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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of modern times. England at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries (the most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 79. ENGLAND IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES By the end of the XIX century. In England, there has been a slowdown in the pace of industrial development due to the increased export of capital from the country. English entrepreneurs and bankers preferred to invest their capital in countries where raw materials and labor were cheaper. The export of capital gave a profit five times higher than the income from foreign trade. As a result, the domestic industry often did not have the funds to upgrade obsolete equipment. After the unification of Germany, the young empire began to push England on the world market. German goods, which were cheaper than English ones, were in high demand in all countries. The sale of English goods in the young industrial states was also hindered by high customs duties, and England, by tradition, adhered to the rules of duty-free trade. And although the country's economy remained fashionable in the 90s. XIX century, its role as the workshop of the world was a thing of the past. At the beginning of the XX century. in England, as in other countries, monopoly capitalism is developing. Powerful corporations and monopolies emerge, but family firms continue to play a significant role in the economy. The situation in agriculture becomes difficult - farmers who rented land from landlords could not compete with the flow of relatively cheap food coming into the country from the colonies. The unenviable position of the agricultural worker did not attract young people, and they went to work in the cities, replenishing the population of the slums. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. England continued its colonial conquests. She took possession of Burma, Nigeria, Somalia, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, established a protectorate over the island of Zanzibar and Egypt (after the suppression of an uprising in 1882 in Alexandria by British troops). Having bought shares in the Suez Canal, England established control over it, which ensured its dominance on the routes to India. In southern Africa, England created colonies - Cape, Natal and Basutoland. As a result of colonial conquests, the population and area of the British colonies by the beginning of the XNUMXth century. increased by more than one and a half times. Economic crises in England in the late XIX - early XX centuries. exacerbated the internal political situation in the country - the labor movement became more active, new trade unions (trade unions) arose. The workers demanded the introduction of an 8-hour working day, pensions from the age of 60, the election of workers' representatives in parliament, etc. The rise of the labor movement forced the government to carry out social reforms. From 1906 to 1916 in power in England were the liberals, who began moderate reforms in order to create a class world. The author of many reforms and their initiator was David Lloyd George. The Laborites, who were in power at the beginning of the 8th century, achieved the establishment of an 70-hour working day for miners, pensions for the elderly who have reached 1904 years of age, introduced sickness, disability and unemployment insurance; entrepreneurs were forbidden to claim compensation from trade unions for losses suffered by corporations during strikes; at the expense of entrepreneurs introduced benefits in case of accidents at work. The head of the Labor government, Lloyd George, achieved the adoption of a law that would limit the veto power of the House of Lords. At the beginning of the XX century. exacerbated the foreign policy situation in Europe. Therefore, England agreed to conclude an agreement on a military alliance with France (in 1907), and in XNUMX an agreement was signed with Russia. This bloc was called the Entente (Triple Entente) and became a counterbalance to the Triple Alliance (led by Germany). Authors: Alekseev V.S., Pushkareva N.V. << Back: The development of political thought at the beginning of the XNUMXth century >> Forward: Germany at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries
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