the name of a country, locality, locality or other geographical object, used to designate a product whose special properties are solely or mainly determined by natural conditions or human factors characteristic of a given geographical object, or by natural conditions and human factors at the same time.

4. Business reputation of the organization, organizational expenses:

▪ business reputation of the organization - the excess of the purchase price of the organization (upon its purchase) over the current market value of the acquired property (all assets minus liabilities) taking into account the profitability of the acquired organization, its prestige in the market of its products and other factors;

▪ organizational costs - the totality of costs incurred in connection with the creation of an organization: costs associated with the development of feasibility studies and constituent documents, fees for consultations in specialized organizations, registration fees, advertising costs, costs for training operating personnel, etc. As intangible assets, the named expenses are taken into account in the case when the constituent documents consider them as part of the contribution to the authorized (share) capital.

18.2. Accounting for the receipt of intangible assets

The accounting unit of intangible assets is presented as an inventory object. According to paragraph 5 of PBU 14/2000 "Accounting for intangible assets" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 16.09.2000, 91 No. XNUMXn), an inventory object is defined as a set of rights arising from one title of protection (patent, certificate, contract of assignment of rights, etc. .). Each inventory object must be identifiable from another object, that is, it must independently perform its functions in the production of products, performance of work, provision of services, for management purposes.

For analytical accounting of intangible assets for each inventory object in the accounting department, an accounting card for intangible assets is issued (form No. Intangible assets-1).

Forms of primary documents for the movement of intangible assets that are not among the unified forms of primary documents must be developed by the organization taking into account the requirements of the Federal Law of November 21.11.1996, 129 No. XNUMX-FZ "On Accounting" and approved in its accounting policy. The law provides for the following mandatory details for such forms:

▪ name of the document;

▪ date of document preparation;

▪ name of the organization on behalf of which the document was drawn up;

▪ content of a business transaction;

▪ measuring business transactions in physical and monetary terms;

▪ names of positions of persons responsible for carrying out a business transaction and the correctness of its execution;

▪ personal signatures of the indicated persons.

It is recommended to develop the following forms of primary documents:

▪ for inclusion of individual objects in the intangible assets - an act of acceptance and transfer of intangible assets, an act of acceptance and delivery of R&D;

▪ act of writing off intangible assets;

▪ act of ceasing the use of intangible assets.

In addition, the organization must have documents confirming the fact that it owns the exclusive rights to intangible assets.

Expenses associated with the receipt of assets subsequently accepted for accounting as intangible assets in accordance with the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31.10.2000, 94 No. 5n) are recorded on a separate subaccount 08 "Acquisition of intangible assets", opened to account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". Acquisition should be understood as the paid acquisition of exclusive rights related to intangible assets. When accepting intangible assets for accounting, the actual costs recorded on account 04, sub-account "Acquisition of intangible assets", are written off to account 04 "Intangible assets". Analytical accounting on account XNUMX is carried out for individual inventory objects of intangible assets.

The methodology for accounting for the receipt of intangible assets depends on the method of their receipt:

▪ purchase for cash;

▪ creation of an organization on its own or by a third party;

▪ acquisition in exchange for other property;

▪ received as a contribution to the authorized capital;

▪ free of charge;

▪ capitalization of unaccounted assets identified during inventory.

Certain types of intangible assets may not enter the organization in all of the above ways. For example, organizational expenses accounted for as part of intangible assets can only be received as contributions to the authorized capital of one or more founders (participants). Goodwill as one of the types of intangible assets cannot be identified as a surplus during the inventory.

Acquisition of intangible assets for cash. The actual costs of the organization associated with the acquisition of intangible assets, on the basis of documents, are accepted for accounting as the debit of account 08, subaccount "Acquisition of intangible assets", in correspondence:

▪ with accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” and 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - for amounts paid to the assigning party under assignment agreements or copyright agreements, as well as for the services of patent attorneys, consulting, information, intermediary services;

▪ account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” - for the amount of expenses incurred through accountable persons;

▪ account 10 “Materials” - for the cost of material assets used to bring the object to a state suitable for use for the planned purposes;

▪ account 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” - for the amount of wages of workers involved in bringing the facility to a state of readiness;

▪ accounts 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” and 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets” - for the amount of depreciation charges for fixed assets and intangible assets used in finalizing the object to a state of readiness;

▪ account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” - for the amount of registration fees and duties, etc.

Acceptance of an object for accounting as part of intangible assets in the assessment at historical cost is documented by the entry:

▪ Debit accounts 04 Credit accounts 08, subaccount "Acquisition of intangible assets".

Expenses associated with the acquisition of intangible assets and incurred after they were taken into account do not change the initial cost of the relevant objects. Such expenses shall be charged to account 91 "Other income and expenses".

Creation of intangible assets by the organization itself. The procedure for creating intangible assets depends on the nature of the object, the scope and scale of the organization’s activities and some other conditions. Industrial assets - inventions, utility models, industrial designs, topologies of integrated circuits and other objects that are subsequently used directly in the production process are created, as a rule, by a separate structural unit of the organization (research department, design bureau, etc. ) as a result of research or development work (R&D). The peculiarity of this type of work is its long-term nature.

Material, labor and other costs for the creation of the above objects of intangible assets, as a rule, are pre-collected on account 23 "Auxiliary production", on the corresponding sub-account. At the end of the month, these expenses are recognized as investments in non-current assets and an entry is made in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 08, subaccount "Acquisition of intangible assets" Credit accounts 23 "Auxiliary production", the corresponding sub-account.

If the goals of the work are achieved and an industrial property object is created, after registration of the exclusive right to it, it is taken into account as part of intangible assets and is recorded as follows:

▪ Debit accounts 04 Credit accounts 08, subaccount "Acquisition of intangible assets".

Intangible assets received by the organization free of charge under a gift agreement, require the execution of an author's agreement, an agreement on the assignment of a patent, or other agreements fixing the assignment of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder to the results of intellectual activity, in which there is no provision for payment. Upon receipt of documents describing intangible assets and execution of an acceptance certificate for the assignment of the exclusive right of the copyright holder, the market valuation of these objects is reflected in the debit of account 08, subaccount "Acquisition of intangible assets", in correspondence with the credit of account 98 "Deferred income", subaccount " Free receipts."

Additional costs associated with bringing the object to a state of readiness, the costs of assessing its market value, registration with the patent office and other similar costs are not included in the initial cost of the incoming object. They are accepted for accounting as other expenses in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Other expenses", in correspondence with the corresponding accounts.

On the date of receipt of the title of protection for the object or the date of the start of its use in economic activity, the object received free of charge is accepted for accounting as part of intangible assets and is reflected in the debit of account 04 in correspondence with the credit of account 08, subaccount "Acquisition of intangible assets".

Intangible assets, acquired in exchange for other property other than cash, are taken into account in the assessment at the market value of the transferred property. If it is impossible to determine the market value of the transferred property, intangible assets are taken into account in the assessment at their market value.

Like any barter transaction, the acquisition of intangible assets in exchange for property other than cash is accounted for as a sale of transferred property and an acquisition of intangible assets. The sale of transferred property is reflected in the accounting in accordance with the established procedure. The methodology for accounting for the receipt of intangible assets generally corresponds to the methodology for accounting for the acquisition of intangible assets for cash. The difference lies only in the order of evaluation of the incoming object.

Receipt of an intangible asset as a contribution to the authorized capital. The initial cost of such intangible asset is the valuation agreed upon by the founders (participants), unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The following entries are made in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 08, subaccount "Acquisition of intangible assets", Credit accounts 75 "Settlements with the founders" - in the assessment at the agreed cost;

▪ Debit accounts 04 Credit accounts 08, subaccount "Acquisition of intangible assets" - as of the date of registration of security documents.

Additional costs associated with the assessment of the incoming object, bringing it to a state of readiness, registration with the federal executive authority for intellectual property, are not included in the initial cost of the incoming object. These expenses can be considered as other expenses of the organization.

18.3. Accounting for depreciation of intangible assets

The cost of intangible assets is repaid by accruing depreciation. The procedure for calculating depreciation for intangible assets is regulated by PBU 14/2000.

Depreciation calculation:

▪ begins on the 1st day of the month following the month of acceptance of intangible assets for accounting;

▪ terminates on the 1st day of the month following the month of full repayment of the value of the asset or its write-off from accounting;

▪ suspended when the organization is closed.

Depreciation is charged regardless of the performance of the organization in the reporting period. The results of the production and economic activities of the organization should not affect the process of forming the costs of this reporting period.

Paragraph 15 of PBU 14/2000 provides for the following methods for calculating the depreciation of intangible assets:

▪ linear method;

▪ reducing balance method;

▪ method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).

The selected method of calculating the depreciation of intangible assets is declared by the organization in the accounting policy. The application of one of the methods for a group of homogeneous objects of intangible assets is carried out during the entire period of their useful life.

To calculate the annual amount of depreciation for an organization, it is important to determine the useful life of intangible assets when accepting it for accounting (clause 17 PBU 14/2000) based on:

▪ from the validity period of the security document (patent, certificate and other restrictions on the terms of use of intellectual property objects in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation);

▪ the expected period of use of this object, during which the organization can receive economic benefits (income).

If it is impossible to determine the useful life of intangible assets, depreciation rates are set for 20 years (but not more than the life of the organization). The useful life of intangible assets cannot exceed the life of the organization.

The amounts of accrued depreciation on intangible assets can be reflected in accounting in one of two possible ways:

▪ by accumulating the corresponding amounts on the credit of account 05 “Amortization of intangible assets”;

▪ by reducing the value of assets - under the credit of account 04 “Intangible assets”.

An organization can simultaneously use both methods of reflection in accounting for depreciation of intangible assets for various groups of homogeneous objects. The selected option must be recorded in the accounting policy of the organization.

The amounts of accrued depreciation of intangible assets are recorded in the following entries:

▪ Debit accounts 20 "Primary production" (23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "overhead costs" 26 "General running costs", 44 "sales expenses" 91-2 "Other expenses" etc.) Credit accounts 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets" - depreciation of intangible assets was accrued by accumulating the corresponding amounts on a separate account;

▪ Debit accounts 20 (23, 25, 26, 44, 91-2 and etc.) Credit accounts 04 - depreciation of intangible assets was accrued by reducing their initial cost.

18.4. Accounting for the disposal of intangible assets

The cost of intangible assets is written off from the balance sheet of organizations as a result of:

▪ assignment of exclusive rights to intellectual property to another legal entity or individual (for money or in exchange for other property, as a contribution to the authorized capital, free of charge);

▪ termination or cancellation of the security document;

▪ obsolescence, etc.

To write off intangible assets, the regulatory framework for accounting does not provide for unified forms of primary documents, so the organization must develop them independently and approve them as an element of accounting policy. The transfer of intangible assets to other persons can be formalized by an act of acceptance and transfer of intangible assets, and write-off due to the expiration or cancellation of a title of protection or obsolescence of an object - an act of write-off (disposal) of intangible assets.

On the basis of acts in the card of accounting for intangible assets (form No. NMA-1), an entry is made on the disposal of the object.

The methodology for recording the write-off of intangible assets depends on the method used to reflect the depreciation of the object, as well as the reasons for disposal:

▪ Debit accounts 05 Credit accounts 04 - the amount of accrued depreciation is written off. When accounting for depreciation on account 04, this entry is not made.

Debit accounts 91-2 "Other income" Credit accounts 04 - the residual value of intangible assets is written off.

When selling (assigning) intangible assets, in addition to the above accounting entries, the accounting records the recognition of proceeds from the sale of assets on the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".

18.5. Business reputation

Among the objects of intangible assets, a special place is occupied by goodwill, for which the English term "good will" is often used without translation. Goodwill differs from other intangible assets by the method of evaluation, the method of acquisition, the method of depreciation, the method of disposal. The cost of business reputation is often conditional, while other intangible assets have a valuation, which is determined in the amount of actual costs for their acquisition or creation. Goodwill differs from other types of intangible assets in that it does not belong to the organization by right of ownership, cannot exist separately from it, cannot be sold, donated or transferred.

Goodwill becomes an object of accounting when a company is buying and selling.

In accordance with paragraph 27 of PBU 14/2000, the business reputation of an organization can be determined in accounting as the difference between the purchase price of an organization as an acquired property complex as a whole and the balance sheet value of all its assets and liabilities. According to paragraph 28 of PBU 14/2000, a positive business reputation is determined by calculation as the excess of the amount paid to the seller for the organization over the sum of all its assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of the date of purchase, and is reflected in the debit of account 04 "Intangible assets" in correspondence with credit of account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors".

It is possible that when buying an organization, its negative business reputation is revealed. In contrast to goodwill, it is called "bad will" - badwill. The negative business reputation of the organization is considered as a discount from the price provided by the seller to the buyer due to the lack of stable buyers in the organization being sold, the reputation of quality, business ties, etc. It is taken into account by the buyer as deferred income and is reflected in the debit of account 76 in correspondence with credit of account 98 "Deferred income".

Clause 56 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29.07.1998, 34 No. XNUMXn) establishes that the acquired business reputation of the organization must be adjusted within twenty years (but not more than the period of the organization's activity).

Depreciation deductions for a positive business reputation of an organization in accordance with paragraph 29 of PBU 14/2000 are reflected in accounting by a uniform decrease in its initial cost, which is reflected by a monthly entry on the credit of account 04 in correspondence with the debit of production cost accounts.

Negative goodwill is evenly written off to financial results as operating income (similar to positive) in equal shares and is reflected in the debit of account 98 in correspondence with the credit of account 91.

Topic 19. LABOR RECORDING AND ITS PAYMENT

19.1. Forms and systems of remuneration. Types of wages

In accordance with the current legislation, the establishment of tariff rates and salaries, forms and systems of remuneration is the right of the organizations themselves and is fixed in collective agreements. When remunerating individuals, monetary and non-monetary (in-kind) forms of remuneration are used (Article 131 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). These are the so-called forms of payment.

In accordance with Art. 129 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, we can talk about wage systems for calculating wages: tariff and, therefore, tariff-free.

In the Labor Code, the system of wage setting is specified and made dependent on the type of financing of organizations.

▪ In budgetary organizations, salary is established and regulated by relevant laws. That is, we are talking about a tariff system of remuneration, which includes tariff rates (salaries), a tariff schedule, and tariff coefficients. Tariffication of work and assignment of tariff categories are carried out on the basis of a single tariff schedule (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 14.10.1992, 785 No. 06.11.2001), tariff coefficients operate on the basis of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 755, XNUMX No. XNUMX).

▪ In organizations with mixed financing (budget plus income from business activities), the tariff system is regulated by the above regulations, and wages associated with income from business activities are established on the basis of collective agreements, agreements and local regulations.

▪ In other organizations or in organizations with private ownership, wages are established by collective agreements, agreements, local regulations, and employment contracts.

The tariff system is a set of standards by which wages are differentiated depending on the complexity and conditions of work, the degree of qualification and quality of work of the employee and other factors.

Currently, two generally recognized forms of tariff wages are used: time and piecework.

With time wages, the wages of a worker or employee are determined in accordance with his qualifications and the amount of time worked. Such remuneration is applied, as a rule, in cases where the work of an employee cannot be rationed. The scope of distribution of time wages - management and administrative staff, duty staff, etc.

Depending on the rank assigned to them, employees transferred to time-based wages are assigned an official salary (managers, employees, technical performers) or a tariff rate (workers).

Depending on the nature of the work performed and the conditions for organizing production and labor, the following time-based payment systems are used: simple time-based and time-bonus. With a simple time wage, the employee receives wages for the amount of time worked. In this case, wages are determined by multiplying the tariff rate of the discharge by the number of days or hours worked and paid. With time-bonus wages, the employee, in addition to the main salary, receives bonuses for achieving established quality indicators. In order to receive a bonus, employees must fulfill the indicators and conditions of bonuses established by the regulation on bonuses (collective agreement). Only in this case, the employee has the right to receive a bonus, and the administration is obliged to reward the employee in amounts not less than those established by the current regulation.

With piecework wages, the employee receives wages depending on the amount of work performed at established piecework rates per unit of good-quality products, expressed in natural terms. When using piecework wages, time norms, production norms and piece rates are applied.

▪ Time standard - the time required to complete a unit of good quality work under normal working conditions.

▪ Production rate - the amount of good-quality work that a worker must perform (produce) within a certain time under normal working conditions.

▪ Piece rate - a set wage rate per unit of well-done work.

Piecework wage systems are: direct piecework; piecework premium; piecework-progressive; indirect piecework; chord.

With direct piecework wages, wages are calculated depending on the amount of work performed, based on piecework rates per unit of good-quality products.

In case of piece-bonus wages, the employee is additionally charged a bonus for fulfilling the conditions and indicators of bonuses. The bonus (however, as with time wages) can be set in a fixed amount or as a percentage of the employee's tariff rate (any other amount of wages).

With piecework-progressive wages, output within the established norm is paid at the basic fixed rates, and output in excess of the norm is paid at higher rates. With such a system of remuneration, bonuses to employees can also be used.

With indirect piecework wages, wages are determined as a percentage of the earnings of the main workers. A similar payment system can be used to pay workers who maintain equipment.

In the case of piecework remuneration, a team or an individual worker is given a piecework task, the deadline for its completion and the amount of earnings are set. In combination with bonuses for reducing the standard time of a piece job, a piece-bonus wage is used.

Tariff-free wages can be used to pay employees of supply departments.

The essence of tariff-free remuneration is that the employee's earnings become dependent on the final results of the work of the structural unit in which he works, or on the amount of funds allocated by the administration of the organization to pay employees.

Often, the amount of earnings of an employee with tariff-free wages is calculated as a percentage of the value of the contracts concluded by him for the supply (sale) of products (goods) or as a percentage of the value of the income (profit) of the organization from transactions made by the employee in favor of the organization.

When remunerating their employees, organizations must necessarily comply with the requirements of labor legislation on the minimum wage.

According to Art. 133 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the monthly remuneration of an employee who has worked out the norm of working hours fully determined for this period and fulfilled his labor duties (labor standards) cannot be lower than the minimum wage established by law (800 rubles). At the same time, the minimum wage does not include additional payments and allowances, as well as bonuses and other incentive payments.

19.2. Accounting for the personnel of employees

Accounting for the personnel of employees is carried out by issuing relevant documents at all stages of the movement of employees at the enterprise:

▪ employment order (T-1);

▪ staffing (T-3);

▪ order to transfer to another job (T-5);

▪ order (instruction) on granting leave (T-6);

▪ vacation schedule (T-7);

▪ order (instruction) to send an employee on a business trip (T-9);

▪ order to terminate the employment contract (T-8);

▪ etc.

For each employee in the personnel department of the enterprise, a personal card is opened, in which all the facts of his activity are noted.

Accounting for the use of working time should provide control over:

▪ ensuring that employees show up for work on time, identifying all those who did not show up and were late;

▪ ensuring that employees are at their workplaces while working, leaving on time and arriving during lunch;

▪ for timely leaving work;

▪ actually worked working time, downtime and other types of underutilization of working time.

The accounting of working time is kept by the timekeeper in a special document, the time sheet. Two lines are allocated for each employee in the time sheet: one indicates the time, the other type of working time costs (I - turnout, H - night hours, O - vacation, B - sick, P - pregnancy and childbirth, etc.).

Accounting for overtime hours is carried out according to the relevant documents, which indicate the hours worked and other data necessary to determine the costs.

Downtime accounting is carried out on the basis of downtime sheets. Accounting for the time of employees who were on business trips, sick, during the period of performance of state duties, breaks counted as working time, is carried out in the time sheet on the basis of travel certificates, sick leaves, orders, etc.

19.3. Accounting for compensation payments

Calculation of compensation for vacation. In accordance with the law, employees of enterprises have the right to annual paid leave (at least 28 calendar days per six-day working week). The right to use vacation for the first year of work arises for the employee after six months of his continuous work in this organization. By agreement of the parties, paid leave may be granted to the employee before the expiration of six months. Leave for the second and subsequent years of work can be granted at any time of the working year in accordance with the order of provision of annual paid leave established in the given organization.

The calculation of average earnings is carried out on the basis of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 11.04.2003 No. 213.

The average daily earnings for vacation pay and compensation for unused vacation are calculated for the last three calendar months by dividing the amount of accrued wages by 3 and by 29,6 (average monthly number of calendar days).

Temporary Disability Allowance (PVNT) is currently assigned, accrued and paid in accordance with the requirements of:

▪ Regulations on the procedure for providing benefits for state social insurance, approved by Resolution of the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated November 12.11.1984, 13 No. 6-15.04.1992 (with amendments and additions dated April XNUMX, XNUMX);

▪ Instructions on the procedure for issuing documents certifying temporary disability of citizens, approved by Order of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Russia No. 206 and Resolution of the Federal Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation No. 21 of October 19.10.1994, XNUMX;

▪ Basic conditions for providing benefits for state social insurance, approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated March 23.03.1984, 191 No. XNUMX “On benefits for state social insurance”;

▪ Federal Law of June 16.06.1999, 165 No. XNUMX-FZ “On the Basics of Compulsory Social Insurance”;

▪ Federal Law of December 22.12.2005, 180 No. 2006-FZ “On certain issues of calculation and payment of benefits for temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth and the amount of insurance coverage for compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases in XNUMX.”

The basis for the appointment of benefits is a certificate of incapacity for work issued by a hospital in accordance with the above Instruction.

The amount of PVNT is determined depending on the continuous length of service:

▪ 100% of average earnings - to employees with 8 years of experience or more (those with three or more dependent children; in case of disability due to injury...);

▪ 80% of average earnings - for employees with 5 to 8 years of experience and employees from among orphans under 21 years of age who have a continuous work experience of up to 5 years;

▪ 60% of average earnings - to employees with up to 5 years of experience.

In addition, there are categories of workers who are entitled to a 100% allowance, regardless of length of service (disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War; invalids of Chernobyl, with labor injuries and occupational diseases ...).

Continuous work experience when determining the amount of PVNT is calculated by the day of the onset of disability in accordance with the Rules for calculating continuous work experience when assigning benefits for state social insurance, approved. Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 13.04.1973 dated April 252, 01.07.1991 (as amended on July 432, XNUMX No. XNUMX).

General principles for calculating PVNT: the calculation depends on the remuneration system and on the bonus system used in the organization. To calculate the allowance, it is necessary to calculate the average daily earnings and the amount of the daily allowance.

The average daily earnings are determined by dividing the recorded earnings (in the month of disability or in the billing period of 12 months preceding the month of illness) by the number of all working days according to the schedule (respectively - in the month of disability or in the billing period).

The amount of earnings taken into account is determined on the basis of the monthly salary (official or personal), daily or hourly tariff rate, taking into account constant surcharges and allowances.

Federal Law No. 22.12.2005-FZ of December 180, 2006 "On Certain Issues of Calculating and Paying Benefits for Temporary Disability, Maternity and the Amount of Insurance Coverage for Compulsory Social Insurance Against Accidents at Work and Occupational Diseases in 15" establishes the maximum amount of the benefit for temporary disability and benefits for pregnancy and childbirth is 000 rubles.

The temporary disability benefit due to illness or injury (except for accidents at work or occupational diseases) is paid to the insured citizen for the first two days of temporary disability at the expense of the employer, and for the rest of the period starting from the third day of temporary disability - at the expense of the Fund. At the same time, benefits for pregnancy and childbirth, for caring for a sick child and in other cases established by the current legislation are paid from the first day at the expense of the Fund.

In accordance with the Federal Law, the maximum amount of a one-time insurance payment for compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases, calculated depending on the degree of loss of professional ability to work, is 46 rubles.

19.4. Calculation of deductions from employees' wages

The following deductions are made from the accrued wages of employees: personal income tax; on executive documents in favor of other enterprises and persons; not returned accountable amounts in a timely manner; for material damage caused; for goods purchased on credit; on loans received; union dues, etc.

Personal income tax is withheld in accordance with part two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The tax is calculated based on the total annual income received in the calendar year on the territory of the Russian Federation, both in cash and in kind.

The composition of income subject to taxation is determined by the Code. The employee's income is recognized in the month in which it was paid to him.

The total income in the taxable period at the place of main work for tax calculation is reduced:

▪ 1) at a non-taxable minimum for different categories of taxpayers in accordance with the law.

The deduction of the non-taxable minimum for citizens who do not belong to the preferential category of taxpayers is made depending on the income received:

▪ with a total annual income of up to 20 rubles. inclusive of 000 rubles for each month during which income is received;

▪ starting from the month in which the total income, calculated on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year, exceeds 20 rubles. - no deductions are made;

▪ 2) for the amount of expenses for the maintenance of children under the age of 18, students, full-time students and dependents who do not have independent sources of income, depending on the income received by the citizen:

▪ with a total annual income of up to 40 rubles. inclusive - 000 rub. for each child, student, student, dependent for each month during which income is received;

▪ starting from the month in which the total income, calculated on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year, exceeds RUB 40. - there is no reduction in income;

▪ etc.

The tax on the income of an individual is calculated from the beginning of the calendar year after the end of each month in which the income was received, from the amount of taxable income at current rates, offset by the previously withheld amount of tax.

Tax on the income of an individual is levied at rates in the amounts established by law. Tax amounts are determined in full rubles (without kopecks).

The calculation of income tax not at the place of main work is made from the amount of accrued income at current rates.

Tax amounts not withheld or not fully withheld from employees are collected from their wages on a monthly basis until the debt is fully repaid. At the same time, the total amount of all deductions for each payment of wages cannot exceed 20 percent, and in cases provided for by federal laws, 50 percent of the wages due to the employee, in exceptional cases, a withdrawal of 70 percent is allowed.

Withholding on executive documents is carried out on the basis of executive documents received by the enterprise:

▪ Child support is withheld in the following amounts from earnings after taxes are withheld:

▪ for one child 25%;

▪ for two children - 33%;

▪ for three or more children 50%.

The amount of maintenance for parents is determined by the court; the amount of deductions on executive documents for other reasons is also established by the court.

Withholding for goods purchased on credit is made on the basis of an obligation-order, which is issued by the store in two copies, one of which is transferred to the enterprise.

Withholding for material damage caused by an employee to the enterprise is carried out in accordance with the established liability.

Liability can be partial, full and increased. Partial liability - for example, for an admitted marriage - in the full amount of the damage caused, but not more than the part of the salary established by law. Full liability - for example, a shortage in the cash desk - is fully reimbursed. Increased liability - for example, the loss of books in a library - is reimbursed for the market value of the book. Withholding in repayment of a loan issued to an employee is made in accordance with the loan agreement concluded with the employee.

The amount of deductions from wages and other incomes reduces the debt of the enterprise to employees, which is reflected in the debit of account 70. The amount of withheld income tax increases the debt of the enterprise to the budget, and other deductions accounts payable to other enterprises and individuals.

Topic 20

20.1. Classification of production costs

1. According to the costing items:

▪ Typical nomenclature of costing items:

▪ raw materials and materials;

▪ returnable waste (subtracted);

▪ purchased semi-finished products and components;

▪ fuel and energy for technological purposes;

▪ basic and additional wages of production workers;

▪ deductions for social needs from the accrued wages of production workers;

▪ expenses for preparation and development of production;

▪ general production expenses;

▪ general business expenses;

▪ losses from marriage;

▪ other production expenses.

2. According to the method of inclusion in the cost of production:

▪ direct (it is possible to immediately attribute these costs to the cost of a specific product at the time of their implementation);

▪ indirect (it is impossible to directly attribute them to the cost of the product).

3. According to the economic role in the production process:

▪ basic (costs directly related to the production process);

▪ invoices (generated in connection with the organization, maintenance of production and management).

To classify costs in order to determine the costs for the whole organization, a grouping of costs by elements is used. An economic element is a homogeneous type of cost. In accordance with PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 No. 33n), accounting should provide accounting for costs in the context of five elements:

▪ material costs;

▪ labor costs;

▪ contributions for social needs;

▪ depreciation;

▪ other expenses.

Costs for planning and control are classified as follows:

▪ 1. In relation to production volume:

▪ variables (change in direct proportion to changes in production volume (level of business activity): costs of raw materials and basic materials, wages of main production workers;

▪ constant (in total they do not change when the level of business activity changes, they are relatively constant, but, calculated per unit of production, they already depend on changes in the level of production).

2. Planned and normalized:

▪ planned (set based on planned indicators);

▪ standardized (set on the basis of current technological cost standards for a certain date).

20.2. Accounting system for recording production costs

Information on the organization's expenses for ordinary activities can be formed according to one of two options:

▪ using accounts 20-29;

▪ using accounts 20-39.

Below is a list of cost accounting accounts for the 1st option (traditional scheme):

▪ 20 “Main production” - direct costs of main production;

▪ 21 “Semi-finished products of own production” - the cost of own semi-finished products;

▪ 23 “Auxiliary production” - direct costs of auxiliary production;

▪ 25 “Overhead production costs” - indirect costs of a production nature;

▪ 26 “General business expenses” - indirect costs for general business purposes;

▪ 28 “Defects in production” - identifying losses from defects;

▪ 97 “Deferred expenses” - differentiation of expenses by time;

▪ 43 “Finished products” - information about finished products in the warehouse.

The list of accounts for cost accounting for the 2nd option is as follows:

▪ 1. To account for costs by element (financial accounting):

▪ 30* "Material costs" [1] ;

▪ 31* “Labor costs”;

▪ 32* “Contributions for social needs”;

▪ 33* "Depreciation";

▪ 34* "Other costs";

▪ 35* “Expenses for ordinary activities”;

▪ 39* "Remains of material assets."

2. To account for costs by items (management accounting):

▪ 10 “Materials” (active, inventory);

▪ 20 "Main production";

▪ 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”;

▪ 23 "Auxiliary production";

▪ 25 "General production expenses";

▪ 26 “General business expenses”;

▪ 28 "Defects in production";

▪ 97 “Deferred expenses”;

▪ 43 “Finished products”;

▪ 27 "Production results";

▪ 30* "Material costs";

▪ 31* “Labor costs”;

▪ 32* “Contributions for social needs”;

▪ 33* "Depreciation";

▪ 34* "Other costs".

20.3. General cost accounting scheme

▪ During the reporting month, based on summaries compiled according to data from grouped accounting documents, the cost of expended resources is reflected in the following order:

▪ 1. Expenses related to the reporting period:

▪ a) direct expenses are reflected on the basis of primary accounting documents:

▪ Debit accounts 20 "Primary production" Credit accounts 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets", 10 "Materials", 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security", 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages", 96 "Reserves for future expenses", 97 "Deferred expenses", etc. - direct costs for the manufacture of products, works, services.

Analytical accounting for the debit of account 20 "Main production" is carried out by type of production, and inside - by type of product (work, service).

Debit accounts 23 "Auxiliary production" Credit accounts 02, 10, 60, 69, 70, 96, 97 etc. - direct costs of auxiliary production.

Analytical accounting on account 23 is carried out by type of production, and inside - by type of product (work, service).

Debit accounts 28 "Marriage in production" Credit accounts: 20 - the cost of finally rejected products; 10, 60, 69, 70 - expenses for the correction of marriage;

▪ b) indirect expenses are reflected on the basis of primary accounting documents.

Indirect costs of the enterprise for servicing production and managing it at the level of workshops and sections are accounted for on account 25 "General production costs". These expenses include: salaries of the administrative and managerial staff of the workshop, deductions from it for social needs, depreciation of production equipment and vehicles, their repair, etc. The number of sub-accounts opened to account 25 depends on the number of structural divisions of the enterprise that produce products .

Accounting entries might look like this:

▪ Debit accounts 25 "overhead costs" Credit accounts 02, 10, 60, 69, 70, 96, 97 etc.

Indirect costs of the enterprise for the organization and management of the enterprise as a whole are accounted for on account 26 "General business expenses". These expenses include: salaries of the administrative and managerial personnel of the enterprise (organization), deductions from it for social needs, depreciation of fixed assets for general economic purposes, their repair, consulting, information and audit services, fire and watch guards, etc.

Accounting entries might look like this:

▪ Debit accounts 26 "General running costs" Credit accounts 02, 10, 60, 69, 70, 96, 97 etc.

2. Expenses incurred in the reporting period, but inherently related to future reporting periods, are reflected in the entries:

▪ Debit accounts 97 "Future expenses" Credit accounts 60, 76 etc. - expenses incurred in the reporting period, but in economic essence related to the following reporting periods.

At the end of the reporting month:

▪ 1. The amount of costs of auxiliary production is determined to be attributed to production accounts, which is reflected in the credit of account 23 “Auxiliary production” in correspondence with accounts 20, 23 (if services were provided by other auxiliary departments), 25, 26.

2. The amounts recorded on account 97 "Expenses of future periods" and subject to write-off for the expenses of the reporting month are debited from this account to accounts 20, 25, 26.

3. The amounts recorded on account 25 "General production costs" in the context of each main workshop, in the order of indirect distribution, are debited from the credit of this account to the debit of accounts 20, 28.

4. The amounts recorded on account 26 "General business expenses" are written off in the order of indirect distribution from the credit of this account to the debit of accounts 20, 28 (if there is an external marriage).

5. The amount of losses from marriage, determined on account 28 "Marriage in production", is debited from the credit of this account to the debit of account 20.

6. At the final stage, the cost of manufactured products is calculated, which is debited from the credit of account 20 "Main production" to the debit of accounts 40 "Product output" or 43 "Finished products".

20.4. Breakdown of costs by time periods

By reference to the period, costs are divided into deferred costs (deferred costs) and reserved costs.

Deferred expenses (deferred expenses) are expenses incurred by the organization in the reporting period, but not recognized as expenses of this period, but considered as assets. Such costs may include:

▪ costs of preparatory work in the extractive industries;

▪ costs for the development of new types of production, workshops and units (start-up costs);

▪ costs for the development of new types of products not intended for serial and mass production, etc.

These costs are reflected in the balance sheet as a separate item as deferred expenses on the debit of account 97 "Deferred expenses" and the credit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 70 "Settlements with personnel for remuneration", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors ", etc. They are subject to uniform inclusion in the costs of production (performance of work, provision of services) in subsequent months or years. The organization establishes the procedure for including these costs in the costs of the reporting period on its own. In accounting, entries are made on the debit of accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses" and the credit of account 97.

Reserved costs are costs that have not actually occurred yet, but are already included in the costs of producing products (performance of work, provision of services), that is, they are reserved for the planned (projected) amount of upcoming costs. The purpose of cost reservation is the uniform inclusion of forthcoming expenses in the costs of production or circulation of the reporting period.

An organization can create reserves:

▪ for the payment of annual remuneration for length of service;

▪ upcoming payment of vacations to employees;

▪ repair of fixed assets;

▪ payment of remunerations based on the results of work for the year;

▪ warranty repairs and warranty service;

▪ for doubtful debts;

▪ for other purposes provided for by regulations of the Ministry of Finance of Russia and industry instructions.

The creation of reserves must be declared in the accounting policy.

The accrual of reserves is documented by an entry in the debit of the accounts of production costs and the credit of account 96 "Reserves for future expenses" in the context of sub-accounts.

To determine the amount of the reserve and the amounts of monthly deductions for the formation of the reserve, the accounting department makes special calculations.

The use of reserves is reflected in the debit entry of account 96 and the credit of accounts 60, 70, etc.

At the end of the year, an inventory of the accrued reserves is carried out in accordance with the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial liabilities (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13.06.1995, 49 No. XNUMX).

If during the inventory at the end of the year it is revealed that the accrued amount of the reserve is less than the actual expenses, then additional accrual is made; if the actual expenses are less than the accrued reserve, then the excessly accrued reserve is reversed. For individual reserves, such as a reserve for payment for long service, based on the results of work for the year, for vacation pay, etc., there may be a balance at the end of the reporting year if, during the inventory of this reserve, it is established that payments will be made in the next reporting year.

20.5. Unfinished production

Work in progress (WP) refers to products that have not passed all stages of the production process, as well as products that are not completed, have not passed tests and technical acceptance.

Due to the different duration of the production cycle in different industries, the balances of NP may have a different share in the volume of production costs. The share of NPs is highest in mechanical engineering (especially with a single production character). It is absent in the mining industry and power plants.

The exact definition of NP and its correct assessment are essential not only to ensure the safety of NP, but also to determine the cost of manufactured products.

The cost of finished products (Cgp) is determined by the formula:

▪ Sgp = IR at the beginning of the month + costs for the month - IR at the end of the month.

The following types of NP evaluation are allowed:

▪ 1. In mass and serial production:

▪ at actual cost (in terms of costing items);

▪ planned (standard) production cost (direct costs - materials, wages of main production workers, calculated according to the standards for each calculation object, and the amount of other indirect costs, determined as a percentage of direct costs);

▪ direct cost items (raw materials, supplies, wages of main production workers);

▪ cost of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products.

2. In a single production - according to actual costs.

The procedure for estimating non-compliance is recommended by industry guidelines and is determined by the accounting policy of the organization.

In accounting, the volume of NP is the balance of accounts 20 "Main production" and 23 "Auxiliary production".

In order to clarify the data of operational accounting, an inventory of NPs is periodically carried out. The procedure for conducting an inventory and formalizing its results are determined by the Methodological Recommendations for the inventory of property and liabilities (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13.06.1995, 49 No. XNUMX). The timing and procedure for conducting an inventory of NPs are determined by the accounting policy of the organization, with the exception of cases where an inventory is required: before the preparation of annual financial statements, when changing financially responsible persons, when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed, during reorganization, etc. In some industries (chemical, food, light industry) inventory is carried out monthly.

When inventorying NP in organizations engaged in industrial production, it is necessary to determine the degree of readiness of NP. Checking the reserves of NP (parts, assemblies, assemblies) is carried out by actual counting, weighing, measuring. Inventories are compiled separately for each separate structural unit (workshop, section, department) indicating the names of the backlogs, the stage or degree of their readiness, quantity or volume, and for construction and installation works - indicating the scope of work.

Raw materials, materials and purchased semi-finished products located at the workplace and not subjected to processing are not included in the inventory of NP, but are inventoried and recorded in separate inventories. Rejected parts are also not included in the inventories of the NP; separate inventories are compiled for them.

For NP, which is a heterogeneous mass or mixture of raw materials (in the relevant industries), two quantitative indicators are given in inventories, as well as in collation sheets: the amount of this mass or mixture and the amount of raw materials or materials (by individual items) included in its composition . The quantity of raw materials or materials is determined by technical calculations in the manner prescribed by industry instructions on planning, accounting and calculating the cost of products (works, services).

For capital construction in progress, the inventories indicate the name of the object and the amount of work performed on this object, for each individual type of work, structural elements, equipment, etc.

The results of the inventory are reflected in the accounts in the following order:

▪ surplus: Debit accounts 20 "Primary production" Credit accounts 91-1 "Other income" - at market value;

▪ shortage: Debit accounts 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" Credit accounts 20. Then the cost of the shortage within the limits of natural loss norms is reflected in the debit of account 20 and the credit of account 94, and in excess of the natural loss norms - in the debit of account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", subaccount "Calculations for compensation of material damage", and the credit of account 94 .

20.6. Normative costing method

Cost accounting and calculation of the cost of production can be carried out using elements of the standard method or without them. The use of the normative method is possible with a clear organization of production, well-established technological processes, and the availability of technically justified resource consumption rates.

The basis of the normative method of accounting are normative cost estimates, i.e. cost estimates of products calculated according to the standards in force at the beginning of the reporting period. The cost of production, determined on the basis of standard calculations, is called standard.

With the normative method, the following are separately identified:

▪ costs according to current standards;

▪ deviations from current standards.

The current norms are the norms according to which the release of materials to workplaces is currently carried out and payment is made to workers for the work performed.

Deviations from the norms for the consumption of materials are called deviations from the norms for the consumption of materials in production. Additional issue of materials is usually carried out according to special requirements with a red signal diagonal stripe. Deviations from the norms of wages are payments for work not provided for by the technological process, as well as various kinds of surcharges due to inconsistencies in tools, processing of low-quality raw materials, etc. Such deviations are documented by additional pay slips.

Due to the fact that the current norms change as the production is mastered and the use of material and labor resources improves, enterprises (organizations) register and record changes in the norms. This ensures the identity of the current standards in the technical and regulatory documentation. If the norms are changed on the 1st day of each month, the costs are recalculated to NP according to the new norms established at the beginning of the month. When the norms are reduced, the costs in the NP according to the norms decrease, and the amount of the decrease in these costs is reflected as the costs incurred for changing the norms.

20.7. Custom costing method

It is used in individual or small-scale production.

Costing object - a separate production order, opened in advance for a certain number of products, for a specific work (service). Each order is assigned a number, which is indicated on all cost documents related to this order (limit-fence cards and requirements for materials, route sheets, etc.).

The actual cost of products manufactured to order is determined after its execution.

The cost of an order is determined by the sum of all production costs from the day it was opened to the day it was completed and closed. The completion of work on orders must be recorded in the invoice or act for the delivery of work performed, finished products. Then the order is closed and the issuance of documents with the number of the closed order is terminated.

20.8. The line-by-line method of costing

Repartition is a set of technological operations, which ends with the development of an intermediate product (semi-finished product) or the receipt of a finished finished product. The list of redistributions is determined based on the characteristics of the technological process. Semi-finished products manufactured in one section are successively transferred according to the established technological process to the next stage until they are converted into finished products.

This method is widely used in mass, large-scale production, where the production process consists of successive stages (repartitions) that process the source material from the beginning of processing to obtaining a finished product from it (enterprises of the textile, chemical, metallurgical industries, and other industries).

The object of calculation is the type or group of products of each redistribution, the object of cost accounting is the redistribution.

The process-by-process method is also used for mass types of production, where the same products are produced, for example, in-line production of televisions, cars.

Non-semi-finished option. Direct costs in accounting are reflected for each processing stage separately, and the cost of raw materials is included in the cost of production only for the first processing stage. The cost of finished products will be the sum of the costs of all processing stages (the cost of products in intermediate stages is not calculated). The production cost of finished products is calculated at the last stage, based on the share of participation of each workshop in the manufacture of products. The accounting entries will look like this:

▪ Debit accounts 43 "Finished products" Credit accounts 20 "Main production", sub-account 1 (workshop 1); Credit accounts 20, subaccount 2 (workshop 2); Credit accounts 20, subaccount 3 (workshop 3), etc.

Control over the movement of semi-finished products within the workshops (repartitions) is carried out by the accounting department in the operational accounting system in physical terms, without entries in the accounts.

Semi-finished version. With this option, not only the final product, but also the products of each processing stage are subject to accounting. In this case, accounting can be carried out using or without using account 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”:

▪ using account 21.

In this case, the semi-finished products of each stage, except for the last one, are handed over by the shops to the warehouse and released to the next stage from the warehouse. The following entries are made in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 21 Credit accounts 20 "Main production", sub-account 1, then Debit accounts 20, subaccount 2, Credit accounts 21Further Debit accounts 21 Credit accounts 20, subaccount 2, etc.

▪ without using account 21.

In this case, the semi-finished products of each stage, except for the last one, are transferred from shop to shop, bypassing the warehouse. The following entries are made in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 20, subaccount 2, Credit accounts 20, subaccount 1, then Debit accounts 20, subaccount 3, Credit accounts 20, subaccount 2, next Debit accounts 20, subaccount 4, Credit accounts 20, subaccount 3, etc.

The cost of finished products is the sum of the cost of semi-finished products of the previous stages of processing and the costs of the last processing stage, i.e. the same costs are repeated in the cost of semi-finished products several times. Such stratification in cost accounting of the organization is called intra-factory turnover, which is subject to exclusion when summing up the costs of the organization as a whole.

Both options have their advantages and disadvantages. The use of a semi-finished version allows you to more accurately determine the cost of production, but it is more laborious. The positive side of the non-semi-finished method is the reduction of accounting work, but the level of control over the safety of semi-finished products and the accuracy of the calculation are somewhat reduced.

Topic 21. ACCOUNTING FOR FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS

21.1. Definition, classification and evaluation of financial investments

To accept assets for accounting as financial investments (FI), the following conditions must be met at a time:

▪ the presence of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization’s right to financial investment and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;

▪ transition to organizing financial risks associated with financial investment (risk of price changes, debtor insolvency, liquidity risk, etc.);

▪ the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of the financial asset and its purchase value as a result of its exchange, use in repaying the organization’s obligations, an increase in the current market value and so on.).

The financial investments of the organization include:

▪ state and municipal securities;

▪ securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills);

▪ contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies);

▪ loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.

The financial investments of the organization do not include:

▪ own shares purchased by the joint-stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;

▪ bills of exchange issued by the organization-drawer of the bill to the organization-seller in settlements for goods sold, products manufactured, work performed, services rendered;

▪ investments of the organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income;

▪ precious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar valuables acquired for purposes other than ordinary activities.

Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost. The initial cost of the FV, at which they are accepted for accounting, may change in cases established by law and PBU 19/02 "Accounting for financial investments" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 10.12.2002, 126 No. XNUMXn).

For the purposes of the subsequent evaluation, FIs are divided into two groups:

▪ FV, which can be used to determine the current market value;

▪ PV for which the current market value is not determined.

Financial investments of the first group are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at their current market value by adjusting their valuation as of the previous reporting date. The difference between the valuation of the FC at the current market value at the reporting date and their previous valuation is credited to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of operating income or operating expenses) or to an increase in income or expenses of a non-profit organization in correspondence with the accounting account of the FC.

Financial investments of the second group are subject to reflection in the accounting records and financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost.

21.2. Disposal of financial investments

Disposal of fixed assets takes place in cases of redemption, their sale, gratuitous transfer, transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized (reserve) capital of other organizations, etc.

Upon disposal of an asset accepted for accounting as a second group capital asset, its value is established on the basis of an assessment determined by one of the following methods:

▪ at the initial cost of each accounting unit of the financial assets;

▪ at the average initial cost;

▪ at the original cost of the first financial assets acquired in time (FIFO method).

Contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (except for shares of joint-stock companies), loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit organizations, accounts receivable acquired on the basis of an assignment of the right to claim, are valued at the initial cost of each withdrawing reduced accounting unit of the FC.

Upon disposal, securities can be valued by the organization at the average initial cost, which is determined for each of their types as the quotient of dividing the initial value of the type of securities by their number, consisting, respectively, of the initial cost and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and received securities during this month .

Upon disposal of assets accepted for accounting as a fixed asset, their value is established by the organization based on the latest assessment.

PV income is recognized as income from ordinary activities or other income in accordance with PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 No. 32n).

Expenses related to the provision of loans by an organization to other organizations are recognized as operating expenses of this organization.

Topic 22. ACCOUNTING FOR SETTLEMENTS

22.1. The concept of receivables and payables

Accounts receivable is the debt of other organizations, employees and individuals of this organization. Organizations and persons who owe this organization are called debtors.

Accounts payable is understood as the debt of this organization to other organizations and persons, which are called creditors.

In the balance sheet, receivables and payables are reflected by their types.

▪ Accounts receivable are reflected in the accounts: 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations”, 75 “Settlements with founders”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” , 79 "Intra-economic calculations".

▪ Accounts payable are reflected in the accounts: 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”, 75, subaccount “For payment of income”, 76, 79.

When keeping records of receivables and payables, special attention should be paid to the statute of limitations. According to Art. 196 of the Civil Code, the general limitation period is set equal to three years.

Accounts receivable at the expiration of the limitation period are written off to reduce profits or reserve for doubtful debts. Debt write-off is made out by the order of the head. The following entries are made in the accounting records:

▪ Debit accounts 91 "Other income and expenses" Credit accounts 62, 76;

▪ Debit accounts 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" Credit accounts 62, 76.

Written-off receivables for control purposes are reflected in the off-balance account 007 "Debt written off as a loss of insolvent debtors" and is accounted for there for five years.

Upon receipt of funds for previously written off receivables, cash accounts are debited: 50, 51, 52 and account 91 is credited. At the same time, off-balance account 007 is credited for the indicated amounts.

In accordance with RAS 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", the amounts of written-off receivables are included in non-operating expenses involved in the formation of financial results, which are taken into account when taxing profits.

After the expiration of the limitation period, accounts payable are written off to financial results and are recorded in the following accounting entries:

▪ Debit accounts 60, 76 credit accounts 91.

In accordance with PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", the amounts of written off accounts payable are included in non-operating income involved in the formation of financial results, which are taken into account when taxing profits.

22.2. Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors

Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors is kept on account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", which takes into account settlements for the supplied material and production values, work performed and services rendered. Settlements with organizations for utilities, etc. are allowed to be kept on account 76. Contracting organizations take into account settlements with subcontractors on account 60. Issued advances are accounted for on account 60 separately. All transactions related to settlements for inventories, works and services are reflected in the credit of account 60, regardless of the time of payment of invoices (on accrual) and are debited to accounts 07 "Equipment for installation", 08 "Investments in non-current assets", 10 " Materials", 15 "Purchase of materials", 19 "VAT on acquired values", 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses", 43 "Selling expenses", 44 "Expenses for sale", etc.

Materials in transit and uninvoiced deliveries are reflected in the accounting record:

▪ Debit accounts 10 Credit accounts 60.

In debit, account 60 corresponds with cash accounts:

▪ Debit accounts 60 Credit accounts 50 "Cash register", 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts".

An entry is made for the amount of the offset of the previously issued advance payment:

▪ Debit accounts 60, the corresponding subaccount, Credit account 60, sub-account "Advances issued".

When writing off accounts payable after the expiration of the limitation period, an entry is made in the accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 60 Credit accounts 91-2 "Other expenses".

The amount of debt secured by issued promissory notes is taken into account on account 60 separately. Analytical accounting on account 60 is maintained for each supplier (contractor) and each settlement document.

Accounting for advances is kept on accounts 60 and 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" separately. The use of advances in settlements is stipulated in contracts and is allocated in settlement and payment documents. In the accounting of the organization that issued the advance, an entry is made:

▪ Debit accounts 60, subaccount "Advances issued", Credit accounts 50, 51, 52.

On account 60, advances issued are recorded until the debt is paid off to the supplier or contractor. For example, when materials are received against an advance payment, the following postings are made:

▪ Debit accounts 10 Credit accounts 60 - on the cost of received materials without VAT;

▪ Debit accounts 19 "VAT on received values" Credit accounts 60 - for the amount of VAT.

At the same time, the advance payment issued by: Debit accounts 60 Credit accounts 60, subaccount "Advances issued".

VAT on paid materials is credited from the budget:

▪ Debit accounts 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees", sub-account "VAT", Credit accounts 19.

22.3. Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers

Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers is kept on account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers", to which sub-accounts can be opened:

▪ 62-1 “Settlements by collection” - settlements based on payment documents presented to buyers and customers for payment;

▪ 62-2 “Settlements by scheduled payments” - settlements with customers in the presence of long-term economic relations that are permanent in nature and do not end when payment is received according to the last payment document;

▪ 62-3 "Settlements with buyers and customers, secured by received bills of exchange."

On account 62, advances received are taken into account separately, and accordingly this account can have both a debit and a credit balance.

On credit, account 62 corresponds to:

▪ with the debit of accounts 50, 51, 52 - upon receipt of funds in payment of invoices presented to buyers and customers;

▪ with the debit of account 62, subaccount “Advances received” - by offsetting advances received;

▪ with the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount “Other expenses” - when writing off losses from accounts receivable, etc.

On the debit, account 62 corresponds with the credit of accounts 90-1 "Revenue", 91-1 "Other income" - for the amount of settlement documents presented to buyers and customers.

Analytical accounting on account 62 is maintained for each buyer or customer and for each settlement document.

If an organization uses the advance form of payment, then the following entries are made in the accounting records of the organization that received the advance:

▪ When an advance is received into the organization’s accounts: Debit accounts 50, 51, 52 Credit accounts 62, subaccount "Advances received".

From the amount of the cash advance received, the organization must calculate VAT to the budget. An invoice is filled in for the amount of the advance, and an entry is made in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 62, subaccount "Advances received", Credit accounts 68 - on the amount of calculated VAT.

▪ When shipping products to the buyer or handing over completed work to the customer, the advance amount received is counted towards reducing the debt to the buyer (customer), and the following entries are made in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 62, subaccount "Advances received", Credit accounts 62 - for the amount of shipped products, including VAT;

▪ 68 debit, subaccount "VAT", Credit accounts 62, subaccount "Advances received" - for the amount of restored VAT.

Analytical accounting is maintained for each advance payment issued and received.

22.4. Accounting for settlements with personnel for granted loans, for compensation for material damage, for other operations

Accounting for settlements with personnel on other operations is kept on the active account 73 "Settlements with personnel on other operations", which is intended to summarize information on settlements with the organization's personnel, except for payroll settlements, as well as on accountable and deposited amounts.

The debit of account 73 reflects the debt of employees, and the credit of account 73 - its repayment.

If the organization makes settlements with personnel on loans, then the following entries will be made in accounting (based on the order of the administration and cash documents):

▪ Debit accounts 73, subaccount 1 "Settlements on loans provided", Credit accounts 50, 51 - a loan (loan) was issued to an employee at the expense of the organization's funds;

▪ Debit accounts 50, 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages", Credit accounts 73, subaccount 1 - the loan debt has been repaid by the employee.

Calculations for compensation for material damage are recorded on account 73-2 "Settlements with personnel for other operations" - these are settlements for damage caused by employees of this organization as a result of theft, marriage, shortages, etc. Such calculations are made on the basis of an order from the head of the organization or by court order and regulated by Art. 238-250 TK.

For example, when a shortage of materials is identified in accounting, the following entries should be made:

▪ Debit accounts 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" Credit accounts 10 "Materials" - for the amount of the identified shortage at the actual cost;

▪ Debit accounts 73, subaccount "Calculations for compensation of material damage", Credit accounts 94 - the shortage is attributed to the guilty person.

When recovering a shortage at the market price, the difference between the market and actual cost of the shortage is reflected in the entry:

▪ Debit accounts 73, subaccount "Calculations for compensation of material damage" Credit accounts 98 "Revenue of the future periods".

This difference will be charged to the financial results of the period in which the actual compensation for material damage will be made:

▪ Debit accounts 50, 70 "Settlements with personnel for payroll" Credit accounts 73, subaccount "Calculations for compensation of material damage";

▪ Debit accounts 98 Credit accounts 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Other income".

Analytical records are kept for each employee.

22.5. Formation and accounting of provisions for doubtful debts

Doubtful debt is any debt that is not repaid within the terms established by the agreement, and is not secured by a pledge, surety, bank guarantee.

Bad debts are those debts to the taxpayer for which the established limitation period has expired, as well as debts for which, in accordance with civil law, the obligation has been terminated due to the impossibility of its execution, on the basis of an act of a state body or the liquidation of an organization.

Organizations have the right to create reserves for doubtful debts. The amounts of deductions to these reserves are included in non-operating expenses evenly during the reporting (tax) period.

The amount of the allowance for doubtful debts is determined based on the results of the inventory of receivables carried out at the end of the previous reporting (tax) period and is calculated as follows:

▪ for doubtful debts with a maturity period of more than 90 days - the amount of the created reserve includes the full amount of debt identified on the basis of the inventory;

▪ from 45 to 90 days (inclusive) - the amount of the reserve includes 50% of the amount identified on the basis of the debt inventory;

▪ up to 45 days - the amount of the created reserve does not increase.

The amount of the created reserve for doubtful debts cannot exceed 10% of the revenue of the reporting (tax) period, determined in accordance with Art. 249 NK.

The allowance for doubtful debts can be used by the organization only to cover losses from bad debts.

When forming a reserve in accounting, a posting is made:

▪ Debit accounts 91 Credit accounts 63 "Reserves for doubtful debts" - in the amount of the created reserve.

Repayment of debts at the expense of the created reserve is carried out by posting:

▪ Debit accounts 63 Credit accounts 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors".

Account 63 is not shown in the balance sheet, but is deducted off-system from the corresponding items of receivables.

22.6. Inventory of receivables and payables and reflection of its results in accounting

An inventory of settlements with founders, financial institutions, the budget, buyers, suppliers, related parties, own employees, depositors and other debtors and creditors consists in identifying balances according to the relevant documents and carefully checking the validity of the amounts on these accounts. The Commission establishes the timing of the occurrence of debt on the accounts of debtors and creditors, its reality and the persons guilty of missing the statute of limitations, if any.

The inventory commission, by documentary verification, must establish:

▪ identity of settlements with financial institutions, related parties of the organization, allocated to independent balance sheets, and with higher authorities;

▪ correctness and validity of the amount of debt for shortages and thefts listed on the balance sheet, measures taken to collect this debt;

▪ the correctness and validity of the amount of receivables and payables listed on the balance sheet, as well as the adoption of enforcement measures in order to collect receivables that are not collected by the financial institution.

For amounts of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, an information certificate is issued, which indicates the persons guilty of missing these deadlines.

The results of the inventory of settlements are entered into the act of inventory of receivables and payables on the basis of account statement data confirmed by debtors and creditors, and in case of non-confirmation by them - on the basis of supporting documents.

22.7. Accounting for settlements with accountable persons

Expenses for the acquisition of material assets in stores, office expenses, travel expenses, etc. can be paid in cash through accountable persons.

Accountable persons are employees of the organization who received cash amounts of money for the upcoming administrative and management or travel expenses.

The funds received under the report are allowed to be spent only for the purposes for which they were issued.

In due time, the accountable person is obliged to submit an advance report on the amounts spent with supporting documents attached (advance reports for business trips within the country - within three days, for business trips abroad - within 10 days). The advance report is approved by the head of the organization, unspent amounts are returned to the cashier, and a new advance is issued only after a full report on the previously issued advance.

To account for settlements with accountable persons, active-passive account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" is used. The accounting entry scheme is as follows:

▪ Debit accounts 71 Credit accounts 50 "Cashier" - an advance payment was issued for the report (overspending on the advance report).

The expenses paid at the expense of accountable amounts, on the basis of the advance report and depending on the purpose, are attributed to:

▪ Debit accounts 08 "Investments in non-current assets", 10 "Materials", 15 "Acquisition of materials", 20 "Primary production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "overhead costs" 26 General expenses, etc.

Credit accounts 71 "Calculations with accountable persons";

▪ Debit accounts 50 Credit accounts 71 - the rest of the advance payment was handed over to the cashier.

Analytical accounting of settlements is kept in order journal No. 7 for each accountable person and for each advance payment issued.

22.8. Accounting for settlements with the budget

To account for settlements with the budget, account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" is used, which takes into account calculations for taxes paid by the organization and for taxes withheld from personnel. The credit of account 68 reflects the amount of accrued taxes actually due to be paid to the budget, the debit of account 68 reflects the transfer of taxes and the presentation of VAT for offsetting to the budget. The following sub-accounts can be opened for account 68:

▪ 68-1 - “Calculations for personal income tax”;

▪ 68-2 - “Calculations for VAT”;

▪ 68-3 - “Income tax”;

▪ 68-4 - “Calculations for property tax”, etc. at the discretion of the organization.

The following entries are made in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 70 "Settlements with personnel for payroll" Credit accounts 68, subaccount 1 - personal income tax is withheld from wages;

▪ Debit accounts 90 "Sales", sub-account 3 "Value added tax";

▪ Debit accounts 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 3 "VAT", Credit accounts 68, subaccount 2;

▪ Credit accounts 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", sub-account "VAT" - VAT is charged (the moment of revenue recognition is the moment of shipment or the moment of payment, respectively);

▪ Debit accounts 76, subaccount 3 "VAT", Credit accounts 68, subaccount 2 - VAT is taken into account when paying tax “on payment”;

▪ Debit accounts 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers", sub-account "Advances received", Credit accounts 68, subaccount 2 - VAT is charged on advances received;

▪ Debit accounts 68, subaccount 2, Credit accounts 19 "VAT on acquired valuables" - VAT is presented for offset from the budget;

▪ Debit accounts 99 "Profit and loss" Credit accounts 68, subaccount 3 - income tax accrued;

▪ Debit accounts 91, subaccount 1 "Other expenses", Credit accounts 68, subaccount 4 - property tax accrued;

▪ Debit accounts 99, Credit accounts 68 - accrued penalties to the budget;

▪ Debit accounts 68, corresponding subaccounts, Credit accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" - tax payments and penalties to the budget are listed.

Analytical accounting is kept for each tax.

22.9. Accounting for settlements with social insurance authorities

From the amount of accrued wages and other payments in favor of employees, both in cash and in kind, organizations make deductions for social insurance and security.

Taxpayers in accordance with Art. 234 Tax Code are recognized:

▪ persons making payments to individuals:

▪ organizations;

▪ individual entrepreneurs;

▪ individuals who are not recognized as individual entrepreneurs;

▪ individual entrepreneurs, lawyers.

Currently, organizations pay the unified social tax (UST) (at a rate of 35,6%) and deductions for social insurance against accidents and occupational diseases (at a rate of 0,2% and higher). The tax amount is calculated and paid by taxpayers separately to the federal budget and to each fund and is determined as the corresponding percentage of the tax base.

Deductions for social insurance and security are recorded on account 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security", to which sub-accounts are opened for each type of deduction. The accrual of insurance premiums is reflected in the debit of accounts 08 "Investments in non-current assets", 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses", 28 "Marriage in production", 29 "Servicing production and economy", 44 "Expenses for sale", 91 "Other income and expenses", 97 "Deferred expenses", etc.

From the amounts due to be paid to the social insurance funds, the organization can pay temporary disability benefits and make other payments provided for by law. The following is recorded in the account:

▪ Debit accounts 69 Credit accounts 50 "Cash register", 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages" - for the amount of payments made from the fund.

The transfer of funds to social insurance funds is documented by posting:

▪ Debit accounts 69 Credit accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" - for the amount of actually transferred funds.

Analytical accounting is kept for each fund.

Topic 23. PAYMENTS ON CREDITS AND LOANS

23.1. Concept of credits and loans. Their distinctive features

Credits and loans are regulated by art. 807-817 and Art. 818-819 ch. 42 GK.

Credits and loans are a system of economic relations that arise when property is transferred in cash or in kind from one organization to another or a person on the terms of a subsequent return, as well as when interest is paid for temporary use for a certain period.

Below are the main differences between loans and loans:

▪ A loan can be obtained from an organization that has a license from the Central Bank of Russia for this type of activity. - The lender can be any individual or legal entity.

You can only get cash on credit (an exception is a commodity loan). The subject of the loan agreement can be money and things.

The loan agreement is concluded in writing. - A loan agreement with legal entities is executed in writing, with individuals in the amount of up to 10 minimum wages - orally.

The loan agreement is reimbursable. - The loan agreement can be reimbursable and gratuitous.

The credit agreement is consensual, it is considered concluded from the date of signing. - The loan agreement is real, it is considered concluded from the moment of its signing.

The loan repayment period is set by the loan agreement. - The loan can be repaid ahead of schedule, if it is stipulated by the agreement.

The loan repayment term is set by the loan agreement. - The loan can be repaid ahead of schedule, if it is interest-free and otherwise not provided by the agreement.

23.2. Types of loans and the procedure for their accounting. Documentation of loans

To obtain a loan, an organization submits an application for a loan to the bank servicing it, in which it indicates the amount, term and purpose, loan security, with the following documents attached:

▪ balance sheets (annual and as of the last reporting date);

▪ feasibility study of the need for a loan;

▪ loan agreement in the form accepted by this bank;

▪ collateral agreement, guarantee agreement or liability insurance agreement - depending on the form of loan security chosen by the organization in agreement with the bank;

▪ urgent obligation - an order to repay the loan within a specified time frame.

In some cases, additional documents may be attached to the application: a license, a warehouse certificate of the availability of the supplier's goods, a product certificate, a certificate of borrowed funds received from other banks, a business plan, etc. In case of securing a loan secured by property, an insurance policy for mortgaged property.

An organization can also receive a loan from another bank, not at the location of its current account. Upon receipt of an application for a loan, the bank checks the creditworthiness and solvency of the borrower: assesses its legal capacity, legal capacity and ability to pay the loan and interest on it in a timely manner.

Loans are:

▪ depending on the term for which the loan is issued:

▪ short-term - issued to finance working capital for a period of up to 12 months; are accounted for in account 66 “Short-term loans and borrowings”;

▪ long-term - issued to finance capital investments (purchase of an investment asset) for a period of more than 12 months; are accounted for in account 67 “Long-term loans and borrowings”;

▪ depending on the currency in which the loan is issued:

▪ in the currency of the Russian Federation (rubles);

▪ in foreign currency.

Loans received are processed by postings:

▪ ruble loan: Debit accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" Credit accounts 66, 67;

▪ foreign currency loan: Debit accounts 52 "Currency accounts" Credit accounts 66, 67 - in estimates: in foreign currency and ruble equivalent, calculated at the rate of the Central Bank of Russia on the date of crediting to the transit currency account.

Interest on loans for the purchase of an investment asset (OS) is reflected in the debit of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" and the credit of accounts 66, 67 before the asset is capitalized, i.e., they are included in its initial cost. From the 1st day of the month following the month of acceptance of the asset for accounting as part of fixed assets (to the debit of account 01 "Fixed assets" from the credit of account 08), the inclusion of borrowing costs in the initial cost of the asset is terminated and interest is included in other debit expenses accounts 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Other expenses", and credit of accounts 66, 67.

The asset must provide the organization with economic benefits in the future. If it refers to non-depreciable property, then the interest for the use of borrowed funds is not included in its initial cost, but refers to the current expenses of the organization.

Interest on loans to finance current activities relate to the current expenses of the organization and are included in operating expenses: debit account 91-2 and credit account 66.

Indebtedness on received loans and credits is reflected in the accounting records taking into account the interest payable at the end of the reporting period.

According to PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 09.06.2001, 44 No. XNUMXn), the actual cost of inventories may include the cost of paying interest on borrowed funds if they are associated with the acquisition of inventories and are made before the date of posting inventory in the warehouse. This is possible in the case when advance payments for the supply of inventory items are made at the expense of received loans.

23.3. Accounting for personnel credits

The organization has the opportunity to obtain a loan from a bank to issue loans to its employees for individual housing construction, construction of garden houses, reimbursement to trade organizations of amounts for goods sold on credit, etc.

Bank loans for personnel are issued, as a rule, by a triple agreement, which is concluded between the bank, the organization and the borrower himself. Accounting for loans received for personnel is reflected in the debit of account 51 "Settlement accounts" and the credit of accounts 66 "Short-term loans and loans", 67 "Long-term loans and loans", sub-account "Bank loans for employees".

If the funds are received at the cash desk of the organization, an entry is made in the accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 50 "Cash register" Credit accounts 67, subaccount "Bank loans for employees".

It is possible for a borrower (employee) to receive a loan from a bank, in which case the following entry is made in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 73 "Settlements with personnel on other operations", sub-account 1 "Settlements on loans granted", Credit accounts 50, 51.

The loan can be repaid:

▪ by deduction from wages:

▪ Debit accounts 70 "Settlements with personnel for payroll" Credit accounts 73, subaccount 1;

▪ by contribution to the cash desk:

▪ Debit accounts 50 Credit accounts 73-1.

Bank loan repayment:

▪ Debit accounts 66, 67 credit accounts 51.

Interest on a loan is reflected in the accounting entry:

▪ Debit accounts 73-1 Credit accounts 66, 67, subaccount "Interest on loans".

23.4. Types of loans and the procedure for their accounting

Under a loan agreement, one party (the lender) transfers money or other things defined by generic characteristics to the ownership of the other party (the borrower), and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender the same amount of money (loan amount) or an equal amount of other things received by him of the same kind and quality .

A loan agreement between organizations is concluded in writing, regardless of the amount.

The lender has the right to receive interest from the borrower on the amount of the loan in the amount and in the manner specified by the agreement, unless otherwise provided by law or the loan agreement. If there are no conditions in the agreement on the amount of interest, their amount is determined by the existing bank interest rate (refinancing rate) on the day the borrower pays the amount of the debt. Unless otherwise agreed, interest is paid monthly from the date of repayment of the loan amount.

The loan agreement is assumed to be interest-free, unless it expressly provides otherwise, in the case of transferring to the borrower not money, but things defined by generic characteristics.

An organization that has received a loan with the condition of paying interest on it covers the costs of paying interest at its own expense.

Funds received under loan agreements are not included in the taxable turnover for VAT.

Organizations can borrow money in the following ways:

▪ obtaining short-term and long-term loans from lenders (except banks) within the country and abroad in rubles and foreign currency;

▪ issuance of financial bills;

▪ sale (issue) of short-term and long-term securities (bonds).

Loans are recorded on passive accounts 66 "Short-term credits and loans" and 67 "Long-term credits and loans".

Loans received in cash are reflected in the debit of account 51 "Settlement accounts" and the credit of accounts 66, 67. Interest on loans in accordance with PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 No. 33n) and PBU 15 / 01 "Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 02.08.2001, 60 No. 91n) are reflected in the debit of account 66 "Other income and expenses" and the credit of accounts 67, XNUMX.

Indebtedness on received loans and credits is reflected in the accounting records taking into account the interest payable at the end of the reporting period.

In accordance with PBU 5/01 and 15/01, the actual cost of inventories may include the cost of paying interest on borrowed funds if they are associated with the acquisition of inventories and were made before the date of their entry into warehouses. This is possible in the case when advance payments for the supply of inventory items are made at the expense of received loans.

The accrual of interest on borrowed funds before the date of capitalization of material assets is reflected in the debit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", sub-account "Interest for a loan", and the credit of account 66, sub-account "Interest to the bank". These amounts will be debited to accounts 10 "Materials", 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", etc. from the credit of account 60, sub-account "Interest for a loan", as the values ​​\uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbare accepted for accounting.

The accrual of interest on borrowed funds after the date of capitalization of inventories is reflected in the debit of the account 91-2 and account credit 66, subaccount "Bank Interest".

Obtaining other property under a loan agreement involves the transfer of ownership from the lender to the borrower, which is reflected in the debit accounts 08 "Investments in non-current assets", 10 "Materials", etc. and the credit of accounts 66, 67.

The return is carried out after the expiration of the loan agreement and involves the transfer of ownership from the borrower to the lender and the return of the real loan; in accounting is reflected in the debit of accounts 66, 67 and the credit of accounts 90-1, 91-1.

The write-off of the actual cost of inventory items returned under the loan agreement is reflected in the debit of accounts 90-2, 91-2 and the credit of accounts 10 "Materials", 41 "Goods", etc.

The reflection of the financial result from the operation is reflected in the debit of accounts 90-9, 91-9 and the credit of account 99 "Profit and Loss" (profit) or the debit of account 99 and the credit of accounts 90-9, 91-9 (loss).

23.5. Accounting for issued bonds

A bond is a security that certifies the right of its holder to receive from the person who issued the bond, within the period stipulated by it, the nominal value of the bond or other property equivalent. The bond also gives its holder the right to receive a fixed percentage of the nominal value or other property rights.

Bonds in accordance with Art. 24 of the Federal Law No. 22.04.1996-FZ of April 39, XNUMX "On the Securities Market" may be placed only after the registration of their issue.

When registering a bond issue prospectus, a tax on transactions with securities is paid as a percentage of the issue amount. The following transactions are recorded in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 91-2 Credit accounts 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees", the corresponding sub-account - tax accrual;

▪ Debit accounts 91-2 Credit accounts 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" - the cost of preparing forms;

▪ Debit accounts 006 "Forms of strict reporting" - posting of forms;

▪ Debit accounts 91-2 и Credit accounts 76 - for the remuneration of the underwriter (the person who sold the bonds);

▪ Credit accounts 006 - write-off of sold bonds;

▪ Debit accounts 51 Credit accounts 67 "Long-term credits and loans" - placement of interest-bearing bonds for a nominal value;

▪ Credit accounts 98 "Deferred income" - for the excess of the nominal value over the sale. The excess amount is written off evenly during the period of circulation of bonds from the debit of account 98 to the credit of account 91-2. Interest is calculated monthly in the debit of account 91-2 and the credit of account 67.

The placement of discount bonds is reflected in the entries:

▪ Debit accounts 51, 52 "Currency accounts" Credit accounts 67 - for the placement amount;

▪ Debit accounts 97 "Future expenses" Credit accounts 67 - by the amount of the discount. This amount is written off evenly, monthly during the period of circulation of the bonds, to the debit of the account. 91-2 from account credit 97.

Debit accounts 67 Credit accounts 51 - redemption of bonds.

In accordance with PBU 10/99 and 15final match. interest paid by the organization for the provision of funds (credits, loans) to it for use, relate to the operating expenses of the organization.

A loan agreement can be concluded by issuing by the borrowing organization its own promissory note to the lender. The drawer indicates the amount indicated in the bill (nominal value) as accounts payable, on the debit of account 51 and the credit of accounts 66, 67.

The issuer pays the promissory note holder income in the form of interest or in the form of a discount (the difference between the amount indicated in the promissory note and the amount of money actually received under the promissory note). The interest and the amount of the discount paid by the organization for providing it with funds (credits, loans) for use are related to the organization's operating expenses (PBU 10/99, 15/ 01).

Debt on loans received is reflected taking into account interest payable at the end of the reporting period (clause 73 of the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29.07.1998, 34 No. 17n), clause 15 RAS 01 /XNUMX).

The issue of bills, the income on which is set as a percentage, is reflected in the accounting by the following entries:

▪ Debit accounts 50 "Cash register", 51 Credit accounts 66, 67 - at nominal value.

Interest is accrued monthly during the period of circulation of the bill:

▪ Debit accounts 91-2 Credit accounts 66, 67.

If funds are raised at a price higher than the face value of the bill, then the difference is debited to account 51 and credited to account 98, and then evenly debited from the debit of the account 98 on credit account 91-2. Amount of deduction160 niy is calculated based on the value of the specified difference and the period for which the bill is issued.

The issue of promissory notes, the income on which is set in the form of a discount, is reflected in the accounting records as follows:

▪ Debit accounts 50, 51 - a bill of exchange was sold for the amount received;

▪ Debit accounts 97 "Deferred expenses" - at a discount; Credit accounts 66 - at face value;

▪ Debit accounts 91-2 Credit accounts 97 - monthly within 12 months the expense of the future period is recognized as the expense of the reporting period.

The repayment of debt on a bill is reflected in an entry in the debit of account 66 and the credit of accounts 50, 51.

23.6. Accounting for tax credits

A tax credit is a change in the tax payment period from three months to one year. Organizations applying for a tax credit - interested persons - apply to the authorized body with an application for a tax credit in the presence of at least one of the three grounds:

▪ 1) damage caused to the interested party as a result of a natural disaster, technological disaster or other force majeure circumstances;

▪ 2) delay to an interested party in funding from the budget or payment for a government order completed by him;

▪ 3) the threat of bankruptcy of the interested party in case of a lump sum tax payment.

Documentation of the tax credit is carried out in accordance with Art. 64 parts of the first NK. A tax credit agreement contains information on the type and amount of tax for which a credit is granted, on the procedure for repaying tax arrears and interest on a tax credit, the term of the agreement, the responsibility of the parties, and securing the credit. A copy of the tax credit agreement must be submitted by the interested person to the tax authority at the place of its registration within five days from the date of conclusion of the agreement.

A tax credit may be granted for one or more taxes. The tax credit received on the first and second grounds is interest-free. When granting a tax credit on the third ground (threat of bankruptcy of an interested party in case of a lump-sum payment of tax), the Tax Code provides for the payment of interest on the amount of the debt, based on the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of Russia that was in effect for the period of the tax credit agreement.

When granting a tax credit in accounting, the following entry is made:

▪ Debit accounts 68, the corresponding subaccount, Credit accounts 68, subaccount "Tax credit".

Interest on a tax credit received on the third basis is documented as follows:

▪ Debit accounts 91-2 Credit accounts 68, subaccount "Interest for tax credit".

The repayment of debt on a tax credit and interest on a credit is reflected in the entry:

▪ Debit accounts 68, subaccount "Tax credit", Debit accounts 68, subaccount "Interest for tax credit", Credit accounts 51 "Settlement Accounts".

23.7. Accounting for budget loans

Budget loans are loans provided to organizations from the budget. Accounting for budget loans in accordance with PBU 13/2000 "Accounting for state aid" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 16.10.2000, 92 No. XNUMXn) is carried out in the general manner established for accounting for borrowed funds:

▪ Debit accounts 51 "Settlement accounts" Credit accounts 66 "Short-term credits and loans", 67 "Long-term credits and loans" - received a budget credit;

▪ Debit accounts 91-2 "Other expenses", 08 "Investments in non-current assets", 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", sub-account "Interest for a loan", Credit accounts 66, 67, subaccount "Interest on loan" - interest on the loan is accrued;

▪ Debit accounts 66 or 67, subaccount "Interest on loan", Credit accounts 51 - the debt on the loan and interest on the loan are repaid.

Paragraph 8 of PBU 13/2000 provides for a special procedure for accounting for budget loans received on a repayable basis: when the contract defines the conditions that exempt the organization from repaying the loan, and there is sufficient confidence that these conditions will be met, then the received budget funds are recognized as subsidies and subventions.

Topic 24. ACCOUNTING FOR FINISHED PRODUCTS AND ITS SALES

24.1. Finished products and their evaluation

Finished products are products that are completely finished processing, accepted by technical control and delivered to the warehouse or accepted by the customer. Products that have not passed control or all stages of processing are accounted for as part of work in progress.

For enterprises performing work and providing services, the product of their production activity is considered to be work performed for other enterprises and services rendered.

Finished products are valued in accounting either at actual or standard cost. In the same assessment, it is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise. Valuation at actual production cost is used in individual production of products. For other industries, discount prices are used, which can be used as selling prices or planned cost.

24.2. Shipment (release) of products, works and services to buyers and customers

Under a sale and purchase agreement in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, one party (the seller) undertakes to transfer the thing (goods) into the ownership of the other party (the buyer), and the buyer undertakes to accept the property and pay a certain amount of money (price) for it.

Under the supply agreement, the supplier-seller engaged in entrepreneurial activity undertakes, within the established timeframe (term), to transfer to the ownership of the buyer the goods produced or purchased by him, intended for use in entrepreneurial activity or for other purposes not related to personal, family, household or other similar consumption .

The contract usually defines the moment of transfer of ownership from the seller to the buyer. According to Art. 223 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the right of ownership of the acquirer of a thing under a contract arises from the moment it is transferred, unless otherwise provided by law or the contract. In Art. 224 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, transfer is defined as the delivery of a thing to the acquirer, as well as delivery to the carrier for shipment to the acquirer or delivery to a communications organization for shipment to the consumer. Simultaneously with obtaining the right of ownership, the acquirer (owner) of a thing (goods) as a result of accidental loss or damage to goods due to unforeseen circumstances, according to the general rule of civil law, bears the corresponding losses.

To account for the sale of finished products, works, services, account 90 "Sales" is used.

On account 90, both the debit and the credit reflect the same volume of sales of products (works, services), but in different estimates: for the loan - at sales prices (free, contractual, etc.), and for the debit - at full cost including VAT, excise duty and similar obligatory payments. Comparing the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) with the amount reflected in the debit of account 90, the result from the sale of products (works, services) is revealed - profit or loss.

The proceeds from the sale of products are reflected in the debit of account 62 in correspondence with account 90.

Account 62 keeps records of settlements with buyers and customers. At the same time, if a typical scheme of business transactions is used (delivery of products, payment for a specific delivery), sub-accounts for account 62 are not opened.

In the event that the supply agreement provides for a collection form of settlements, a subaccount 62-62 "Settlements in the manner of collection" is opened to account 1, which takes into account settlements for settlement documents presented to buyers and customers and accepted by the bank for payment for shipped products (work performed, rendered services).

If there are long-term economic relations between the buyer and the seller (which should also imply mutual confidence in the financial viability of the business partner), sub-account 62-62 "Settlements by planned payments" can be opened to account 2. This sub-account takes into account settlements not for a specific delivery (for each settlement document), but planned payments and planned deliveries with regular clarification of the status of settlements.

Analytical accounting on account 62 is maintained for each invoice presented to buyers (customers), and in case of settlements by planned payments - for each buyer and customer.

In accordance with the concluded contracts, the enterprise can receive advance payment for goods. Accounting for the received advance payment from buyers is kept on account 62 / sub-account "Calculations for advance payment". The credit reflects the amount of prepayment received for goods in correspondence with cash accounts, the debit shows the offset of prepayment.

Prepayment received on the current account or at the cash desk is reflected in the posting:

▪ Debit 51, 50 Credit 62 "Calculations on advance payment".

Recognition of these receipts as income of the seller organization is possible only after the proper execution of the contract for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services. Prior to this, the seller organization has an accounts payable to the counterparty that has paid in advance.

In this situation, VAT is charged on the prepayment amount.

Debit 62 "Calculations on advance payment" Credit 68 "VAT calculations".

The tax calculated from the advance payment is accepted for deduction regardless of the moment the goods are sold, i.e. the deduction is made on the day of shipment.

After fulfillment of the terms of the contract, the seller gets the opportunity to recognize income and expenses associated with the sale.

Debit 62 Credit 90 - reflected the proceeds from the sale of products.

Debit 90 Credit 43 - written off the cost of production.

Debit 90 Credit 68 - reflected VAT accrued upon shipment of products.

Since in accounting income and expenses are recognized in full, it is necessary to make a final settlement on an advance payment.

Debit 51 Credit 62 - the debt on shipped products is repaid.

Debit 62 "Calculations on advance payment" Credit 62 - the amount of the previously made prepayment is credited to the total debt.

Debit 68 Credit 62 "Calculations on advance payment" - the amount of VAT on the previously received advance payment is restored.

Recently, commercial lending to buyers in the sale of goods (works, services), including in the form of an advance payment, prepayment, deferment and installment payment, has been quite common.

The rules established by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation regarding loan and credit transactions are applied to a commercial loan, unless otherwise provided by the rules on the agreement under which lending is carried out, and does not contradict the essence of the obligation. The terms of a commercial loan agreement may provide for the accrual of interest on the amount of the buyer's (customer's) debt.

According to Art. 823 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a commercial loan is not an independent transaction of a loan type, but one of the conditions of a supply agreement. Consequently, interest on the principal amount of the debt under the contract, accrued in the event of a delay in its repayment, represents an increase in the price of goods, works, and services sold under the contract.

Based on clause 6.2 of PBU 9/99, it follows that when selling goods, performing work, rendering services on the terms of a commercial loan provided in the form of deferral and installment payment, the proceeds are accepted for accounting in the full amount of receivables.

24.3. Sales Cost Accounting

Sales expenses are expenses associated with the sale of products, goods, works and services.

The composition of sales expenses is regulated by industry regulations in the field of accounting, planning production costs and calculating the cost of production.

In manufacturing organizations, the following expenses are included in the sales expenses:

▪ costs of containers and packaging of finished products in the enterprise’s warehouses;

▪ for delivery of products to the departure station (pier), loading into wagons, ships, cars and other vehicles;

▪ commission fees paid to sales and other intermediary organizations;

▪ advertising expenses;

▪ entertainment expenses;

▪ other expenses similar in purpose.

On the basis of primary documents, the amount of sales expenses is reflected in the debit of account 44 "Sales expenses" in correspondence with the credit of the corresponding material, cash and current accounts: 02, 04, 05, 10, 60, 69, 70, etc.

Commercial expenses in accordance with paragraph 9 of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization" are recognized as expenses for ordinary activities and may be recognized in the cost of goods sold (products, works, services):

▪ directly;

▪ packaging and transportation costs, if direct inclusion is not possible, are distributed between individual types of products sold on a monthly basis, based on their weight, volume, production cost or other indicators provided for in industry instructions on planning, accounting and calculating the cost of products (works, services).

Sales expenses (sales expenses) are written off at the end of the reporting month to the cost of goods sold and reflected in accounting as follows:

▪ in full - debit to account 90/2 and credit to account 44;

▪ at the end of the month, the organization partially writes off sales expenses to the debit of account 90-2 from the credit of account 44. Packaging and transportation costs are distributed between sold products and the balance of products unsold at the end of the reporting period.

Topic 25. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTING

25.1. Classification of income and expenses

An organization's income is an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash or other property) and (or) the repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (property owners).

Profits are subdivided into:

▪ 1) income from ordinary activities - revenue from the sale of products and goods, income related to the performance of work, provision of services. If the subject of the organization’s activity is the provision for a fee for temporary possession and (or) temporary possession and use of its assets under a lease agreement, then rent is considered revenue.

In organizations whose subject of activity is the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions and other types of intellectual property, royalties are considered revenue.

When an organization participates in the authorized capitals of other organizations, proceeds are considered to be proceeds in connection with this activity.

2) other income.

▪ operating rooms:

▪ receipts associated with the provision for a fee for temporary possession and (or) temporary possession and use of the organization’s assets;

▪ revenues associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions and other types of intellectual property;

▪ income related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations;

▪ profit received as a result of joint activities;

▪ proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency);

▪ interest on the use of the organization's funds;

▪ interest on the use of the organization’s funds in bank accounts, etc.

▪ non-operating:

▪ fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms;

▪ assets received free of charge;

▪ proceeds to compensate for losses caused to the organization;

▪ profit of previous years identified in the reporting year;

▪ the amount of accounts payable and depositors for which the statute of limitations has expired;

▪ exchange rate differences;

▪ amount of revaluation of assets, etc.

▪ emergency - revenues arising as a consequence of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, flood):

▪ insurance compensation;

▪ the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use.

The expenses of an organization are a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash or other property) and (or) the emergence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization, with the exception of a decrease in contributions by decision of the participants (property owners).

Costs are subdivided into:

▪ 1) expenses for ordinary activities - expenses associated with the manufacture and sale of products, the acquisition and sale of goods, the performance of work, and the provision of services.

The organization's expenses for ordinary activities are recognized as expenses, the implementation of which is associated with this activity, if its subject is:

▪ provision for a fee for temporary possession and (or) temporary possession and use of its assets under a lease agreement;

▪ provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions and other types of intellectual property;

▪ participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations;

▪ Reimbursement of the cost of depreciable assets (fixed assets, intangible assets), carried out in the form of depreciation charges, is also considered expenses for ordinary activities.

Expenses for ordinary activities are formed from two components:

▪ expenses associated with the acquisition of raw materials, materials, goods and other material inventories (Debit accounts 10 "Materials", 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material values", 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets);

▪ expenses arising directly in the production process (Debit accounts 20 "Primary production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production expenses"), accounts for the sale of goods (44 "Sales Expenses"), management (26 "General running costs");

▪ 2) other expenses:

▪ operating rooms:

▪ expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary possession and (or) temporary possession and use of the organization’s assets;

▪ costs associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions and other types of intellectual property;

▪ expenses associated with participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations;

▪ expenses associated with the disposal of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), goods, and products;

▪ interest on the use of the organization's funds;

▪ expenses related to payment for services of credit institutions;

▪ contributions to valuation reserves (for doubtful debts, for depreciation of investments in securities, etc.);

▪ taxes (on advertising, property), etc.;

▪ non-operating:

▪ fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms;

▪ compensation for losses caused by the organization;

▪ losses of previous years identified in the reporting year;

▪ the amount of receivables for which the statute of limitations has expired;

▪ exchange rate differences;

▪ amount of asset depreciation;

▪ transfer of funds related to charitable activities, expenses for sporting events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events, other similar events, etc.;

▪ extraordinary - expenses arising as a consequence of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity (natural disasters, fires, floods).

25.2. Recognition of income and expenses

Profits from the main activity (revenue) are recognized in accounting if the following conditions are met:

▪ the organization has the right to receive this revenue arising from a specific agreement or confirmed in another way;

▪ the amount of revenue can be determined;

▪ there is confidence that as a result of a specific transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization. Such certainty exists when the organization received an asset as payment or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of the asset;

▪ ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product (goods) transferred to the purchasing organization or the work was accepted by the customer (service provided);

▪ the expenses that have been incurred or will be incurred in connection with this operation can be determined.

Costs are recognized in accounting under the following conditions:

▪ expenses are made in accordance with a specific agreement, the requirements of legislative and regulatory acts, and business customs;

▪ the amount of expense can be determined;

▪ there is confidence that as a result of a specific transaction there will be a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization.

If in relation to any expenses incurred by the organization, at least one of the named conditions is not fulfilled, then the organization's accounting records recognize receivables.

25.3. The procedure for determining the financial result from sales

Account 90 "Sales" is intended to summarize information on income and expenses associated with the ordinary activities of the organization, as well as to determine the financial result for them. The debit of account 90 reflects expenses, and the credit shows income.

When recognized in accounting, the amount of revenue is reflected in the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and the credit of account 90. At the same time, the following are written off to the debit of account 90:

▪ from the credit of account 43 “Finished products” (41 “Goods”) - the cost of sold products (goods), if the transfer of ownership of the product coincides with its shipment;

▪ from the credit of account 40 “Product output” - if the products are accounted for in account 43 at standard (planned) cost;

▪ from the credit of account 45 “Goods shipped” - the cost of products (goods) sold, if the transfer of ownership of the product differs from usual (that is, not at the time of its shipment);

▪ from the credit of account 20 “Main production” - the cost of work and services sold;

▪ from the credit of account 44 “Sales expenses” - expenses associated with the sale of products, goods, works, services;

▪ from the credit of account 26 “General operating expenses” - administrative expenses, if, in accordance with the accounting policy, these expenses are included in the cost of products sold;

▪ from the credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” - VAT, which is included in revenue and is subject to accrual to the budget (if for tax purposes revenue is determined “by shipment”);

▪ from the credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - VAT, which is included in revenue and is subject to accrual to the budget (if for tax purposes revenue is determined “by payment”).

By comparing the debit and credit turnover on account 90, that is, by comparing income and expenses, the financial result from the main activity for the month is determined - profit or loss.

The financial result is written off by posting: Debit accounts 90 Credit accounts 99 "Profit and loss" - profit;

▪ Debit accounts 99 Credit accounts 90 - loss.

Thus, the synthetic account 90 "Sales" has no balance at the end of the month.

Features of accounting in subaccounts of account 90 “Sales”. Closing sub-accounts at the end of the reporting year. Sub-accounts can be opened for account 90 “Sales”:

▪ 90-1 “Revenue” - receipts recognized as revenue;

▪ 90-2 “Cost of sales” - cost of sales for which revenue is recognized in subaccount 90-1;

▪ 90-3 “VAT” - amounts of VAT due from the buyer (customer);

▪ 90-4 “Excise taxes” - the amount of excise taxes included in the price of products (goods) sold;

▪ 90-9 “Profit/loss from sales” - is intended to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month.

Entries on sub-accounts are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the total debit turnover on subaccounts 90-2, 90-3 and 90-4 and the credit turnover on subaccount 90-1, the financial result (profit or loss) for the reporting month is determined.

This financial result is monthly (final turnovers) debited from subaccount 90-9 to account 99. Thus, synthetic account 90 has no balance at the end of the month.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 90 "Sales" (except for sub-account 90-9) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 90-9:

▪ Debit accounts 90-1 Credit accounts 90-9;

▪ Debit accounts 90-9 Credit accounts 90-2;

▪ Debit accounts 90-9 Credit accounts 90-3;

▪ Debit accounts 90-9 Credit accounts 90-4.

25.4. The procedure for determining the financial result for other types of activities

Account 91 "Other income and expenses" is intended to summarize information on other income and expenses (operating and non-operating) of the reporting period (excluding extraordinary ones), as well as to determine the financial result on them. The credit of account 91 reflects other income, and the debit - other expenses.

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 91:

▪ 91-1 “Other income”;

▪ 91-2 "Other expenses";

▪ 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses."

Sub-account 91-1 takes into account receipts of assets recognized as other income (except for extraordinary ones), sub-account 91-2 takes into account other expenses (with the exception of extraordinary ones).

On sub-account 91-9, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is revealed.

Entries on sub-accounts 91-1, 91-2 are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit turnover on subaccount 91-2 and the credit turnover on subaccount 91-1, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined. This balance is monthly (final turnovers) written off to account 99 "Profit and Loss":

▪ Debit accounts 90-9 Credit accounts 99 - profit;

▪ Debit accounts 99 Credit accounts 90-9 - loss.

Thus, synthetic account 91 has no balance at the end of the month.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 91 (except for sub-account 91-9) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 91-9:

▪ Debit accounts 91-1 Credit accounts 91-9;

▪ Debit accounts 91-9 Credit accounts 91-2.

Accounting for the sale of non-current assets, inventories and other assets. When selling assets (other than cash) on the credit of account 91-1 in correspondence with the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”), the debt owed to the buyer for the sold property is reflected. In this case, the debit account 91-2 corresponds to:

▪ with Credit accounts 01 "Fixed assets", sub-account "Retirement of fixed assets", 04 "Intangible assets" - the residual value of non-current assets (fixed assets and intangible assets);

▪ - Credit accounts 10 "Materials" - the actual cost of materials is written off;

▪ - Credit accounts 10, 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security", 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", etc. - expenses associated with the sale of assets;

▪ - Credit accounts 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" (account 76, corresponding sub-account) - charge of VAT to the budget.

Accounting for other operating income and expenses. Operating income is reflected in the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 1 “Other income”, in correspondence with the debit of account 76. Such income includes:

▪ receipts related to receipts for payment for the temporary use of the organization’s assets;

▪ rent;

▪ income related to participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, including interest and other income on securities;

▪ profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities;

▪ interest received for providing the organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds in bank accounts.

Operating expenses are reflected in the debit of account 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", in correspondence with the credit of different accounts:

▪ expenses associated with the provision for temporary use of the organization's assets for a fee - with a credit to accounts 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets", 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets", 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security", 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages" " and etc.;

▪ expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations - with a credit to account 76;

▪ interest paid by an organization for funds provided to it for use (credits, borrowings) - with the credit of accounts 66 “Short-term credits and borrowings”, 67 “Long-term credits and borrowings”;

▪ expenses associated with payment for services provided by credit institutions - with the credit of account 51 “Current accounts”, 76.

Accounting for non-operating income and expenses. Non-operating income is reflected in the credit of account 91, subaccount 1 “Other income”:

▪ fines, penalties, penalties for violation of the terms of contracts (accepted in the amount recognized or awarded): debit of accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, 76;

▪ assets received free of charge, including under a gift agreement: debit account 98 “Deferred income”;

▪ exchange rate differences: debit of accounts 50 “Cash”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 58 “Financial investments”, 60, 62, 76, etc.;

▪ amounts of accounts payable and depositors for which the statute of limitations has expired: debit of accounts 60, 76;

▪ other non-operating income: debit of accounts 01 “Fixed assets”, 10 “Materials”, 41 “Goods” - inventory surplus.

Non-operating expenses are reflected in the debit of account 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses":

▪ fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms: credit to accounts 60, 76;

▪ the amount of receivables for which the statute of limitations has expired: debit of account 007 “Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss”, credit of accounts 62, 76;

▪ exchange rate differences: credit of accounts 50, 52, 58, 60, 62, 76, etc.;

▪ the amount of depreciation of assets, with the exception of non-current assets: credit to account 14 “Reserves for reduction in the value of material assets”;

▪ other non-operating expenses (shortages during inventory: credit to account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”).

25.5. The procedure for recording operations for the formation of financial results on the accounts of accounting

Account 99 "Profits and losses" is intended to summarize information on the formation of the final financial result of the organization's activities in the reporting year. The final financial result consists of the financial result from ordinary activities, other income and expenses (including extraordinary ones). The debit of account 99 reflects losses and losses, and the credit - profits and incomes. Comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period - profit or loss.

On account 99 during the reporting year are reflected:

▪ Profit (loss) from ordinary activities - is defined as the difference between income and expenses from ordinary activities:

▪ Debit accounts 99 Credit accounts 90-9 - loss; Debit accounts 90-9 Credit accounts 99 - profit.

▪ Profit (loss) from other operations - is defined as the difference between (operating and non-operating) income and (operating and non-operating) expenses:

▪ Debit accounts 99 Credit accounts 91-9 - loss; Debit accounts 91-9 Credit accounts 99 - profit.

▪ Expenses and income from operations arising as a consequence of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity are defined as the difference between extraordinary income and extraordinary expenses.

Extraordinary incomes are receipts that arise as a result of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.): insurance compensation, the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use, etc. p. They are drawn up with accounting entries for the debit of accounts 51 "Settlement accounts", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", etc. and credit of account 99.

Extraordinary expenses are expenses that arise as a result of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity. They are made out by accounting entries for the debit of account 99 and the credit of accounts 01 "Fixed assets", sub-account "Disposal", 10 "Materials", etc. (or with the additional use of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables").

▪ Income tax and payments for recalculation of this tax: debit to account 99 and credit to account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, subaccount “Income Tax”.

▪ Fines and penalties to the budget: debit to account 99 and credit to account 68, the corresponding subaccount.

At the end of the reporting year, when compiling the annual financial statements, account 99 is closed. In this case, the final entry in December, the amount of net profit (loss) of the reporting year is debited from account 99 to the credit or debit of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

Topic 26. CAPITAL ACCOUNTING

26.1. Capital and its components

Capital is the investment of the owners and the profit accumulated over the entire period of the organization's activity. When determining the financial position of an organization, the amount of capital is calculated as the difference between assets and liabilities.

1. Owner investments (advanced by the owners of capital).

Authorized capital - depending on the organizational and legal form of the organization, it can be called differently:

▪ in business partnerships (full partnership and limited partnership) - share capital;

▪ in business companies (joint stock company and limited liability company) - authorized (share) capital;

▪ at state and municipal unitary enterprises - authorized capital;

▪ in production cooperatives - a mutual fund.

The authorized capital performs three functions. It defines:

▪ the “starting” amount of capital to begin the real activities of the organization;

▪ the share of participation of each owner in the management of the organization and in the distribution of its profits by establishing the share of each owner in the authorized capital;

▪ the minimum amount of property of an organization that guarantees the interests of its creditors.

Share premium is the excess of the market value of property units (shares, shares) over their nominal value, by the amount of which the owners transfer the property of the organization (a component of the accounting category "additional capital");

▪ 2. Reinvested profit (profit left at the disposal of the organization).

▪ Profit received as a result of the organization’s functioning:

▪ retained earnings (accounting category “Retained earnings”, account 84);

▪ distributed profit (accounting category "Reserve capital", account 82).

▪ Profit received as a result of an increase in the value of property identified through revaluation (component of the accounting category “Additional capital”, account 83).

▪ Profit generated as a result of receiving funds free of charge from the budget or from individuals and legal entities for strictly defined purposes (accounting category “Targeted financing”, account 96).

26.2. Authorized capital

The authorized (share) capital is a set of contributions (shares), shares (at par value) of the founders in monetary terms to the property of the organization during its creation to ensure activities in the amounts determined by the constituent documents.

Article 26 of the Federal Law of December 26.12.1995, 208 No. 1000-FZ "On Joint-Stock Companies" determines the minimum amount of the authorized capital for open joint-stock companies (OJSC) - 100 minimum wages, for closed joint-stock companies (CJSC) - XNUMX minimum wages. The upper limit is not legally regulated.

After state registration of an organization created at the expense of the founders, according to the constituent documents, an entry is made in accounting for the amount of the declared authorized capital:

▪ Debit accounts 75 "Settlements with founders" Credit accounts 80 "Authorized capital".

Contributions of the founders to the authorized capital may be cash, securities, other things or property rights or other rights having a monetary value. Upon receipt of funds and material assets from the founders as contributions to the authorized capital, the following entries are made:

▪ Debit accounts 07 "Equipment for installation", 08 "Investments in non-current assets, 10 "Materials", 41 "Products", 50 "Cash register", 51 "Settlement Accounts", etc.

Credit accounts 75.

When increasing the authorized capital in accounting, the following actions are carried out:

▪ by adding part of the profit: Debit accounts 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)" Credit accounts 80;

▪ by adding part of the additional capital: Debit accounts 83 "Extra capital" Credit accounts 80;

▪ through additional contributions from the founders: Debit accounts 75 "Settlements with founders" Credit accounts 80 "Authorized capital".

When the authorized capital is reduced as a result of the withdrawal of one of the participants, it is necessary to make entries:

▪ Debit accounts 80 Credit accounts 75;

▪ Debit accounts 75 Credit accounts 50, 51, 90 "Sales", 91 "Other income and expenses".

The size of the authorized capital should not be less than the value of the organization's net assets.

Contributory (share) capital is formed in general partnerships or limited partnerships. Partnerships are registered on the basis of a constituent agreement, which determines the size and composition of the share capital. The value of the share capital is determined by the constituent documents. It is not fixed and may change. Accounting for the share capital is kept on account 80, which in this case is called "Contributions of comrades."

The formation of the share capital is reflected in the accounting entry:

▪ Debit accounts 75 "Settlements with founders" Credit accounts 80.

A separate analytical account is opened for each participant, on which the amount of his contribution is taken into account. The contributed capital is accounted for as equity. The payment received from the founders (partners) is reflected in the debit of accounts 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts", etc. and in the credit of account 75. The assessment of the contribution is made at the cost agreed upon by the participants.

Upon retirement, a member of the partnership is paid a part of the value of the property in proportion to his share in the share capital. When the partnership is liquidated, the property is distributed among the participants.

The share fund of a production cooperative is formed from the mandatory contributions of its members and the transfer of part of the profits received to the share fund.

The formation of a mutual fund is reflected in the debit of accounts 10 "Materials", 41 "Goods", 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts", etc., and the credit of account 80, which in this case is called the "Share Fund".

The retired members of the cooperative have the right to receive a share at the expense of the share fund.

The mutual fund is reduced to cover the loss. A decrease in the share fund is reflected in the debit of account 80 "Share Fund" and the credit of the account of settlements with members of the production cooperative (75 "Settlements with founders", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors").

The statutory fund is formed in accordance with the established procedure by state and municipal unitary enterprises - this is a set of fixed and working capital allocated to an enterprise by the state or municipal bodies.

To reflect settlements of a unitary enterprise with a state or municipal body - the founder of this enterprise - account 75 "Settlements with founders" should be used. It accumulates information on the status of settlements for the formation of the authorized capital of a unitary enterprise and the payment of income due to a state or municipal body. If a unitary enterprise has any other settlements with a state or municipal authority, then the corresponding accounts of the Chart of Accounts should be used to account for such settlements.

The allocation of property to a unitary enterprise (the formation of an authorized fund) is reflected in the debit of account 75 and the credit of account 80.

The adoption of a decision by the state (municipal) body to replenish the working capital of a unitary enterprise is reflected in the debit of account 75 and the credit of account 80.

The actual receipt of property from the state (municipal) body is reflected in the debit of accounts 01 "Fixed assets", 04 "Intangible assets", 07 "Equipment for installation", 51 "Settlement accounts", 58 "Financial investments", etc. and credit of account 75 .

26.3. Reserve capital

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the formation of reserve capital may be mandatory and, in accordance with the procedure established in the constituent documents, or accounting policy, voluntary.

In a joint-stock company, reserve capital is created in the amount provided for by the charter of the company, but not less than 5% of its authorized capital. The reserve capital is formed by mandatory annual deductions until it reaches the amount established by the charter, at least 5% of net profit. When the reserve capital is formed, an entry is made in accounting:

▪ Debit accounts 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)" Credit accounts 82 "Reserve capital".

The reserve capital of a joint-stock company is intended to cover its losses, as well as to redeem bonds and buy back shares of the company in the absence of other funds.

When capital is directed to cover losses in accounting, an entry is made on the debit of account 82 and the credit of account 84.

26.4. Extra capital

Additional capital plays an important role in assessing the financial position of the organization. It is formed:

▪ due to the increase in property value during the revaluation of fixed assets;

▪ as exchange rate difference on contributions to the authorized capital of the organization;

▪ at the expense of share premium received as a result of the placement of shares.

Accounting for additional capital is kept on account 83 "Additional capital" on sub-accounts:

▪ 83-1 “Increase in property value as a result of revaluation”;

▪ 83-2 "Share premium".

When accounting operations for the formation of additional capital are reflected, the following entries are made:

▪ revaluation (revaluation) of fixed assets: Debit accounts 01 "Fixed assets" Credit accounts 83-1;

▪ to increase the amount of depreciation as a result of revaluation: Debit accounts 83-1 Credit accounts 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets";

▪ for the received share premium:

▪ Debit accounts 75 "Settlements with founders" Credit accounts 83-2.

Reduction of additional capital is possible in the following cases:

▪ when the value of fixed assets decreases as a result of revaluation: Debit accounts 83 Credit accounts 01;

▪ when using additional capital funds to increase the authorized capital: Debit accounts 83 Credit accounts 80. In this case, one should keep in mind the norm laid down in Art. 100 of the Civil Code, according to which an increase in the authorized capital of a joint-stock company is allowed after its full payment;

▪ when using additional capital funds to repay a loss identified based on the results of work for the reporting year: Debit accounts 83 Credit accounts 84. (The issue of allocating additional capital to cover the loss incurred during the year for the organization as a whole should be approached with caution. It is not allowed to use the amount of the increase in the value of property as a result of revaluation to cover losses.);

▪ when distributed among the founders: Debit accounts 83 Credit accounts 75.

Topic 27. REPORTING OF THE ORGANIZATION

27.1. Requirements for the preparation of financial statements

The procedure for compiling and submitting financial statements is regulated by Federal Law No. 21.11.1996-FZ of November 129, 4 "On Accounting", PBU 99/06.07.1999 "Accounting Statements of an Organization" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 43 No. 22.08.2003n), order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 67/XNUMX/XNUMX No. XNUMXn "On the forms of financial statements of organizations".

Certain requirements are imposed on financial statements compiled on the basis of accounting data.

▪ Reliability and completeness. The financial statements must include the data necessary to form a reliable and complete picture of the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position.

▪ Neutrality. When preparing financial statements, an organization must ensure the neutrality of the information contained in it, i.e., unilateral satisfaction of the interests of some groups of users of financial statements over others is excluded. Ideally, accounting reporting should serve the interests of all its users.

▪ Materiality. Indicators about individual assets, liabilities, income, expenses, business transactions, as well as capital components should be presented separately in the financial statements (for example, as a separate line in the balance sheet), if their absence may affect the adoption of economic decisions by interested users, the assessment of the financial position of the organization or financial results of its activities.

Comparability and comparability. When compiling the balance sheet, income statement and explanations to them, the organization must adhere to the content and forms of financial statements adopted by it from one reporting period to another. This means that the information disclosed in the financial statements must be comparable over time.

27.2. Composition and content of financial statements

Financial statements are a system of indicators reflecting the property and financial position of an organization at the reporting date, as well as the financial results of its activities for a certain period.

The financial statements of the organization should include performance indicators of all its branches, representative offices and other divisions.

▪ Accounting statements include:

▪ balance sheet (form No. 1);

▪ profit and loss statement (form No. 2);

▪ explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss statement;

▪ auditor's report (if, by law, reporting is subject to mandatory audit).

Organizations must prepare financial statements for the month, quarter and year on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year. At the same time, monthly and quarterly reporting are intermediate.

The reporting year for organizations is the period from January 1 to December 31 inclusive. For newly created organizations, the first reporting year is the period from the date of their state registration to December 31, inclusive, and for organizations established after October 1, to December 31 of the next year, inclusive.

For the preparation of financial statements, the reporting date is the last calendar day of the reporting period, inclusive.

▪ The annual reporting includes:

▪ balance sheet (form No. 1);

▪ profit and loss statement (form No. 2);

▪ explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss statement;

▪ the final part of the auditor's report.

Small business entities have the right not to submit explanations to the balance sheet and income statement as part of the annual report.

▪ Quarterly financial statements include:

▪ balance sheet (form No. 1);

▪ profit and loss statement (form No. 2).

27.3. The meaning and functions of the balance sheet

The balance sheet is the main source of information about the financial position of the organization as of the reporting date. In the Asset of the balance, information is collected about the property of the organization, that is, about the value of its assets, in the Passive - about the sources of its formation.

There are two sections in the Asset: I. "Non-current assets"; II. "Current Assets". There are three sections in the Passive: III. "Capital and Reserves", IV. "Long-term obligations", V. "Short-term obligations". Each section consists of articles. Each article has its own serial number and contains information about one or more objects.

The total of the Asset is equal to the total of the Passive. The result of the balance sheet is otherwise called the balance sheet currency.

The column "At the beginning of the year" shows data at the beginning of the year (opening balance sheet), which must correspond to the data in the column "At the end of the year" of the previous year (closing balance sheet). In the event of a change in the opening balance sheet as of January 1 of the reporting year, the reasons for this change (reorganization, revaluation) must be indicated in the explanatory note to the balance sheet.

The column "At the end of the reporting period" shows data on the value of assets, capital and liabilities at the end of the reporting period (month, quarter, year).

Assets and liabilities must be presented with the subdivision, depending on the term of circulation (repayment), for short-term and long-term. Assets and liabilities are presented as short-term if the term of circulation (repayment) for them is not more than 12 months after the reporting date or the duration of the operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months. All other assets and liabilities are presented as non-current.

Offsetting between Asset items and Liability items is not allowed in the balance sheet, except when such offset is provided for by the relevant RAS.

The balance sheet should include numerical indicators in the net assessment, that is, minus the regulatory values, which should be disclosed in the explanatory notes to the balance sheet.

27.4. Meaning and Functions of the Income Statement

The income statement characterizes the financial results of the organization's activities for the reporting period, that is, it shows what the organization's profit (loss) is for the reporting period and how it was formed.

Profits in the income statement are reflected with their subdivision by type:

▪ revenue;

▪ operating income;

▪ non-operating income;

▪ extraordinary income (if it occurs).

Indicators constituting 5% or more of the total amount of the organization's income for the reporting period are shown for each type separately.

Costs organizations are shown with a division:

▪ the cost of goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered;

▪ commercial expenses;

▪ administrative expenses;

▪ operating expenses;

▪ non-operating expenses;

▪ extraordinary expenses (if they arise).

If the profit and loss statement highlights the types of income, each of which individually amounts to 5% or more of the total income of the organization, then the part of the expenses corresponding to each type is shown.

Operating and non-operating income may be shown net of expenses related to these incomes when:

▪ accounting rules provide for or do not prohibit such recognition of income;

▪ these income and expenses are not significant for characterizing the financial position of the organization.

27.5. Consolidated financial statements

In accordance with paragraph 91 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29.07.1998, 34 No. 30.12.1996 n), "if the organization has subsidiaries and affiliates, in addition to its own accounting report, a consolidated accounting reporting, including indicators of reports of such companies located on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad, in the manner established by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. This procedure is determined by the Guidelines for the preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 112, XNUMX No. XNUMX).

A business company is recognized as a subsidiary if another (main) business company or partnership, by virtue of its predominant participation in its authorized capital, or in accordance with an agreement concluded between them, or otherwise has the ability to determine decisions made by such a company (clause 1 of article 105 of the Civil Code ).

A business company is recognized as dependent if another (predominant, participating) company has more than 20% of the voting shares of a joint-stock company (JSC) or 20% of the authorized capital of a limited liability company (LLC) (clause 1, article 106 of the Civil Code).

Consolidated financial statements (SBO) is a system of indicators reflecting the financial position as of the reporting date and financial results for the reporting period of a group of related organizations (hereinafter referred to as the Group).

The SBO of the Group combines the financial statements of the parent organization and its subsidiaries, and also includes data on dependent companies. The parent organization in relation to subsidiaries acts as the main company (partnership), and in relation to dependent companies - as the predominant (participating) company.

At the same time, subsidiary and dependent companies are legal entities.

The financial statements of a subsidiary are combined with the SBO if the parent organization:

▪ owns more than 50% of the voting shares of a JSC or more than 50% of the authorized capital of an LLC;

▪ determines decisions made by the subsidiary in accordance with the agreement concluded between the parent organization and the subsidiary;

▪ has other ways of determining decisions made by a subsidiary.

Data on a dependent company are included in the SBO if the parent organization has more than 20% of the voting shares of a joint-stock company or more than 20% of the authorized capital of an LLC.

Subsidiary or affiliate data may not be included in the SRS if the parent organization:

▪ acquired shares in the authorized capital of a subsidiary or dependent company for a short-term period for the purpose of subsequent resale;

▪ cannot determine decisions made by a subsidiary.

The SBO combines all assets and liabilities, income and expenses of the parent organization and subsidiaries.

Consolidation of the financial statements of the parent organization and subsidiaries is carried out by line-by-line summation of the relevant data.

When compiling the SBO, a single accounting policy is used in relation to similar items of assets, liabilities, income and expenses of the financial statements of the parent organization and subsidiaries.

Before combining the financial statements of the parent company and subsidiaries in the SBO, a procedure is carried out to exclude certain indicators within the Group in order for the SBO to reflect the financial position and financial results of the Group in transactions with third parties.

The consolidated balance sheet does not include:

▪ 1. From the balance sheet of the parent organization:

▪ financial investments of the parent organization in the authorized capitals of subsidiaries;

▪ accounts receivable from subsidiaries;

▪ accounts payable to subsidiaries;

▪ profit (loss) from transactions with subsidiaries.

2. From the balance sheets of subsidiaries:

▪ the authorized capital of the subsidiary in the part owned by the parent organization;

▪ accounts payable of the parent organization and other subsidiaries;

▪ accounts receivable from the parent organization and other subsidiaries (including dividends);

▪ profit (loss) from transactions with the parent organization and other subsidiaries.

If the financial investments of the parent organization are not equal to the authorized capital of the subsidiary, then the difference between them is reflected in the consolidated balance sheet as a separate item "Business reputation of subsidiaries":

▪ if the financial investments of the parent organization are greater than the authorized capital of the subsidiary - in the Asset;

▪ if the financial investments of the parent organization are less than the authorized capital of the subsidiary - in Liability.

The consolidated income statement does not include:

▪ revenue from the sale of products (goods, works, services) between the parent organization and subsidiaries, between subsidiaries of a given group;

▪ costs attributable to the specified revenue;

▪ any other income and expenses arising as a result of transactions between the parent organization and subsidiaries, as well as between subsidiaries of this group.

Notes

1. The names of accounts marked with * will appear as they are entered into the accounting system.

Authors: Erofeeva V.A., Timofeeva O.V.

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