Accounting financial accounting. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
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Accounting financial accounting. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents

1. THEORY OF ACCOUNTING

Бухгалтерский учет is an ordered system for collecting, registering and summarizing information in value terms about the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of the organization and their changes, expressed in a continuous, continuous, documentary reflection of all business transactions. From the definition of accounting follow its goals - collection, registration and generalization of information about the financial and economic activities of the organization.

Unlike other types of accounting, accounting:

▪ is documented;

▪ continuous (from day to day) in time and continuous in scope (without any omissions) of all changes occurring in the financial and economic activities of the organization;

▪ applies special, unique methods of processing information (accounting accounts, double entry, balance sheet, etc.).

Accounting consists of four independent parts: theory of accounting, financial accounting, management accounting and tax accounting.

Accounting Theory - a science that studies the theoretical, methodological foundations and practical recommendations for the organization of the accounting system as a whole.

Financial Accounting is a system for collecting and summarizing accounting information that provides accounting and registration of business transactions, as well as the preparation of accounting (financial) statements. Financial accounting data is used within the organization by managers of various levels and external users (investors, creditors, banks, tax and financial authorities, etc.). Financial accounting covers a significant part of accounting, accumulating information about the property of the organization - intangible assets, fixed assets, leased property, financial investments, cash, other current assets, liabilities of the organization, capital, and other sources of property formation.

Management Accounting - an integral part of accounting, designed to collect accounting information used within the organization by managers at various levels. Its main purpose is to provide in full the necessary information to managers responsible for achieving specific production results, solving problems of evaluating business performance.

Tax accounting - an integral part of accounting, designed to collect accounting information that provides accounting registration of taxes and fees for the purpose of objective taxation and tax reporting.

2. PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING

Principle - the basis, initial, basic position of accounting as a science, which predetermines all subsequent statements arising from it. The basic principles of accounting are as follows. Principle autonomy - assumes that this or that organization exists as a single independent legal entity; the property of the organization is strictly separated from the property of its co-owners, employees and other legal entities. Principle double entry - consists in the reflection of economic phenomena, facts and operations, predetermined by the use of double entry in accounts, simultaneously and for the same amount on the debit of one account and the credit of another accounting account. Principle operating organization - assumes that the organization is functioning normally and will retain its market position in the foreseeable future, repaying obligations to suppliers and consumers and other partners in the prescribed manner. Principle objectivity (registration) consists in the fact that all business transactions must be reflected in accounting, be registered throughout all stages of accounting, confirmed by supporting documents on the basis of which accounting is maintained. Principle prudence (conservatism) assumes a certain degree of care in the process of forming the judgments required in calculations made under conditions of uncertainty, which avoids overstating assets (or income) and understating liabilities (or expenses). Principle accruals (conditional facts of economic activity) - all transactions are recorded as they occur, and not at the time of payment, and refer to the reporting period when the transaction was performed.

Principle periodicity - regular, periodically recurring balance summarization of accounting information - preparation of the balance sheet and other forms of reporting for the year, half year, quarter, month; this principle ensures the comparability of reporting data, allows you to calculate financial results after certain periods. Principle confidentiality lies in the fact that the content of internal accounting information constitutes a trade secret of the organization, for the disclosure of which and damage to the interests of an economic entity, liability is provided. Principle monetary dimension involves the quantitative measurement of the facts of economic activity and the use of the country's currency as a unit of measurement. Principle continuity - reasonable adherence to national traditions, achievements of domestic science and practice.

3. FEATURES OF CHARTS OF ACCOUNTS USED IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD

Chart of Accounts is a scheme for registering and grouping the facts of economic activity, assets, liabilities in accounting. The Chart of Accounts contains the names and numbers (codes) of synthetic accounts (accounts of the first order), the list of which is mandatory for use by organizations, and sub-accounts (accounts of the second order). Synthetic accounts have a two-digit number (from 01 to 99), divided into eight sections, each of which has free numbers in case of additional introduction of accounts. Sub-accounts of individual synthetic accounts are coded in order within each account. Off-balance accounts are numbered in sequence with three digits (from 001 to 011), given in the appendix to the Chart of Accounts.

In Russia, France, Germany and in a number of other countries, unified unified national charts of accounts are used, which are used by all organizations, regardless of ownership. Application of the Chart of Accounts and coding of business transactions in international accounting systems in the USA, UK and other countries more free than in Russian accounting.

Comparative analysis of accounting in Russia and the United States allows us to draw the following conclusion. In the United States, where capital is privately owned, the distribution of resources is carried out both with the participation of the state and through the free capital market. The development of accounting plans here by each firm is justified, as it reflects the national characteristics of the country's economy.

В of Russia the system of directive planning has been practically eliminated; a significant number of former state organizations have been privatized. However, during the period of transition to a market economy, state intervention is required in resolving economic issues of business entities. The applied Chart of Accounts should reflect the features of the current state of the national economy of Russia. The unified unified Chart of Accounts used in Russia has its advantages, since it provides:

▪ centralized unified methodological management of accounting and reporting;

▪ control over the correctness of accounting, reporting and use of the organization’s property;

▪ collection of information material for the country as a whole, regions and individual organizations, which serves as the basis for analyzing the activities of business entities at different levels and for making specific management decisions to further improve accounting and financial reporting.

4. INTERNATIONAL AND RUSSIAN STANDARDS OF FINANCIAL (ACCOUNTING) REPORTING

Experts in the field of accounting and auditing hold different opinions about the use of international standards in accounting in Russia. Conventionally, they can be divided into three directions:

1) to recommend full use of international accounting standards;

2) abandon the use of international standards altogether and develop only their own national - Russian ones;

3) develop Russian standards by adapting international standards to national accounting requirements.

The International Accounting Standards Committee (IFRS), which is an independent body of the private sector, is responsible for the unification of accounting principles abroad. The Committee was founded in 1973 by leading professional accounting organizations in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Holland, Great Britain, Ireland and the USA. Since 1983, all accounting organizations that are members of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) have become members of the IASB. Currently, other organizations that are not members of the IFRS but apply International Financial Reporting Standards are also involved in the work of the IASB.

The IASB is headquartered in London and is headed by a Secretary General. In 1995, the Supreme International Advisory Council was established at the headquarters of the Committee, which included prominent figures in high positions in accounting, business, and other users of financial reports. The Board's role is to ensure the adoption of international accounting standards and to enhance the credibility of the work of the IASB. The income part of the Committee's budget is formed from the contributions of organizations, major audit companies and transnational corporations, as well as proceeds from the sale of publications and developments of the Committee. As of January 1, 2007, there are 41 international financial reporting standards in force.

International Financial Reporting Standards is a set of rules, methods, terms and accounting procedures developed by highly professional international organizations and of a recommendatory nature.

The Interdepartmental Government Commission for the Reform of Accounting and Financial Reporting, in pursuance of the Accounting Reform Program in Russia, in accordance with international financial reporting standards, has prepared a number of national standards, some of which have been published in the form of Regulations.

Currently, Russia has adopted 20 Accounting Regulations (APS), some of which comply with the requirements of international financial reporting standards.

5. OBJECTS OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

To determine the objects of accounting, let's imagine an organization model as an enlarged structure of a management system that combines an organ or subject, management and a managed subsystem, channels of information communications and the external environment. Any economic system should be considered not only as a set of elements, but also as part of the external environment. In relation to the economy as a whole, external systems are the world economy, ecology, science, engineering, technology, etc. For individual organizations, the external environment is also formed by sectoral, regional, federal economic systems and their elements. Both the governing body and the managed subsystem are accounting objects.

The following processes should be distinguished in the structure of the managed subsystem:

▪ technical and economic (production and economic);

▪ financial and economic.

Technical and economic processes include technical preparation of production (TPP), supply, production, sales activities, as well as marketing (activities to study sales markets and stimulate sales).

By type and purpose financial resources are represented by non-current and current assets, the objects of which are often called property, and liabilities - equity and borrowed funds. To financial results includes profit (loss), the formation of which is preceded by receipt of income and expenses. reflected financial relations in settlements of an economic entity with partners: suppliers, buyers, banks and other credit organizations, investment institutions, insurance, trust and other companies. The elementary components of financial and economic processes include economic facts (operations).

6. BASIS FOR CARRYING OUT CASH OPERATIONS

Organizations make cash payments either by bank transfer or in cash. The use of cash in settlements is regulated by the Regulations on the rules for organizing cash circulation in the territory of the Russian Federation, the Procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation, etc.

In accordance with the Procedure for conducting cash transactions, each enterprise must have a cash desk.

Cashbox - an isolated room intended for receiving, issuing and temporarily storing cash in Russian and foreign currencies and monetary documents.

Cash are its most highly liquid assets, can be easily and quickly exchanged for any kind of material values. To monetary documents include postage stamps, state duty stamps, bills of exchange, shares, other types of securities, paid air tickets, vouchers to holiday homes, and other similar documents.

All cash transactions are handled by cashier. When starting a job, a cashier must familiarize himself with the rules for conducting cash transactions and enter into an agreement with the administration on full individual financial responsibility for the safety of the valuables he has accepted. All cash transactions must be formalized using unified forms of primary accounting documentation approved by Rosstat.

When organizations and individual entrepreneurs carry out cash settlements and (or) settlements using payment cards in cases of sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services, it is mandatory to apply cash register equipment (CCP), included in the state register.

For each copy of the CCP, a "Journal of the cashier-operator" (Form No. KM-4), which is used to record operations for the receipt and expenditure of cash (revenue) for each cash register, and is also a control and registration document of meter readings. The journal must be laced, numbered and sealed with the signatures of the tax inspector, the head of the organization and the chief accountant, and also certified with a seal.

Based on the entries made in the journal, the amount of revenue per day or shift is determined. The revenue is equal to the difference between the meter readings at the end and the beginning of the working day (shift), reduced by the amount of checks returned by customers. When checks are returned, an act is issued on the return of funds to buyers (clients) on unused cashier's checks (form No. KM-3).

According to the regulation "On the rules for organizing cash circulation", bank institutions at least once every two years check compliance with the procedure for conducting cash transactions and working with cash.

7. DOCUMENTATION OF CASH OPERATIONS

Cash transactions are processed standard interdepartmental forms primary accounting documentation approved by the State Statistics Committee. These documents include:

1) incoming cash order (PKO) - f. No. KO-1;

2) expenditure cash order (RKO) - f. No. KO-2;

3) journal of registration of incoming and outgoing cash documents (Journal) - f. No. KO-3;

4) cash book - f. No. KO-4;

5) accounting book of funds accepted and issued by the cashier - f. No. KO-5;

6) cash inventory act - f. No. INV-15;

7) inventory list of securities and forms of documents of strict accountability - f. No. INV-16;

8) application for cash foreign currency, etc.

The cash desk of the organization receives cash from the current account in the bank as a result of payments for inventory items and services, when returning previously issued amounts, etc. To receive money from its current account in the bank, the organization issues checkbook. To withdraw cash from a current account, the accountant fills out cash check, signs it together with the manager and passes it to the cashier. The check indicates the purpose of the amount received. The tear-off part of the check remains in the bank, and the counterfoil of the check (indicating the amount) serves as a supporting document for recording this transaction in the organization’s accounting registers. To deposit money into your account, you must fill out an application for a cash deposit.

The fact of receipt of funds is documented cash receipt order (f. No. KO-1). An incoming cash order is signed by the chief accountant or a person authorized by him, certified with a seal and registered in the register of incoming and outgoing cash orders (f. No. KO-3). Further, the incoming cash order is transferred to the cashier, who receives cash, signs the order and a receipt for it, and registers the transaction in the cash book.

Cash from the cash desk is issued according to expense cash orders (f. No. KO-2) or other documents (pay slips, invoices, applications for the issuance of money, etc.) that replace an expenditure cash warrant. Documents for issuance must be issued by the head of the organization and the chief accountant (or persons authorized by them). Receipt and issuance of money on cash orders are made only on the day they are drawn up. All cash orders after their execution are canceled with a stamp (or inscription) "Received" or "Paid".

Accounting for the movement of money at the cash desk is kept by the cashier in cash book (f. No. KO-4). Each organization maintains only one cash book. This book must be laced and sealed with the seal of the organization, and the pages in it must be numbered.

Incoming and outgoing cash documents, the register of incoming and outgoing cash orders and the cash book can be maintained both manually and automatically.

8. SYNTHETIC AND ANALYTICAL ACCOUNTING ON THE CASH ACCOUNT AND SUB-ACCOUNTS

To account for the presence and movement of cash at the cash desk, an active account 50 "Cashier". The debit of account 50 "Cash" reflects the receipt of funds and monetary documents to the organization's cash desk. The credit of account 50 "Cash" reflects the payment of funds and the issuance of monetary documents from the organization's cash desk.

To account 50 "Cashier" can be opened sub-accounts: 50-1 "Cash desk of the organization"; 50-2 "Operating cash desk", 50-3 "Money documents", etc. When an organization performs cash transactions with foreign currency, then corresponding subaccounts must be opened for account 50 "Cashier". On the sub-account 50-1 "Cash office of the organization" cash in the cash desk of the organization is taken into account. When an organization performs cash transactions with foreign currency, then appropriate sub-accounts should be opened for account 50 "Cashier" for separate accounting of the movement of each cash foreign currency (for example, 50-4 "Cash desk"), as well as sub-accounts of the second order (for example, 50 -41 - in US dollars, 50-42 - in euros) for separate accounting of the movement of each cash foreign currency. Sub-account 50-2 "Operating cash desk" takes into account the availability and movement of funds at the cash desks of commodity offices (marinas) and operational sites, stopping points, river crossings, ships, ticket and luggage offices of ports (marinas), stations, ticket storage cash desks, cash desks post offices, etc. It is opened by organizations (in particular, organizations of transport and communications) if necessary.

Cashiered organizations money documents, securities (forms of work books, paid resort vouchers, paid air tickets, postage stamps, shares, bonds, bills) issued by the organization itself or purchased on the side are taken into account on subaccount 50-3 "Money documents". A separate cash book is opened for their accounting. There are separate pages for each type of document. Accounting for the receipt of monetary documents is carried out according to the invoice. It is issued by the cashier in two copies when receiving cash documents. To account for monetary documents in foreign currency, corresponding sub-accounts are also allocated in the working chart of accounts. For example, 50-31 "Cash documents in US dollars", 50-32 "Cash documents in euro currency", etc.

Issuance cash documents from the cash desk is carried out on the basis of a requirement that is issued by an accountant. Cash documents are accounted for at face value. When cash documents move, a separate cash report is compiled and submitted to the accountant.

To account for cash transactions reflected on account 50 "Cashier", are intended: at industrial enterprises - journal-order No. 1, in construction organizations - journal-order No. 1-s, in supply and marketing organizations - journal-order No. 1-sn with statements to them, respectively, No. 1, 1-s and 1-sn. Entries in these journals-orders and statements are made on the basis of the results for the day on the basis of the cashier's reports, confirmed by the documents attached to them.

9. SYNTHETIC AND ANALYTICAL ACCOUNTING OF CASH ON SETTLEMENT ACCOUNTS

In accordance with the Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of enterprises and the Instructions for its application, a balance sheet is used to summarize information on the availability and movement of funds on the organization's current account account 51 "Current accounts". The balance of account 51 “Current accounts” indicates the presence of the amount of free money in the organization’s current account at the beginning and end of the month; debit turnover characterizes the amounts received into the current account, and credit turnover characterizes the amounts transferred from the account. Accounting for cash flow on account 51 can be organized using subaccounts.

In the course of transactions on the current account, the bank issues organizations an extract from her personal account on the balances and cash flows on the current account at a certain moment, with the primary settlement documents attached to it. The statement indicates: the balance of funds on the account on the date preceding the statement; amounts credited to the account; amounts debited from the account; balance on the date of issue. In a bank statement, the balances and receipt (increase) of funds are indicated from the position of the bank on the credit of the current account, and the disposal (decrease) of funds - on the debit.

After receiving an extract The accountant of the organization performs a number of operations:

1) compares the balance of funds on the current account at the end of the day of the last statement with the balance of funds at the beginning of the day of the next statement;

2) checks the supporting documents attached to the statement, the completeness of the reflection of information in the statement and arithmetic errors. Amounts erroneously charged to the debit or credit of the organization's current account and found when checking bank statements are reflected on account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" (sub-account "Settlements on claims"). All detected errors are reported to the bank in writing. The documents attached to the statement must be obligatorily repaid with a special stamp of the bank;

3) account assignment of amounts in a bank statement, which consists in marking the number of the corresponding offsetting account in the fields of the statement.

The procedure for further processing of a bank statement depends on the number of transactions on the current account during the month. With a small number of transactions, the amounts can be recorded directly in the accounting register. If statements are received every day, then account 51 "Settlement accounts" opens a balance sheet. At the end of the month, the statement summarizes the results, which are transferred to the accounting register of account 51 and at the same time to the registers of corresponding accounts.

10. ACCOUNTING FOR OPERATIONS ON SPECIAL ACCOUNTS WITH BANKS

Special accounts are opened by the bank for the separate storage of a part of the client's non-cash funds intended for specific purposes. To account 55 "Special bank accounts" sub-accounts can be opened: 55-1 "Letters of credit"; 55-2 "Checkbooks"; 55-3 "Deposit accounts", etc.

On sub-account 55-1 "Letters of credit" the movement of funds in letters of credit is taken into account.

Letter of credit - a conditional monetary obligation accepted by the bank on behalf of the payer, to make payments in favor of the recipient of funds upon presentation by the latter of documents corresponding to the terms of the letter of credit, or to authorize another bank to make such payments. Issuing banks can open the following types of letters of credit:

1) covered (deposited) and uncovered (guaranteed);

2) revocable and irrevocable (can be confirmed).

The transfer of funds to letters of credit is reflected in the following accounting entry: Dt 55 "Special accounts in banks", subaccount 55-1 "Letters of credit" Kt 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts", 66 "Settlements on short-term loans and loans."

As these funds are used (according to bank statements), an entry is made: D-t 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" K-t 55 "Special bank accounts", sub-account 55-1 "Letters of credit".

Unused funds in letters of credit after the restoration of the bank to the account from which they were transferred are reflected in the accounting entry: Dt 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts" Kt 55 "Special accounts in banks", subaccount 55-1 "Letters of Credit".

Analytical accounting for sub-account 55-1 "Letters of credit" is maintained for each separately issued letter of credit.

Checks. A check is an unconditional security. The check is paid by the payer at the expense of the drawer's funds. The drawer (i.e., a legal entity that has funds in a bank account) does not have the right to revoke a check before the expiration of the deadline for its presentation for payment.

Presentation of a check to the bank serving the holder of the check (the legal entity in whose favor the check is issued) to receive payment is considered to be the presentation of the check for payment. For non-cash payments, checks issued by credit institutions may be used.

The payer of the check is obliged to verify by all means available to him the authenticity of the check. The procedure for imposing losses incurred as a result of payment by the payer of a false, stolen or lost check is regulated by law.

On sub-account 55-2 "Checkbooks" the movement of funds in checkbooks is taken into account.

Sub-account 55-3 "Deposit accounts" takes into account the movement of funds invested by the organization in bank and other deposits (savings certificates for deposit accounts in credit organizations, etc.). However, according to PBU 19/02 "Accounting for financial investments", deposits in credit institutions are accounted for as financial investments.

11. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ACCOUNTING FOR SETTLEMENT OPERATIONS

Cashless payments are organized on the basis of certain principles. The first principle is legal regime for settlements and payments.

The main legislative sources of regulation of settlements include: the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Regulations on non-cash payments in the Russian Federation; Federal law "On banks and banking activity".

The main regulatory body of the payment system is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. According to the Federal Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)" dated July 10, 2002, the main task of the Bank of Russia is to ensure the efficient and uninterrupted functioning of the settlement system.

The second principle is making payments primarily through bank accounts. Non-cash payments are carried out by legal entities and individuals through the bank in which they have an account. For settlement services, a bank account agreement is concluded between the bank and the client - an independent bilateral (participants have both rights and obligations) civil law agreement. Third principle - security of payment, maintaining liquidity at a level that ensures uninterrupted payments. This principle presupposes the availability of funds or an agreement to receive a loan. Fourth principle - periodic sequence of payments.

The sequence can be chronological, target, legislative. Write-off of funds from the account for claims relating to one queue (Article 855 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is made in the order of the calendar order of receipt of documents. Fifth principle - consent (acceptance) of the payer for payment is implemented by using the appropriate payment document - a check, a promissory note, a payment order, indicating the owner's order to write off funds; or a special acceptance of documents issued by the recipients of funds - payment requests-orders, payment requests, bills of exchange. Sixth principle - urgency of payment. Calculations must be carried out strictly within the established deadlines. Seventh principle - control all participants correctness of calculations, compliance with the established provisions on the procedure for their implementation. Eighth principle - property liability for compliance with contractual terms, i.e., violations of contractual obligations regarding settlements entail the application of civil liability in the form of compensation for losses, payment of a penalty (fine, penalty), as well as other measures of liability.

12. CONCEPT AND FORMS OF SETTLEMENTS WITH DEBTORS AND CREDITORS

There are two types of debt:

1) receivables - this is the debt of another organization of workers and individuals of this organization, which is called debtor;

2) accounts payable - this is the debt of this organization to other organizations, employees and individuals, which are called creditors.

Accounts receivable and accounts payable by area of origin can be divided into two groups:

1) debt due to the processes of the main activity of the organization;

2) debt on other transactions.

К first the group includes debts of buyers (accounts receivable) and debts to suppliers (accounts payable). The debt of the first group is recorded on accounts 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".

To accounts receivable second groups include:

▪ advances issued to individuals (account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”);

▪ amounts for claims and lawsuits (account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, subaccount 76-2 “Settlements for claims”);

▪ debt of the organization’s employees for goods sold on credit, loans issued, compensation for material damage (account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations”);

▪ debt of the founders on contributions to the authorized capital (account 75 "Settlements with founders", subaccount 75-1 "Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital";

▪ debt for other transactions (account 76).

The accounts payable of the second group include:

▪ debt on various payments to the budget (account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”);

▪ arrears of payments to the social insurance fund, pension fund, medical insurance fund (account 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security)”;

▪ debt to insurance companies under concluded property and personal insurance contracts (account 76, subaccount 76-1 “Settlements for property and personal insurance”;

▪ obligations to pay dividends (account 75, subaccount 75-2 “Calculations for payment of income”);

▪ debt for non-commercial transactions (account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”.

Accounts receivable are reflected in the balance sheet asset separately depending on the expected terms of its repayment (within 12 months or more than 12 months after the reporting date), accounts payable are recorded in the balance sheet liabilities.

13. ACCOUNTING FOR SETTLEMENTS WITH SUPPLIERS AND CONTRACTORS

Suppliers and contractors include organizations that supply various inventory items (finished products, goods, raw materials), provide services (intermediary, rental, utilities) and perform various works (construction, repair, etc.).

Accounting transactions for delivered products (goods), performed works or rendered services are reflected in synthetic account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" in accordance with the terms of the contract and settlement documents. Account 60 is predominantly passive. The credit of account 60 reflects the arising accounts payable, and the debit - its repayment. Account 60 can be active only if an advance payment has been made to the supplier (contractor), while in order to strengthen control over the movement of funds, it is advisable to open a sub-account "Advances issued" to this account. If the supplier's account was accepted (paid) before the receipt of the goods, then an entry on the credit of account 60 repays the receivables for suppliers (contractors) on an advance payment.

Accounts payable to suppliers and contractors actually charged:

▪ acceptance of settlement documents for accepted values, works, services;

▪ acceptance of valuables received from suppliers without payment documents (uninvoiced deliveries);

▪ identifying surplus when accepting inventory items.

In accordance with the terms of the agreement concluded between the organizations, settlements with suppliers and contractors are carried out after the shipment of goods, performance of work or provision of services, or at any other time.

Account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" is credited to the invoices of suppliers presented for payment and accounts for accounting for valuables are debited (08 "Investments in non-current assets", 10 "Materials", 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", 41 "Goods", etc. .) or cost accounting accounts (20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses", 29 "Service production and farms", 97 "Deferred expenses", etc.) .

After acceptance of the invoice, upon acceptance of the incoming valuables at the warehouse, a shortage in excess of the norms of natural loss may be detected; when checking the accepted invoice of the supplier (contractor), discrepancies in prices stipulated by the contract and arithmetic errors may be detected. In these cases, account 60 is credited for the amount of the claim in correspondence with the debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", subaccount 76-2 "Settlements on claims". This entry accrues accounts receivable for suppliers on claims.

14. ACCOUNTING OF SETTLEMENTS WITH BUYERS AND CUSTOMERS

Accounting transactions for shipped products (goods), work performed or services rendered are recorded on synthetic account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers". Count 62 is predominantly active. The debit of account 62, when products are shipped to customers, reflects the resulting receivables at the sales price of the products, and the credit reflects its repayment. Account 62 can be passive only if an advance payment has been received from the buyer (customer) as an advance payment under the contract. To summarize information on settlements for advances received for the supply of material assets or for the performance of work, as well as for payment for products and work performed for customers upon partial completion, you should open a subaccount “Advances received” to account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” .

For the amount of payment for shipped goods or products, work performed and services rendered, the organization issues settlement documents to the buyer or customer. An entry is made in accounting: Dt 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"; Kt 90 "Sales".

When buyers and customers repay their debt, it is debited from the credit of account 62 to the debit of cash accounts (50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts", etc.).

An organization, as a supplier of inventory items, a contractor of works, may conclude agreements with buyers (customers) that provide for the receipt of prepayment, advance payment or payment for products and works on partial completion.

In the case of receiving an advance payment and payment on partial readiness, the supplier presents settlement documents in the general manner for the full cost of the shipped valuables (for the full scope of work). At the same time, the amounts of advance payments received and payment for partial readiness are offset against the debt for buyers accrued in accordance with settlement documents.

Accounts payable on received advances and prepayments are repaid upon the sale of valuables, performance of work upon presentation of settlement documents to buyers (customers).

Accounts payable on the received prepayment are accepted for accounting by posting on the debit of account 51 "Settlement account" and the credit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers".

Repayment of debts to buyers (customers) upon shipment of products, performance of work is reflected in the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" in correspondence with the credit of account 90 "Sales".

15. ACCOUNTING OF SETTLEMENTS WITH PARTICIPANTS (FOUNDERS) ON CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE AUTHORIZED CAPITAL

Debts due to participants (founders) on contributions to the authorized capital are accrued upon the establishment of the company and must be repaid during the first year of operation. The status of settlements with the founders on contributions to the authorized capital is summarized as account 75 "Settlements with founders", intended to summarize information about all types of settlements with the founders of the organization: for contributions to the authorized (share) capital, for the payment of income, etc.

By account 75 can be opened sub-accounts: 75-1 "Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital"; 75-2 "Calculations for the payment of income".

On the debit of sub-account 75-1 to account 75 upon the fact of creation (state registration) of the company, the amount of the authorized capital declared in the constituent documents is reflected - in correspondence with the credit of account 80 "Authorized capital". This entry accrues accounts receivable for the founders on contributions to the authorized (share) capital.

The credit of sub-account 75-1 reflects the value of actually received contributions of the founders - in correspondence with the debit of accounts for accounting for funds, as well as accounts 01 "Fixed assets", 04 "Intangible assets", 10 "Materials", etc., depending on the content of the contribution. Contributed material values are accounted for in the assessment by agreement of the founders, which is recorded in the constituent documents.

If the contribution is made property (cash), assessed in the constituent documents in foreign currency, then the debt on this deposit is accrued in rubles in the valuation of property at the official rate on the date of signing of the constituent documents. When capitalizing received property, it is valued in rubles at the official exchange rate on the date of capitalization. Exchange differences in the ruble valuation of this property that arose in connection with changes in exchange rates on the specified dates are reflected in account 75 in correspondence with account 83 “Additional capital”.

Provision by the founder as a contribution use rights buildings, structures and equipment is reflected in the entry on the credit of account 75 and the debit of account 04 "Intangible assets". At the same time, the balance sheet value of the said buildings, structures and equipment is accepted to the off-balance account 001 "Rented Fixed Assets".

Active-passive account 75 has a detailed balance. Subaccount 75-1 has a debit balance equal to the receivables for the founders on contributions to the authorized capital. During the first year of operation, this balance should become zero. Subaccount 75-2 has a credit balance equal to the organization's debt to the participants (founders) for the payment of income (dividends).

16. ACCOUNTING FOR PROPERTY AND PERSONAL INSURANCE PAYMENTS

Insurance is aimed at protecting the property interests of individuals and legal entities in the event of the occurrence of certain events (insured events). Compensation for damage is made at the expense of monetary funds formed from the insurance premiums (insurance premiums) paid by them. Insurance can be carried out on a voluntary and mandatory basis.

Voluntary insurance carried out on the basis of an agreement between the insured and the insurer.

Compulsory insurance - Insurance provided by law. For example, in cases stipulated by law, legal entities that have property under state or municipal property under economic management or operational management are required to insure this property.

The amounts of insurance premiums accrued by the insured payable to the insurer are taken into account as part of accounts payable. The amounts of insurance premiums for compulsory types of insurance are attributed by the policyholder to production costs (distribution costs). Production costs (distribution costs) also include insurance payments (contributions) for voluntary insurance of means of transport (water, air, land), property, civil liability of carriers, professional liability, voluntary insurance against accidents and illnesses, as well as medical insurance. The total amount of deductions for these purposes, included in the cost of production, should not exceed the established percentage of the volume of sales of products (works, services).

To summarize information on settlements for insurance of property and personnel (except for settlements for social insurance and security and medical insurance) of an organization in which the organization acts as an insured, use subaccount 76-1 "Settlements for property and personal insurance" to account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors".

This account takes into account the movement of accounts payable of the insured organization for the payment of insurance premiums to the insurer, as well as the movement of receivables for the insurer for insurance payment in the event of an insured event.

According to the credit of account 76-1, the debt to the insurer is accrued in the amount of insurance premiums (payments) - in correspondence with the debit of accounts for recording sources of payment (accounts for production costs, etc.).

The debit of account 76-1 reflects the amounts of insurance payments transferred to insurers in repayment of the accrued debt, in correspondence with the credit of the cash accounts.

17. VALUE ADDED TAX

The rules for calculating VAT are determined by Chapter 21 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

taxpayers all organizations and individual entrepreneurs are recognized.

The object The following transactions are subject to taxation:

▪ sale of goods (work, services) on the territory of the Russian Federation, including the sale of collateral and transfer of goods (results of work performed, services provided) under an agreement on the provision of compensation or novation, as well as transfer of property rights;

▪ transfer of goods on the territory of the Russian Federation (performance of work, provision of services) for one’s own needs, expenses for which are not deductible (including through depreciation charges) when calculating corporate income tax;

▪ carrying out construction and installation work for own consumption;

▪ import of goods into the customs territory of the Russian Federation.

Taxable period (including for tax agents) is set as a quarter.

Taxation is made at a rate of 10% when selling certain types of food products, goods for children, periodicals, medical products of domestic and foreign production: medicines, including medicinal substances, including in-pharmacy production; medical products. In other cases, taxation is carried out at the tax rate 18%.

From January 1, 2006, all organizations switched to the accrual method when calculating VAT. In this regard, the right to choose an accounting policy for VAT purposes was canceled and the moment of determining the tax base for all taxpayers, as indicated in the amended Art. 167 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, occurs on the earliest date: on the day of shipment (transfer) of goods (works, services), property rights or on the day of receipt of payment (partial payment) on account of their supply (transfer). At the same time, specifics are established separately at the time of determining the tax base for the transfer of property rights. When assigning to new creditors who have received a monetary claim and transferring property rights or when acquiring a monetary claim, this is the day the claim is ceded, the corresponding obligation is terminated, or the day the obligation is fulfilled by the debtor; in the case of the transfer of rights related to the right to conclude a contract and lease rights, this is the date of transfer of such rights.

When implementing products (goods, works, services), in addition to the price of the services sold, the appropriate amount of VAT must be presented to the buyer for payment. The amount of VAT presented to the buyer is calculated for each type of these services or goods as a percentage of the indicated prices corresponding to the tax rate.

18. TAX ON INCOME OF ORGANIZATIONS

The procedure for calculating income tax is determined by Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Taxpayers - all Russian organizations, as well as foreign organizations operating in the Russian Federation through permanent representative offices and (or) receiving income from sources in the Russian Federation.

The object corporate income tax is recognized profit, received by the taxpayer, i.e. income reduced by the amount of expenses incurred.

К income include income from the sale of goods (works, services) and property rights (sales income) and non-operating income.

Sales income is recognized as proceeds from the sale of goods (works, services) both of own production and previously acquired, proceeds from the sale of property rights. Other income is called non-operating.

The list of income not taken into account when determining the tax base for income tax is given in Art. 251 “Income not taken into account when determining the tax base” of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Costsrelated to production and (or) sales are divided into four groups:

▪ material costs;

▪ labor costs;

▪ the amount of accrued depreciation;

▪ other expenses.

List expenses not included for the purpose of taxation with income tax, is given in Art. 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the procedure for recognizing income and expenses is determined by Art. 271-273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Income tax is calculated based on the tax base and tax rates, which in accordance with Art. 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is 24%, and is transferred to the federal budget - 6,5%, to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - 17,5%. The legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are given the right to lower the income tax rate in terms of income credited to the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation for certain categories of taxpayers. At the same time, the tax rate for the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation should not be lower than 13,5%. For income tax calculations, a tax period of one calendar year is established. The reporting periods are the first quarter, half a year and 9 months.

Organizations, regardless of whether they have an obligation to pay income tax and (or) advance tax payments, the specifics of calculating and paying tax, are obliged, upon the expiration of each reporting and tax period, to submit to the tax authorities at the location of their location and the location of each separate subdivision the relevant tax declaration in the manner prescribed by Art. 289 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

19. UNIFIED SOCIAL TAX

The unified social tax (UST) is established by Chapter 24 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Payers ESN:

▪ persons making payments to individuals: organizations; individual entrepreneurs;

▪ individuals who are not recognized as individual entrepreneurs;

▪ individual entrepreneurs, lawyers.

Object taxation for organizations and individual entrepreneurs making payments in favor of individuals - all types of payments made on the basis of employment contracts and civil law contracts for the performance of work and the provision of services.

Not included to the object of taxation payments: in favor of individual entrepreneurs; under civil law contracts, the subject of which is the transfer of ownership of property or the transfer of property for use; in favor of individuals who are not included in the expenses taken into account in the taxation of profits.

The object of taxation for individual entrepreneurs and lawyers is the income received from entrepreneurial and other professional activities, less the costs associated with their extraction.

From paying UST released organizations of any organizational and legal forms - from the amounts of payments and other remuneration not exceeding 100 rubles during the tax period. for each employee who is a disabled person of group I, II or III.

The amount of the unified social tax is calculated and paid separately to the federal budget and each fund and is determined as the corresponding percentage of the tax base. At the same time, the amount of UST payable to the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation is subject to reduction by organizations by the amount of their own expenses for the purposes of state social insurance provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The amount of tax payable to the federal budget is reduced by the amount of insurance premiums accrued for the same period for compulsory pension insurance (tax deduction). In this case, the amount of the tax deduction cannot exceed the amount of tax payable to the federal budget accrued for the same period.

During the year, it is necessary to calculate the amounts of advance tax payments on a monthly basis based on the amount of payments and other remuneration accrued from the beginning of the year until the end of the corresponding calendar month, and the tax rate. The amount of the monthly advance payment of tax payable for the reporting period is determined taking into account the previously paid amounts of monthly advance payments; payment of monthly advance payments is made no later than the 15th day of the next month.

20. TAX ON PROPERTY OF ORGANIZATIONS

The property tax is established by Chapter 30 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. It is put into effect on the territory of a particular region by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation. In accordance with Chapter 30 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation payers property tax are Russian enterprises and foreign organizations operating in the Russian Federation through permanent representative offices and (or) owning real estate.

The tax base for the property tax of Russian enterprises is determined based on the value of fixed assets recognized as such in accordance with the established accounting procedure (including property transferred for temporary possession, use, disposal or trust management, contributed to joint activities, accounted for on the balance sheet as objects fixed assets in accordance with the established accounting procedure).

Not recognized as objects taxation:

▪ land plots and other environmental management facilities (water bodies and other natural resources);

▪ property owned by the right of economic management or operational management to federal executive authorities, in which military and (or) equivalent service is legally provided for, used by these authorities for the needs of defense, civil defense, security and law enforcement in the Russian Federation.

For the purposes of taxation, the average annual value of the property of an enterprise recognized as an object of taxation is determined.

Article 381 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides tax exemptions for certain types of organizations. The maximum tax rate on the property of an enterprise cannot exceed 2,2% of the taxable base. Specific tax rates on the property of enterprises, determined depending on the categories of enterprises or property, are established by the legislative (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The tax amount is calculated and paid to the budget on a quarterly basis, and recalculated at the end of the year. By decision of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, reporting periods may not be established, in which case the tax is paid annually.

The amount of the advance tax payment is calculated at the end of each reporting period in the amount of ¹/4 of the product of the relevant tax rate and the average value of the property determined for the reporting period. For foreign organizations, the tax advance is calculated as ¹/4 of the inventory value of the real estate object as of January 1 of the year that is the tax period, multiplied by the corresponding tax rate.

Accounting for the settlements of organizations with a budget for the property tax of enterprises is kept on the balance sheet account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" on a separate sub-account "Calculations on property tax".

21. CONCEPT OF LOAN

The activities of organizations are associated with the need to replenish working capital. They can be borrowed on the basis of loan or credit agreements both in cash and in commodity form.

The main document regulating the procedure for accounting for borrowed funds is the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for loans, credits and the costs of servicing them" (PBU 15/01) dated August 2, 2001 No. 60n. The Regulation establishes the rules for the formation in accounting of information on the costs associated with the fulfillment of obligations under loans and credits received (including commodity and commercial loans), including the attraction of borrowed funds by issuing promissory notes, issuing and selling bonds for organizations that are legal entities under the law RF (except for credit institutions and budgetary institutions). It does not apply to interest-free loan agreements and government loan agreements.

Loan - an agreement by virtue of which one party (the lender) transfers to the other party (the borrower) the ownership or operational management of money or things on the terms of return with or without payment of interest. Parties to the agreement may be legal entities and individuals (except for banks). According to Art. 807 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contract is considered executed (concluded) from the moment the money (or things) is transferred by the lender to the borrower. Foreign currency and currency values may be the subject of a loan agreement on the territory of Russia in compliance with the rules of Art. 140, 141 and 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

The loan agreement is concluded between the parties in writing, regardless of its amount. Failure to comply with the written form of the loan agreement cannot serve as a basis for its invalidity; in the event of disputes, the parties refer in this case to the submitted receipt of the borrower or another document certifying the existence of the agreement or its terms (Article 808 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

If the loan agreement is concluded with the condition that the borrower uses the funds received for certain purposes (target loan), the borrower is obliged to ensure that the lender can exercise control over the intended use of the loan amount. If the borrower fails to comply with the terms of the loan agreement on its intended use, as well as in case of violation of obligations, the lender has the right to demand from the borrower early repayment of the loan amount and payment of interest due, unless otherwise provided by the agreement (clause 1, article 814 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

22. TYPES OF LOANS AND CREDITS

In cases stipulated by law or other legal acts, an organization may raise borrowed funds by issuing and selling bonds, issuing promissory notes (loan obligations).

Bond - this is a debt obligation, according to which the borrower (who issued the bond) guarantees the creditor (who bought the bond) the payment of a certain amount after the expiration of the established period and the payment of annual income in the form of a fixed or floating interest (Article 816 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Changes in floating interest occur according to set rules, which is why bonds are called fixed income securities. Bearer or registered bonds are sold, they are guaranteed to pay interest on time.

Bill - this is a debt obligation drawn up in writing and containing a certain set of details, according to which the bill holder has an indisputable right to receive the amount indicated in it after the specified period. The absence of at least one mandatory requisite entails the unreality of the bill (Article 816 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The person who issues the bill is called drawer; the person who accepted the bill, - bill holder. Legal entities and individuals can participate in bill circulation.

Credit (loan, debt) is a system of economic relations between various legal entities and individuals that arise when borrowing money for temporary use on the terms of repayment, payment and urgency. The organization's credit settlement relations with banks are built on a voluntary basis and the mutual interest of the partners. An organization has the opportunity to receive loans if it is a legal entity, has an independent balance sheet and its own working capital. The procedure for issuing and repaying loans is determined by law and regulated by the loan agreement.

Loan Agreement - This is a document that is drawn up under the fulfillment of specific conditions of the contract. The agreement reflects:

▪ lending objects and loan term;

▪ conditions and procedure for issuing and repaying a loan;

▪ forms of securing obligations (guarantee, agreement - guarantee, pledge of securities, goods, fixed assets, insurance, etc.);

▪ interest rates for using a loan, the procedure for their payment;

▪ rights and responsibilities of the parties regarding the issuance and repayment of the loan;

▪ other conditions.

Before concluding a loan agreement, the bank carefully analyzes the solvency of the organization, studies its ability to repay the loan and pay interest on time.

Depending on the purpose and terms of provision, there are various types of loans and credits. Allocate according to the deadline short-term debt, the maturity of which, according to the terms of the agreement, does not exceed 12 months, and long term - more than 12 months.

23. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CREDITS AND LOANS

Differences between credits and loans are given below.

1. Loan agreement comes into force from the moment of its signing, the borrower has the right to oblige the lender to issue him a loan, except for the following cases:

▪ when, after signing the agreement, facts were discovered indicating that the amount provided to the borrower will not be returned on time;

▪ when the borrower violates the terms of the agreement for the intended use of borrowed funds.

2. Subject under a loan agreement there can only be money, under a loan agreement - money and things.

3. The loan agreement must be drawn up only in writing form, a loan agreement with individuals in the amount of up to 10 minimum wages can be concluded not only in writing, but also orally.

4. In the role creditor only a bank or other credit institution that has an appropriate license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to perform such operations can act under a loan agreement; Parties to a loan agreement can be any legal or natural person.

5. The main factors for determining the interest rate for loans are: the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, at which loans are provided to commercial banks and other credit institutions, and the size of the bank premium (margin) depending on the demand for financial resources.

Under an agreement on property and money loans, interest may not be accrued, if it is provided for by the agreement. The interest rate subject to the accrual of interest on loans is set by agreement of the parties, as a rule, taking into account the location of the borrower and the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

According to PBU 15/01 "Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them" and the organization's accepted accounting policy, the borrower may be given the opportunity to transfer long-term debt on loans and borrowings to short-term if 365 days remain before the return of the principal amount of the debt. In this case, an entry is made on the accounting accounts: Dt 67 "Calculations on long-term loans and borrowings" Kt 66 "Calculations on short-term loans and borrowings", including accrued interest.

The borrowing organization, upon the expiration of the debt repayment period, is obliged to ensure the transfer of urgent debt into overdue debt on the next day after the date specified in the contract for the repayment of the principal amount of the debt by the borrower. In case of non-payment of the debt for its amount, taking into account the interest due, an entry is made: Dt 66 "Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings", 67 "Settlements on long-term loans and loans" Kt 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" , subaccount 76-2 "Calculations on claims".

24. ACCOUNTING FOR THE MOVEMENT OF LOANS AND CREDITS

To account for the movement of loans and credits, passive accounts 66 "Calculations on short-term credits and loans" and 67 "Settlements on long-term credits and loans".

Account 66 is intended to summarize information on the status of various short-term (for a period not exceeding one year) loans, credits and loan obligations in Russian and foreign currencies received by the organization in the country and abroad. Account 67 is used to summarize information on the status of various long-term (for a period of more than one year) loans, credits and loan obligations.

To accounts 66 and 67 should be entered sub-accounts: 66-1 "Calculations on short-term loans"; 66-2 "Calculations on short-term loans"; 67-1 "Settlements on long-term loans"; 67-2 "Settlements on long-term loans".

For the formation of analytical information for the named accounts and sub-accounts, it is advisable additionally open sub-accounts:

▪ 66-1, 2; 67-1, 2 “Principal debt on loans and credits received”;

▪ 66-2, 3; 67-2, 3 “Interest payable on loans and credits received”;

▪ 66-3, 4; 67-3, 4 “Principal debt on term loans and credits”;

▪ 66-4, 5; 67-4, 5 “Principal debt on overdue loans and credits”;

▪ 66-5, 6; 67-5, 6 “Interest payable on overdue loans and credits”;

▪ 66-6, 7; 67-6, 7 "Penalties under loan and credit agreements";

▪ 66-7, 8; 67-7, 8 "Borrowed funds received against bills and bonds (loan obligations)."

The credit of accounts 66 and 67 reflects the receipt of loans, credits and loan obligations, the debit - their repayment. The credit balance of these accounts shows the amount of received and outstanding loans, credits and borrowings at the beginning and end of the reporting period.

PBU 15/01 clearly delineates the rules for accounting:

1) on the main debt on received credits and loans;

2) costs associated with obtaining and using loans and borrowings (interest on borrowed debt obligations);

3) discount percentage (difference between the amount indicated in the promissory note and the amount of actually received funds);

4) interest on promissory notes and bonds due;

5) additional costs associated with obtaining loans and credits, issuing and placing borrowed funds.

According to paragraph 4 of PBU 15/01, the borrowing organization takes into account the debt for the principal amount of the debt at the time of the actual transfer of money or other things and reflects it as part of accounts payable. In case of non-fulfillment or incomplete fulfillment by the lender of the loan agreement and (or) the loan agreement, the borrowing organization shall provide information on the shortfall in the amount in the explanatory note to the annual financial statements.

25. ACCOUNTING FOR CASH LOANS AND CREDITS

RџSЂRё obtaining loans and credits The following accounting entries are made:

D-t 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts";

K-t 66 "Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings", 67 "Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings"

▪ borrowings were raised through the issue of bonds placed at a price higher than the par value by the par value of the bonds;

Kit 98 "Deferred income"

▪ by the amount of excess of the placement price over the nominal value;

D-t 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts";

K-t 66 "Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings", 67 "Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings"

▪ borrowings were raised through the issue of bonds placed at a price below the nominal value of the loan amount actually received;

Dt 91 "Other income and expenses";

K-t 66 "Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings", 67 "Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings"

▪ by the amount of the difference between the par value and the placement price of the bonds (during the circulation period).

RџSЂRё obtaining loans and credits in foreign currency exchange differences are reflected:

Dt 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account 91-2 "Other expenses";

K-t 66 "Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings", 67 "Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings"

▪ when receiving an expense;

Dt 66 "Calculations on short-term credits and loans", 67 "Calculations on long-term credits and loans";

Account 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 91-1 "Other income"

▪ when receiving income.

The amount of collateral (guarantee, bank guarantee, etc.) provided to secure the fulfillment of obligations under a money loan agreement and a loan agreement is reflected in the following entry:

Dt 009 "Securities for obligations and payments issued"

▪ in the amount of the loan or credit (unless a different amount is specified in the guarantee).

The following entries are made for the amount of repaid loans and borrowings:

Dt 66 "Calculations on short-term credits and loans", 67 "Calculations on long-term credits and loans";

Kit 51 "Currency accounts", 52 "Currency accounts"

▪ when repaying from a current or foreign currency account;

Dt 66 "Calculations on short-term credits and loans", 67 "Calculations on long-term credits and loans";

Kit 55 "Special bank accounts"

▪ when repaying loans and credits using the unused balance of the letter of credit.

26. INVESTMENT AND INVESTMENT

ACTIVITIES Investments - these are cash, securities, other property, including property and other rights having a monetary value, invested in objects of entrepreneurial and non-commercial activity in order to make a profit and achieve another beneficial effect. According to the terms of investment, investments are divided into long-term (for more than a year) and short term (up to one year).

Under investment activity refers to making investments and taking practical actions in order to obtain financial and other types of beneficial results. Investment activity is connected with capital and financial investments.

Capital investment - investments in non-current assets, including the costs of new construction, restoration of existing enterprises (modernization, reconstruction, expansion and technical re-equipment), the implementation of research, development, technological and other works, the acquisition of land and nature management facilities, the main funds, intangible and other non-current assets.

Under new construction refers to the construction of a complex of facilities for the main, ancillary and service purposes of newly created enterprises, buildings and structures, individual industries, carried out at new sites in order to create a new production capacity.

Modernization associated with a change in the technological or service purpose of equipment, buildings, structures, other fixed assets due to the need for increased loads or providing other new qualities.

Reconstruction operating enterprises, it is planned to reconstruct the existing workshops and facilities of the main, ancillary and service purposes, as a rule, without expanding the existing buildings and structures of the main purpose.

Expansion of existing organizations the construction of additional and increase in existing production facilities, workshops and facilities of the main, ancillary and service purposes is provided. During technical re-equipment of operating organizations work is being carried out to improve the technical and economic level of individual industries, workshops and sections through the introduction of advanced equipment and technology, automated control and monitoring systems, the replacement of obsolete and worn-out equipment with new, more productive ones. New construction and restoration of existing enterprises and fixed assets with the implementation construction and installation works (SMR).

27. TYPES OF CAPITAL INVESTMENTS. SOURCES OF FINANCING INVESTMENTS

On ways to implement capital works are subdivided into those performed on a contractual basis by a contract method (by specialized construction and installation organizations - contractors) or by the organization's own forces - by an economic method.

On degree of readiness distinguish between completed capital investments (objects put into operation and included in fixed assets) and unfinished ones (expenses for construction and installation work performed on the facility under construction, expenses for the acquisition of non-current assets in other areas, not formalized by acts of acceptance and transfer of property, other documents , for example, confirming the state registration of real estate objects).

Sources of long-term investments are own and borrowed funds, as well as special-purpose funds. To own funds organizations include authorized, additional and reserve capital, retained earnings, depreciation amounts. It should be noted that system accounting does not provide for the use of depreciation as a source of financing for long-term investments. The amounts of depreciation deductions attributable to the cost of products (works, services) in the amount of proceeds from the sale are returned to the organization. In the context of a shortage of sources of financing of current assets, depreciation deductions are often used for other purposes - to meet the needs of the organization's current rather than investment activities. To borrowed sources of financing long-term investments include bank loans and loans provided by other legal entities or individuals on a repayment basis. The conclusion by the organization of leasing agreements, lease of long-term assets with a buyout, simple partnership (joint activity) helps the tenant to solve the problems of financing long-term investments.

Purpose funds make budget allocations; funds transferred in the order of equity participation; sponsorship and other income provided on a non-refundable basis.

One of the ways to allocate budgetary funds to organizations to finance capital investments is investment tax credit, the provision of which is associated with a change in the timing of tax payments, which allows reducing tax payments of organizations with the subsequent stage-by-stage payment of the loan amount and accrued interest.

To means of target financing include not only revenues from budgets, but also property (including cash) received from other organizations and individuals in the form of grants, investments from foreign investors to finance capital investments for industrial purposes, funds of equity holders accumulated on the accounts of developer organizations.

28. ACCOUNTING FOR CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION WORKS

Accounting of expenses for the construction of buildings and structures, installation of equipment, the cost of equipment transferred for installation, other expenses provided for by estimates and title lists for capital construction (regardless of whether this construction is carried out by a contract or economic method) is maintained on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets", subaccount 08-3 "Construction of fixed assets". The debit of account 08 reflects the actual costs of construction and installation of individual non-current assets on an accrual basis from the beginning of construction to the commissioning of the facility.

Construction refers to an individual type of production, therefore, for the accounting of capital construction costs carried out economically (for own consumption), the order accounting method is usually used. In accounting, construction costs are grouped according to estimate documentation. With the economic method of carrying out construction and installation work, expenses are accounted for on account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, which reflects the costs actually incurred by the developer: D-t 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, subaccount 08-3 “Construction of fixed assets”; Kt 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets”, 10 “Materials”, 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”, 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security”, etc.

Input of fixed asset objects in operation is reflected in the accounts of accounting: Dt 01 "Fixed assets"; Kt 08 "Investments in non-current assets".

Execution of construction and installation works organizations for their own consumption is recognized as an object of VAT. The tax base in this case is determined by the organization's actual expenses for the performance of work (Articles 146, 159 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

After being registered capital construction of a production facility completed or as construction in progress is realized, the amounts of VAT paid to suppliers on purchased goods (works, services) used to perform construction and installation works in an economic way are subject to deduction: Dt 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" ; Kt 19 "VAT on acquired values".

VAT amounts calculated when performing construction and installation work for own consumption, the cost of which is included in expenses accepted for income tax purposes (including depreciation deductions) are subject to deductions (Article 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). VAT amounts are deducted as tax is paid to the budget, calculated when performing construction and installation work in an economic way (Article 172 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

29. CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF FIXED ASSETS

The main regulatory document for accounting for fixed assets is the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Fixed Assets" (PBU 6/01). An asset is accepted by the organization for accounting as fixed assets if run simultaneously The following terms of the action:

a) the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for the provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;

b) the object is intended for use for a long time, i.e. a period lasting more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months:

at) the organization does not assume the subsequent resale of this object;

d) the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future. Assets worth no more than 20 rubles. per unit may be reflected in the composition of inventories.

К fixed assets include: buildings, structures, working and power machines and equipment;

▪ measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology;

▪ tools, production and household equipment;

▪ working, productive and breeding livestock;

▪ vehicles, on-farm roads;

▪ capital investments for radical improvement of land, in leased fixed assets;

▪ perennial plantings, land plots, environmental management facilities and other objects.

Fixed assets are classified not only by type, but also by purpose, by industry, the degree of use, the presence of ownership rights to them.

On industry feature fixed assets are divided into groups related to construction, trade and public catering, logistics, agriculture and forestry, transport, communications, supply and marketing, information and computing services, housing and communal services, health care, physical culture and social security , public education, culture, and other sectors of the economy. This division allows you to obtain information about the value of fixed assets in each industry.

On purpose of fixed assets are divided into:

1) for production facilities directly involved in the production process (industrial buildings, structures, working machines, transport, etc.);

2) non-production, not directly involved in production, but actively influencing the production process (buildings, palaces and houses of culture, hostels, baths, canteens, laundries, etc.).

On rights to objects: for organizations owned by the right of ownership (including those leased out);

▪ those that are under the operational management or economic control of the organization;

▪ received by the organization for rent.

On degree of use: - being: in operation;

▪ in stock (reserve);

▪ at the stage of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization and partial liquidation;

▪ for conservation.

30. PURPOSE OF ACCOUNTING FOR FIXED ASSETS. PRIMARY DOCUMENTS

Accounting records of fixed assets are maintained in order to:

1) formation of actual costs associated with the acceptance of assets as fixed assets for accounting;

2) correct execution of documents and timely reflection of the receipt of fixed assets, their internal movement and disposal;

3) a reliable determination of the results from the sale and other disposal of property, plant and equipment;

4) determining the actual costs associated with the maintenance of fixed assets (technical inspection, maintenance, etc.);

5) ensuring control over the safety of fixed assets accepted for accounting;

6) analysis of the use of fixed assets;

7) Obtaining information on fixed assets required for disclosure in financial statements.

Operations on the movement (receipt, internal movement, disposal) of fixed assets are registered primary accounting documents. Primary accounting documents must contain the following mandatory details established by the Federal Law “On Accounting”:

▪ name of the document;

▪ date of document preparation;

▪ name of the organization on behalf of which the document was drawn up;

▪ content of a business transaction;

▪ measuring business transactions in physical and monetary terms;

▪ names of positions of persons responsible for carrying out a business transaction and the correctness of its execution;

▪ personal signatures of the indicated persons and their transcripts.

Primary accounting documents may include additional details depending on the nature of the business transaction, the requirements of regulatory legal acts and accounting documents, as well as the technology for processing accounting information.

Primary accounting documents can be drawn up on paper and (or) computer media. Programs for encoding, identification and machine data processing of documents on machine media must have a protection system and be stored in the organization for the period established for the storage of the relevant primary accounting documents.

Rosstat has approved unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting of fixed assets.

Basic: form No. OS-1 “Act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets (except for buildings, structures)”;

▪ Form No. OS-3 “Act on acceptance and delivery of repaired, reconstructed and modernized fixed assets”;

▪ form No. OS-4 “Act on write-off of fixed assets (except for vehicles)”;

▪ form No. OS-4a “Act on write-off of motor vehicles”;

▪ form No. OS-14 “Act of acceptance (receipt) of equipment”;

▪ form No. OS-15 “Act on acceptance and transfer of equipment for installation”;

▪ form No. OS-16 “Report on identified equipment defects”.

31. SYNTHETIC AND ANALYTICAL ACCOUNTING FOR INCOME OF FIXED ASSETS

For synthetic accounting of fixed assets, balance accounts: 01 "Fixed assets", 03 "Profitable investments in material assets", 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets", 91 "Other income and expenses", and, if necessary, off-balance: 001 "Rented fixed assets", 011 "Fixed assets handed over to rent", 010 "Depreciation of fixed assets", including sub-accounts "Depreciation of the housing stock", "Depreciation of external amenities", etc.

Analytical accounting is an object-by-object accounting of fixed assets and is conducted in inventory cards according to the form No. OS-6. The card is opened for each inventory object or for a group of objects of the same type, which are assigned an inventory number.

Inventory cards can be grouped in a card file in relation to the classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 No. 1 "On the classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups", and within sections, subsections, classes and subclasses - at the place of operation (structural divisions of the organization). Filling in inventory cards (books) is carried out on the basis of primary documentation: acts of acceptance and transfer (form No. OS-1, OS-1a, OS-1b), acts for writing off fixed assets (form No. OS-4, OS-4a , OS-4b), technical passports and other documents.

Inventory cards should not include all indicators of technical documentation. Completed cards are registered in inventories standard form. Inventories of cards are maintained by the accounting department in one copy according to the classification groups (types) of fixed assets. Some organizations take into account fixed assets in the inventory book and do not keep inventories.

Inventory cards (individual and group) are compiled in one copy and stored in the accounting department of the organization. In the event that, as a result of reconstruction, modernization, completion, additional equipment, partial liquidation and revaluation of a fixed asset, changes are made that cannot be reflected in the old card, a new inventory card is filled in, and the old one is saved as a reference document.

32. DEPOSIT OF FIXED ASSETS

Depreciation - gradual transfer of the cost of fixed assets during their operation to the cost of finished products, works and services.

Depreciation deductions - monetary value of depreciation of fixed assets included in the cost of products, works and services. In this way, the organization reimburses the costs of using fixed assets.

The objects for depreciation are fixed assets that are in the organization on the basis of ownership, economic management or operational management.

Accrual of depreciation deductions for fixed assets during the reporting period is made regardless of the method used for calculating depreciation in the amount of ¹/₁₂ calculated annual amount. For newly received objects, depreciation is charged from the 1st day of the month following the month the object was put into operation, and for retired objects it ends on the 1st day of the month following the month until the object is fully repaid or written off from the accounting records in connection with the termination of the right property.

The accrual of depreciation deductions is suspended for fixed assets transferred by decision of the organization's management for conservation for more than 3 months, for reconstruction and modernization - for more than 12 months (clause 23 PBU 6/01).

Depreciation is not charged for fixed assets:

▪ housing stock (housing, houses, dormitories, apartments, etc.);

▪ external improvement objects and other similar objects (forestry, road management, specialized structures, shipping conditions, etc.);

▪ productive livestock, buffaloes, oxen and deer;

▪ perennial plantings that have not reached operational age. For these objects and fixed assets of non-profit organizations, depreciation is calculated at the end of the reporting year according to the established depreciation rates.

The movement of depreciation amounts for such objects is accounted for on a separate off-balance account 010 "Depreciation of fixed assets", and it does not affect the financial result of the organization.

Fixed assets with a value of not more than 10 rubles. per unit, as well as purchased books, brochures, etc. publications are allowed to be written off as production costs (sales costs) as they are put into production or operation.

33. METHODS OF AMORTIZATION CALCULATION

In accordance with accounting regulations Depreciation of fixed assets can be calculated in one of the following ways:

1) linear;

2) diminishing balance;

3) write-offs of the cost of funds by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life;

4) writing off the value of the object in proportion to the volume of products, works, services.

RџSЂRё linear way the annual amount of depreciation charges is determined by the original or current (replacement) cost (in the event of a revaluation) of the fixed asset item and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of the item.

RџSЂRё reducing balance method the annual amount of depreciation charges is determined by the residual value of the fixed asset at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this object.

RџSЂRё write-off method based on the sum of numbers of years of useful life the annual amount of depreciation is determined based on the original or current (replacement) cost (in the event of a revaluation of the asset) and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the life of the facility, the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the life of the facility.

RџSЂRё method of writing off the value of the object in proportion to the volume of products, works, services depreciation charges are calculated based on the natural indicator of the volume of production (work) in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the fixed asset object and the expected volume of products, work, services for the entire useful life of the fixed asset object.

According to the rules tax accounting (unlike PBU 6/01) depreciation of fixed assets is calculated using two methods: non-linear and linear.

Using nonlinear method for objects whose residual value reaches 20% of the original (replacement) cost, depreciation is calculated in the following order:

1) the residual value is fixed as the base value in further calculations;

2) the amount of depreciation accrued per month for an object is determined by dividing the base cost of this object by the number of months remaining before the expiration of the useful life of the object.

To calculate depreciation, fixed assets are divided into 10 groups. For those types of fixed assets that are not indicated in depreciation groups, the useful life is established by the organization in accordance with the technical conditions and recommendations of the manufacturing organizations.

The organization applies linear method depreciation for fixed assets of the 8th-10th groups (20-30 years and more) regardless of the period of their commissioning. For other fixed assets, the organization has the right to apply both a linear and a non-linear method.

34. ACCOUNTING FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND RECOVERY OF FIXED ASSETS

Restoration of fixed assets is carried out through repair (current, medium and capital), completion, additional equipment, reconstruction and modernization.

Repair of fixed assets can be carried out by economic and contract methods. At economic way the organization carries out repairs on its own and the repair costs are reflected in the accounting of this organization. The regulatory documents on accounting and reporting offer a choice of one of several ways of attributing the costs of overhaul to the cost of products, works, services.

The first method assumes that the organization has a repair and construction group, the costs of which are collected on account 23 in correspondence with the credit of accounts 10, 70, 69, etc. In the future, these costs are written off as production costs or sales costs, or are preliminarily grouped on account 25 "General production costs" : D-t 20 "Main production", 25 "General production costs", 44 "Sales costs"; Kt 23 "Auxiliary production".

second method involves the formation of a repair fund (reserve), which is created monthly with the transfer of funds to account 96 "Reserves for future expenses", sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets". The formation of a reserve is reflected in the entry: Dr. 20 "Main production", 25 "General production expenses", 44 "Sales expenses", etc.; Kt 96 "Reserves for future expenses", sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets".

The actual expenses for the repair of fixed assets are written off at the expense of the created reserve: Dt 96 "Reserves for future expenses", sub-account "Reserve for expenses for the repair of fixed assets"; Kt 10 "Materials", 70 "Calculations with personnel for wages", 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security" and other accounts of calculations and costs.

Upon completion of the repair work, an entry is made for the excessively accrued amounts of the reserve: Dt 96 "Reserves for future expenses", sub-account "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets"; Kt 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Other income".

The third method involves the attribution of actual expenses for the repair of fixed assets to the debit of account 97 "Deferred expenses", from which expenses are written off evenly during the reporting period to the accounts of production costs or sales expenses. In order to allocate expenses for the repair of fixed assets as part of deferred expenses, it is advisable to open an appropriate subaccount to account 97.

35. ACCOUNTING FOR DISPOSAL OF FIXED ASSETS

The cost of an item of fixed assets that is retired or not permanently used for the production of products, performance of work and provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization, is subject to write-off from accounting. The disposal of an item of fixed assets is recognized in the accounting of the organization on the date of one-time termination of all conditions for their acceptance for accounting.

The write-off of the value of an object of fixed assets is reflected in the accounting records on the sub-account of accounting for the disposal of fixed assets, opened to the account of fixed assets. At the same time, the initial (replacement) cost of the fixed asset object is debited to the debit of the specified subaccount in correspondence with the corresponding subaccount of the fixed assets accounting account, and the amount of accrued depreciation for the useful life of this object in the organization in correspondence with the debit of the depreciation accounting account is written off to the credit of the specified subaccount. At the end of the disposal procedure, the residual value of the fixed asset item is debited from the credit of the sub-account for accounting for the disposal of fixed assets in debit account 91 "Other income and expenses", under the sub-account "Disposal of fixed assets" as other expenses.

Expenses associated with the disposal of an item of fixed assets are recorded in the debit of the account of other income and expenses as other expenses. In the credit of this account, as other income, the amount of proceeds from the sale of valuables related to the retired fixed asset, the cost of capitalized material assets received from the dismantling of the fixed asset at the price of possible use are taken into account.

The disposal of an object of fixed assets transferred as a contribution to the authorized (reserve) capital, share fund, in the amount of its residual value, is reflected in accounting on the debit of account 75-1 "Settlements with founders" and the credit of account 01 "Fixed assets". Previously, the arising debt on a contribution to the authorized (reserve) capital, unit fund is recorded in the debit of the account for accounting for financial investments in correspondence with the credit of the account for accounting for settlements for the amount of the residual value of the fixed asset object transferred as a contribution to the authorized (reserve) capital, unit fund, and in the case of full repayment of the cost of such an object - in a conditional assessment adopted by the organization, with the allocation of the assessment amount to financial results.

36. CONCEPT, TYPES AND EVALUATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The main regulatory document for accounting for intangible assets (IA) in commercial organizations (except for credit ones) is the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Intangible Assets" (PBU 14/2007).

To be accepted for accounting of an object as intangible asset necessary one-time execution following conditions:

a) the object is capable of bringing economic benefits to the organization in the future, in particular, the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for use in activities aimed at achieving the goals of creating a non-profit organization (incl. in business activities carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation);

b) the organization has the right to receive economic benefits that this object is capable of bringing in the future (including the organization has properly executed documents confirming the existence of the asset itself and the right of this organization to the result of intellectual activity or means of individualization - patents, certificates, other titles of protection , an agreement on the alienation of an exclusive right, etc.), and there are also restrictions on the access of other persons to such economic benefits;

at) the possibility of separating or separating (identifying) an object from other assets;

d) the object is intended for use for a long time, i.e. useful life, lasting more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months;

d) the entity does not intend to sell the property within 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

f) the actual (initial) value of the object can be reliably determined;

g) the absence of an object of a material-material form.

To intangible assets relate works of science, literature and art; computer programs; inventions; useful models, etc.

Intangible assets are not: expenses associated with the formation of a legal entity (organizational expenses); intellectual and business qualities of the organization's personnel, their qualifications and ability to work.

The unit of accounting for intangible assets is inventory object - a set of rights arising from one patent, certificate, agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to a result of intellectual activity or to a means of individualization, or in another manner established by law, intended to perform certain independent functions. A complex object that includes several protected results of intellectual activity (a movie, another audiovisual work, a theatrical performance, a multimedia product, a single technology) can also be recognized as an inventory item of intangible assets.

An intangible asset is accepted for accounting at the actual (initial) cost determined as of the date of its acceptance for accounting.

37. ACCOUNTING FOR THE INCOME OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Synthetic accounting of intangible assets is kept on accounts: 04 "Intangible assets", 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets", 19 "VAT on acquired values", sub-account 19-2 "VAT on acquired intangible assets", 91 "Other income and expenses".

Account 04 "Intangible assets" - active, designed to summarize information about the presence and movement of intangible assets that are owned by the organization. Analytical accounting on account 04 is carried out by types and individual objects, depending on their composition.

The main document in the analytical accounting of intangible assets is intangible assets accounting card (Form No. NMA-1).

Receipt of intangible assets from external organizations reflected in the following main accounting entries:

▪ for acquired intangible assets: D-t 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, subaccount 08-5 “Acquisition of intangible assets”; Kt 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”;

▪ VAT on acquired intangible assets: D-t 19 “VAT on acquired assets”, subaccount 19-2 “VAT on acquired intangible assets”; Kt 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”;

▪ expenses associated with bringing intangible assets to a state of readiness for use: D-t 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, subaccount 08-5 “Acquisition of intangible assets”; Kt 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”;

▪ transfers for acquired intangible assets: Dt 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”; Kit 51 “Currency accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”, etc.;

▪ capitalization of intangible assets: D-t 04 “Intangible assets”; Account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, subaccount 08-5 “Acquisition of intangible assets”;

▪ VAT on capitalized intangible assets is charged to the budget (after payment and capitalization): D-t 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”; Account 19 “VAT on acquired assets”, subaccount 19-2 “VAT on acquired intangible assets”.

Capitalization of intangible objects produced within the organization itself, the following is recorded in the accounting accounts: D-t 08, K-t 10; D-t 04, K-t 08.

Capitalized intangible assets contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital or in payment for a subscription to shares: Dt 08, Kt 75; Dt 04, Kt 08.

Donated intangible assets under a donation agreement or as a subsidy of a government body, they are accounted for at market value on the date of acceptance for accounting: Dt 08, Kt 98.

38. AMORTIZATION ACCOUNTING AND INVENTORY OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The cost of intangible assets (IA) with a certain useful life is repaid through depreciation over their useful life (expressed in months - the period during which the organization expects to use the NA in order to obtain economic benefits).

Depreciation not charged for US with an indefinite useful life, for US of non-commercial organizations.

Determination of the monthly amount of depreciation deductions for NA is carried out in one of the following ways:

1) linear method;

2) diminishing residue method;

3) method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).

The choice of the method for determining the depreciation of AS is made by the organization based on the calculation of the expected receipt of future economic benefits from the use of the asset, including the financial result from the possible sale of this asset. In the event that the calculation of the expected flow of future economic benefits from the use of NA is not reliable, the amount of depreciation for such an asset is determined on a straight-line basis.

The monthly depreciation amount is calculated as follows:

a) with a linear method - based on the actual (initial) cost or the current market value (in case of revaluation) of the AS evenly over the useful life of this asset;

b) with the reducing balance method - based on the residual value (actual (initial) value or current market value (in case of revaluation) minus accrued depreciation) at the beginning of the month, multiplied by a fraction, in the numerator of which is the coefficient established by the organization (not higher than 3), and in the denominator - remaining useful life in months;

at) with the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works) - based on the physical indicator of the volume of output (work) for the month and the ratio of the actual (initial) cost of the SS and the estimated volume of products (work) for the entire useful life of the SS.

Depreciation deductions for NA start from the first day of the month following the month of acceptance of this asset for accounting, and are accrued until the full repayment of the cost or write-off of this asset from accounting.

Depreciation deductions for NA are reflected in the accounting of the reporting period to which they relate, and are charged regardless of the results of the organization's activities in the reporting period.

In accounting, depreciation is calculated using a passive account 05 "Amortization of intangible assets". This account records information on accumulated depreciation charges for assets owned by the organization on a proprietary basis, for which the cost is repaid. The credit of account 05 takes into account the accrual of depreciation, the debit - its write-off on retired assets.

39. ACCOUNTING FOR THE DISPOSAL OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS: FOR UNSUITABILITY, DUE TO THE EXPIRY OF THEIR LAST USE

The disposal of NA is carried out on account 91, subaccount 91-4 "Disposal of intangible assets". The debit of subaccount 91-4 reflects the amounts of the residual value of assets, expenses incurred as a result of the disposal of these assets, as well as the amount of VAT on assets sold. The credit to account 91-4 includes proceeds from the sale or other income from the disposal of assets. Ultimately, the debit (loss, expense) or credit (profit, income) balance in subaccount 91-4 is written off to subaccount 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses”, and subsequently to account 99 “Profits and losses”.

Disposal NA takes place when:

▪ 1) termination of the organization's right to the result of intellectual activity or means of individualization;

2) transfer under an agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or to a means of individualization;

3) transfer of the exclusive right to other persons without an agreement (including in the order of universal succession and in the event of foreclosure on this NA);

4) termination of use due to obsolescence;

5) transfers in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital (fund) of another organization, a mutual fund;

6) transfer under an exchange agreement, donation; making contributions to the account under a joint activity agreement;

7) identifying shortages of assets during their inventory;

8) in other cases.

Before decommissioning an HA as unusable, the organization must determine that it can no longer be used. To do this, by order of the head of the organization, a commission is created, which includes the chief accountant (or accountant). The commission must establish the reasons for the write-off of the object (in particular, obsolescence, long-term non-use of the asset for production), drawing up an appropriate act about this. Further, the act is transferred to the accounting department of the organization and, on its basis, a note is made on the disposal of the asset in the inventory card (form No. NMA-1).

Disposal of assets due to the expiration of their useful life. As a rule, NAs have a limited service life. So, according to Art. 1363 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the validity period of exclusive rights to an invention, utility model and industrial design and the patent certifying this right is calculated from the date of filing the initial application for a patent with the federal executive body for intellectual property and, subject to compliance with the requirements, is: 20 years - for inventions ; 10 years - for utility models; 15 years - for industrial designs.

If the useful life of an HA is not established by law or cannot be determined, then such an asset is considered an HA with an indefinite useful life. Depreciation is not charged on such assets.

At the end of its useful life, this NA is written off from the balance sheet of the enterprise. In accounting, such an operation is reflected in the same way as the write-off of NA due to their unsuitability.

40. CONCEPT, CLASSIFICATION AND ACCOUNTING OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS

Financial investments are assets that are right receipt of a certain amount of cash or other financial assets within a certain period in accordance with a document certifying this right (contract, security, etc.), while they are not cash and receivables.

Classification of financial investments in Russian accounting in accordance with PBU 19/02 is an open list of possible investment options for an investor:

▪ investments of the organization in state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills);

▪ contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies);

▪ loans provided to other organizations;

▪ deposits in credit institutions;

▪ accounts receivable acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim;

▪ contributions of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement, etc.

To account for the availability and movement of financial investments in accordance with the Plan, a synthetic account 58 "Financial investments". It is used regardless of the period for which organizations make certain financial investments. In the balance sheet, the balance amounts of account 58 “Financial investments” are reflected separately: with a maturity (disposal) of more than one year - as part of non-current assets (in the first section of the balance sheet), less than one year - as part of current assets (in the second section of the balance sheet).

Account 58 is active, has a debit balance.

Analytical accounting on account 58 is kept on the basis of primary documents by types of financial investments (for example, shares, shares, bonds), objects in which these investments are made (organizations selling securities; other organizations in which the organization is a member; organizations-borrowers, to other subjects), by forms of ownership (government and non-government securities), by terms.

41. EVALUATION AND INVENTORY OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS

According to RAS 19/02, initial and subsequent assessments of financial investment objects are distinguished. Financial investments at the stage of acceptance for accounting are valued at their original cost.

Initial cost objects of financial investments are formed similarly to other assets, depending on the option of their receipt by the organization (acquisition for a fee, gratuitous receipt, on account of a contribution to the authorized capital, on account of a contribution under a simple partnership agreement, etc.).

For purposes follow-up evaluation financial investments are divided into two groups:

1) financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in the manner prescribed by PBU 19/02;

2) financial investments for which their current market value is not determined.

Financial investments first group, for which the current market value can be determined in the prescribed manner, are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their assessment as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make this adjustment monthly or quarterly; the accepted option is reflected in the accounting policy. Financial investments second group, for which the current market value is not determined, are subject to reflection in accounting and financial statements as of the reporting date at historical cost.

Objects of financial investments (other than loans) that have not been paid in full are shown in the organization's assets in the full amount of the actual costs of their acquisition under the contract, with the outstanding amount treated as accounts payable in cases where the investor has the right to receive dividends and bears full responsibility for these financial investments. In other cases, only fully paid shares and shares of other organizations are taken into account as financial investments. Amounts of partial payment of shares and units are reflected as accounts receivable.

To ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct inventory property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and valuation are checked and documented. Financial investments in the authorized capital of other organizations, as well as loans provided to other organizations, are confirmed by the relevant documents during the inventory. In the process of inventory, the safety and correctness of registration of securities, the reality of their book value, the timeliness and completeness of the reflection in accounting of accrued income from securities are checked.

42. ACCOUNTING FOR FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS: PARTICIPATION IN THE CAPITAL OF OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

The receipt of financial investments of various types by the organization is carried out by reflecting the actual costs of their acquisition in the debit of account 58 in correspondence with the corresponding settlement accounts.

Participation in the capital of other organizations by acquiring a share in the authorized capital of a limited liability company or shares of a joint-stock company has become widespread as a form of financial investment. In accounting, these transactions are reflected in the following entries:

Dt 58 "Financial investments", sub-account 58-1 "Shares and shares";

Kit 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors"

▪ reflected the contribution to the authorized capital as part of financial investments;

Dt 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors";

Kit 51 "Currency accounts", 50 "Cash desk", 52 "Currency accounts"

▪ payment for the contribution to the authorized capital was made in cash;

Dt 58 "Financial investments";

Kit 01 "Fixed assets", 04 "Intangible assets", 07 "Equipment for installation", 10 "Materials", 41 "Goods", 43 "Finished products"

▪ the transfer of assets to the authorized capital is reflected.

The difference between the contractual assessment of the deposit, reflected in the debit of account 58, and the value of the transferred asset is formed on account 91 "Other income and expenses".

Objects of fixed assets may be transferred to the authorized capital of other organizations without cession of ownership of them. In this case, the contribution to the authorized capital is formalized as the transfer of an object of fixed assets to the full economic management of the organization being founded. The object continues to be listed on account 01 separately from other objects as transferred to the full economic management of the organization that allocated a certain share in its authorized capital.

Depreciation continues to be charged on this object, but it is not attributed to production costs and sales expenses, but to the debit of account 91, thus reflecting the costs of financial investments and reducing by these amounts the income received from participation in the authorized capital of another organization .

43. ACCOUNTING FOR FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS: ACQUISITION OF SECURITIES

The cost of acquiring securities is charged directly to account 58 "Financial investments" (without using account 08) at the time of transfer to the investor of the right to securities. The moment of transfer to the investor of the right to securities is established by Art. 28, 29 of the Federal Law "On the Securities Market".

Equity securities may be presented in documentary and non-documentary forms. At documentary form, the owner is established on the basis of the presentation of a properly executed security certificate or, in the case of depositing one, on the basis of an entry on the depo account. At uncertificated form, the owner is established by an entry in the register of securities holders or, in the case of deposition of securities, on the basis of an entry in the depo account. The rights of owners to non-documentary issuance securities are certified by entries on personal accounts with the registrar or, in the case of registration of rights to securities in a depositary, by entries on depo accounts with depositories.

Acquisition of debt securities as a type of financial investment is becoming increasingly important in the business turnover of organizations. Debt securities primarily include bonds and financial bills.

Acquisition of bonds is reflected in accounting in the same way as the acquisition of shares. Features of accounting for bonds are associated with the need to account for accrued income and write off the difference between the nominal value and the cost of acquiring bonds. From the point of view of accrual of income, bonds are divided into several types:

▪ by form of income - interest (coupon), discount (no-coupon) and discount-interest;

▪ by subject (to whom the loan should be repaid and income paid) - registered and bearer. The amount of income accrued on the bond in accounting is recorded by the entry: D-t 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”; Kt 91-1 "Other income"

▪ amount of accrued income.

Receipt of funds from the issuer is reflected in the debit of the cash accounts in correspondence with account 76.

Promissory notes are taken into account on account 58 if:

1) the organization has granted a cash loan, and the borrower has issued a promissory note with an obligation (promissory note) or with an offer to another person (promissory note) to pay back the amounts of money received on loan upon the expiry of the term stipulated by the bill; the conclusion of a bill of sale agreement is redundant;

2) when acquiring a bill for cash, the contract for the sale of a bill is concluded not with the drawer, but with another organization that transfers the bill by endorsement;

3) as an advance payment or in payment for products (works, services) from the buyer, a promissory note of a "third party" (a promissory note whose drawer is neither the buyer nor the seller) or a bill of exchange accepted by the payer has been received from the buyer by endorsement.

For the accounting loans provided to other organizations, to account 58, a subaccount 58-3 “Provided loans” is opened.

44. ACCOUNTING FOR IMPAIRMENT AND DISPOSAL OF FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS

Impairment of financial investments - a steady significant decline in the value of financial investments, for which their current market value is not determined, below the amount of economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments in the normal course of its activities.

A steady decline in the cost of financial investments is characterized by the simultaneous presence of the following conditions:

▪ at the reporting date and at the previous reporting date, the accounting value is significantly higher than their estimated value;

▪ during the reporting year, the estimated value of financial investments changed significantly only in the direction of its decrease;

▪ at the reporting date there is no evidence that a significant increase in the estimated value of these financial investments is possible in the future.

In the event that an impairment test confirms a sustained significant decline in the value of financial investments, the entity establishes an allowance for depreciation of financial investments by the amount of the difference between the book value and the estimated value of such financial investments.

A reserve is formed for the revealed difference by posting: D-t 91 "Other income and expenses"; Kt 59 "Provision for depreciation of investments in securities".

Disposal of financial investments is recognized in the accounting of the organization on the date of the one-time termination of the conditions for accepting them for accounting. The disposal of financial investments takes place in cases of redemption, sale, gratuitous transfer, transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, transfer on account of a contribution under a simple partnership agreement, etc.

Upon disposal of an asset accepted for accounting as a financial investment, for which the current market value is not determined, its value is determined based on the assessment, determined by one of the following methods, fixed in the accounting policy:

1) at the initial cost of each accounting unit of financial investments;

2) the average initial cost is used to determine the value of retiring securities as the quotient of dividing the initial value of the type of securities by their number, which are formed respectively from the initial value and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and received securities during the given month;

3) at the initial cost of the first in time acquisition of financial investments (FIFO method). Securities that are the first to be retired must be valued at the original cost of the first securities by the time of purchase, taking into account the original cost of securities listed at the beginning of the month.

Write-off from the balance sheet of financial investment objects may be associated with their sale, expiration, change in the form of the organization's asset.

45. CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

The concept of "materials" is collective, denoting different elements of production (as a rule, materials are used as objects of labor).

In accordance with PBU 5/01, they are accepted for accounting as inventories (MPZ) assets:

▪ used as raw materials in the production of products (performance of work, provision of services);

▪ intended for sale (goods and finished products);

▪ used for the management needs of the organization.

Materials can be conditionally combined into 14 groups, the first eleven of which correspond to the names of sub-accounts to account 10 "Materials".

1. Raw materials and supplies.

2. Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts.

3. Fuel.

4. Containers and packaging materials.

5. Spare parts.

6. Other materials.

7. Materials outsourced for processing.

8. Construction Materials.

9. Inventory and household supplies.

10. Special equipment and special clothing in stock.

11. Special equipment and special clothing in use. For organizations engaged in the production of agricultural products, it is advisable to distinguish 3 more groups of material reserves.

12. Seeds, planting material and feed (purchased and home-made).

13. Mineral fertilizers.

14. Pesticides used to control pests and diseases of agricultural crops; biological products, medicines and chemicals used to combat diseases of farm animals, etc.

46. PRIMARY DOCUMENTS OF ACCOUNTING MATERIALS

When accounting for inventories, the following unified forms of primary documentation are used:

1) power of attorney (forms No. M-2 and No. M-2a) used to formalize the right to act as a trustee of the organization upon receipt of material assets from the supplier. The issued powers of attorney are registered in a numbered and laced register of issued powers of attorney. Issuance of powers of attorney to persons not working in the organization is not allowed. A power of attorney that does not specify the date of its execution is void. Form No. M-2a is used by organizations in which the receipt of material assets by proxy is widespread;

2) receipt order (form No. M-4) used to account for materials coming from suppliers or from recycling. A receipt order is drawn up in one copy by a financially responsible person on the day the valuables arrive at the warehouse;

3) act of acceptance of materials (form No. M-7) is intended for registration of received material assets in cases where there are discrepancies in quantity, quality, assortment with the data of the supplier's accompanying documents, as well as when accepting materials received without supplier documents (uninvoiced deliveries);

4) limit-fence card (form No. M-8) used to issue a release from the warehouse to the production units of the organization within the established limit of materials systematically consumed in the manufacture of products, performance of work, provision of services;

5) demand-invoice (form No. M-11) used to account for the movement of material assets within the organization between structural units or financially responsible persons;

6) waybill for the release of materials to the side (form No. M-15) is designed to account for the release of material assets to structural divisions of the organization located outside its territory, or to third parties;

7) material accounting card (form No. M-17) filled in for each item number of the material, serves to quantitatively record the movement of materials in the warehouse by grades, types and sizes;

8) act on the recording of material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures (form No. M-35), is used to document the receipt of material assets suitable for use in the organization received in the process of liquidation of fixed assets.

Some forms of primary documentation can be abandoned if automated accounting is introduced in the organization.

47. EVALUATION AND ACCOUNTING OF MATERIALS IN THEIR PROCESSING AND ACQUISITION

Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

Depending on the source of income different materials are possible options for their assessment.

1. Purchase of materials and equipment for a fee. Actual acquisition costs, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes (including costs of procurement and delivery of materials, insurance costs, costs of bringing materials to a usable state).

2. Manufactured by the organization itself. Actual costs associated with the production of these inventories.

3. Receipt under a gift agreement or free of charge. Current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

4. Contribution by the founders (participants) as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization. Monetary valuation agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

5. Receipt in exchange for other property or upon fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets. If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization, the value of inventories received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the price at which similar inventories are purchased in comparable circumstances.

6. Purchase for foreign currency. At cost in rubles by recalculating the amount in foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation effective on the date of acceptance of inventories for accounting.

7. Acquisition as a result of disposal of fixed assets or other property. Current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

8. Acquisition of property for use or disposal. The valuation provided for in the agreement on the transfer of property for temporary use or disposal.

To assess inventories in current accounting, accounting prices established by the organization for each type of inventory can be used. The actual cost of materials at the reporting date is determined at accounting prices adjusted for the percentage of deviation of actual costs from the value at accounting prices. For synthetic accounting of the presence and movement of the organization's own inventories, active accounts: 10 "Materials", 14 "Reserves for the depreciation of material assets", 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets".

48. EVALUATION AND ACCOUNTING OF MATERIALS AT THEIR DISPOSAL

When materials are released into production or otherwise disposed of, they are evaluated in one of the following ways:

▪ at the cost of each unit;

▪ at average cost;

▪ FIFO method.

The method chosen by the organization for assessing materials upon their disposal should be fixed in the accounting policy. The assessment method must be uniform for groups or types of materials and cannot be changed during the year.

The method of valuing materials when writing off at the cost of each unit is used for materials used in a special order (precious materials, stones, etc.), or for materials that cannot replace each other.

The average cost of materials, at which they are written off to production during the month, is determined by the formula

where SP is the average cost of materials; O_н - the actual cost of the balance of materials at the beginning of the month; P - the actual cost of materials received per month; To_н - number of materials at the beginning of the month; To_п - the number of materials received per month.

In this case, the actual cost of the balance of materials at the end of the month is determined by the formula

О_к = SC x K_Ост

where O_к - the actual cost of the balance of materials at the end of the month; To_Ост - the number of materials listed at the end of the month in the balance.

When estimating using the FIFO method, materials are written off to production at prices in the sequence of their purchases, i.e. materials that are the first to go into production (regardless of which lots the materials are issued from) are valued at the cost of the first purchases in time, taking into account the balances of materials listed at the beginning of the month. The remaining materials at the end of the month are valued at the actual cost of the most recent purchases.

49. FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING MATERIALS USING ACCOUNTS 15, 16

Inventories are conveniently taken into account at accounting prices. The average price at the beginning of the reporting period for similar reserves can be used as the accounting price. To account for materials at accounting prices, accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" are additionally used. When using accounts 15 and 16, account 10 "Materials" shows the cost at discount prices.

Example. The company received materials from the supplier in the amount of 23 rubles, VAT - 000 rubles. The cost of delivery of materials is 4140 rubles, including VAT 2950% - 18 rubles. The accounting price of materials is 450 rubles.

Entries on the accounting accounts of these operations using accounts 15 and 16 are given in Table.

Account entries for material accounting using accounts 15, 16

As can be seen from the example, when accounting for materials using accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets", the resulting amounts of deviations of the actual cost from the book are accumulated on account 16. On account 10, materials are accounted for at accounting prices. Account 15 has no closing balance.

50. ACCOUNTING FOR UNINVOICED DELIVERY

Uninvoiced deliveries are considered inventories received by the organization for which there are no settlement documents (account, payment request, payment request-order or other documents accepted for settlements with the supplier). Uninvoiced deliveries are accepted to the warehouse with the preparation of two copies of the act of acceptance of materials. Posting of non-invoiced deliveries is made on the basis of the first copy of the specified act. The second copy of the act is sent to the supplier.

The organization takes measures to identify the supplier (if he is unknown) and receive settlement documents from him. If settlement documents for uninvoiced deliveries are received in the same month or in the next month before the relevant registers are compiled in the accounting department for the receipt of material reserves, they are taken into account in the generally established order in this organization.

Uninvoiced deliveries are accounted for in inventory accounts. In this case, inventories are received and taken into account in analytical and synthetic accounting at accounting prices accepted in the organization. In cases where an organization uses the actual cost of materials as accounting prices, then these inventories are accounted for at market prices. After receipt of settlement documents for uninvoiced deliveries, their accounting price is adjusted taking into account the received settlement documents. At the same time, settlements with the supplier are clarified.

If billing documents for uninvoiced deliveries enrolled the following year after the submission of the annual financial statements, then:

a) the accounting value of inventories does not change;

b) the amount of value added tax is accepted for accounting in accordance with the established procedure;

at) the settlements with the supplier are specified, while the sums of the existing difference between the book value of the capitalized inventories and their actual cost are written off in the month in which the settlement documents were received:

▪ a decrease in the value of inventories is reflected in the debit of settlement accounts and the credit of financial results accounts;

▪ an increase in the cost of inventories is reflected in the credit of settlement accounts and the debit of financial results accounts.

51. ANALYTICAL ACCOUNTING OF MATERIALS IN WAREHOUSES AND IN ACCOUNTING

Accounting for materials in the warehouse necessary to ensure the activities of the organization with appropriate material resources, as well as for the safety of the latter. For this purpose, specialized warehouses are being created to store basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts, household equipment and other materials. Each warehouse is assigned a permanent number, which is subsequently indicated in the documents relating to the operations of this warehouse. In warehouses (pantries), material assets are placed in sections, and inside them - by groups, types and sizes in stacks, boxes, containers, racks, shelves, cells, pallets, which ensures their quick acceptance, release and control over compliance with the actual availability the established reserve norms (limit). Accounting for materials in the warehouse is carried out by the warehouse manager (storekeeper), who is a financially responsible person. Accounting is carried out on material accounting cards. A separate card is opened for each item number of materials.

Primary documents after recording their data in the accounting cards are transferred to the accounting department.

Accounting for materials in accounting. Analytical accounting is carried out:

a) with the help of analytical accounting cards, which differ from warehouse accounting cards by the presence of not only natural, but also cost meters; balances and turnovers on cards are checked against warehouse accounting data;

b) by compiling turnover sheets in physical and monetary terms for each warehouse and account;

at) using the operational accounting (balance) method of accounting, in which in the accounting department, according to the warehouse accounting cards, a statement of accounting for the balance of materials in the warehouse is formed.

The correctness of transferring the balance of inventories from the inventory cards to the statement is checked by the accounting staff.

The most progressive is balance method of materials accounting, in which accounting uses warehouse cards of materials maintained in warehouses as analytical accounting registers. The accounting employee checks the accuracy of the entries made by the storekeeper in the warehouse accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards themselves. At the end of the month, the warehouse manager transfers quantitative data on balances from warehouse accounting cards to the statement. After checking by an accounting employee, the statement is transferred to the accounting department, where the remaining materials are assessed at accounting prices and the results are displayed. Based on the specified balance sheets, a consolidated balance sheet is compiled.

52. ACCOUNTING FOR MATERIALS ON OFF-BALANCE ACCOUNTS

Material values that do not belong to the organization are accounted for on off-balance accounts. To summarize information on the presence and movement of inventory items (inventory and materials) accepted for safekeeping, use the account 002 "Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping". Buying organizations record inventory items on account 002 in the following cases:

▪ receiving goods and materials from suppliers for which the organization legally refused to accept invoices of payment requests and pay them;

▪ receiving from suppliers unpaid inventory items that are prohibited from being spent under the terms of the contract until they are paid;

▪ acceptance of inventory items for safekeeping for other reasons.

Supplier organizations account on account 002 for goods and materials paid by buyers, which are left in safe custody, issued with safe receipts, but not exported for reasons beyond the control of organizations. Inventory and materials are accounted for on account 002 at the prices provided for in acceptance certificates or in invoices for payment requests. Analytical accounting on account 002 is carried out by organization-owners, by types and grades of materials, places of their storage.

Account 003 "Materials accepted for processing" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of raw materials and materials of the customer accepted for processing (tolling raw materials) that are not paid by the manufacturer. Accounting for the costs of processing or refining raw materials and materials is carried out on the accounts of accounting for production costs, reflecting the costs associated with this (with the exception of the cost of raw materials and materials of the customer). The customer's raw materials and materials accepted for processing are recorded on account 003 at the prices stipulated in the contracts. Analytical accounting on account 003 is conducted by customers, types, grades of raw materials and materials and their locations.

53. INVENTORY OF MATERIALS AND ACCOUNTING OF ITS RESULTS

To conduct an inventory, the names and codes of inventory items are entered in inventory records for each individual item, indicating the type, group, quantity and other necessary data.

Surplus inventories identified as a result of the inventory are reflected in accounting as other income: Dt 10 "Materials"; Account 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 91-1 "Other income"

▪ material assets discovered during inventory were capitalized. These surpluses are accounted for on the basis of a matching statement of inventory results (form No. INV-19) and a receipt order (form No. M-4).

When facts come to light shortages, theft, damage materials, their actual cost or part thereof is written off from the credit of account 10 “Materials” to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”: Dt 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”; Kit 10 "Materials"

▪ shortages and losses of material assets discovered during inventory, theft and damage to material assets are debited to account 94.

From account 94, the cost of missing and damaged materials is written off to the accounts of production and distribution costs (if the losses are within the limits), to the debit of account 73 "Calculations for compensation for material damage" (when specific culprits are identified), to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses "(in the absence of specific perpetrators or if the recovery of missing or damaged valuables is denied by the court). The following entries are made in accounting: Dt 20, Kt 94; Dt 73, Kt 94; Dt 91, Kt 94.

Cost of materials lost as a result of natural disasters, is written off from the credit of account 10 “Materials” to the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses”.

The financial result from operations with materials is determined on account 91 "Other income and expenses" by comparing the turnover of the debit of sub-account 91-2 "Other expenses" and credit 91-1 "Other income". If the debit turnover is greater than the credit turnover, then this is a loss that is written off in the reporting period to account 99 "Profit and Loss".

54. CONCEPT AND EVALUATION OF FINISHED PRODUCTS AND GOODS

Finished products and goods, along with material resources, according to PBU 5/01, are classified as inventories.

Finished products - the result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (picking), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents.

Product - part of inventories that are purchased or received from other legal entities or individuals and are intended for sale. The products of labor, along with finished products, include works and services.

The current accounting of the availability and movement of finished products is carried out, as a rule, at accounting prices, which can be used as: planned (normative) cost, incomplete (reduced) production cost, characterizing mainly direct costs, contractual (market) price, other conditional ways of expressing product cost.

Finished product evaluation according to the planned (normative) cost is appropriate in industries with mass and serial production and with a large range of finished products due to the relative stability of this type of discount prices and the ability to use them not only in accounting, but also in management accounting and planning.

Negotiated prices can play the role of discount prices mainly when the former are stable. When switching from one type of accounting price to another in case of changes in the value of accounting prices no more than once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year, the organization, at its discretion, may recalculate the balance of finished products in such a way that all finished products of a certain type are accounted for according to a single (new) price.

To determine the actual production cost of manufactured products (GPf), the balances of work in progress at the beginning of the month (WIP) are summed up with the costs for the month (C) and the amounts of returnable waste (O), losses from marriage and for other reasons (B), the balance of work in progress are subtracted at the end of the month (WIP):

GPf \uXNUMXd NZPn + Z - O - B - NZPk.

When finished products are shipped, the amount of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at prices accepted in analytical accounting related to it is determined based on the ratio (coefficient Y) of the amount of deviations to the balance of finished products at the beginning of the reporting period (sun) and for products received at the warehouse during the reporting month (SP), to the value of the balance and receipts of products at discount prices (Onu, Pu):

Y = (dOn + dP) / (Onu + Pu) x 100%.

The sum of the actual production cost of finished products and sales costs reflects the full actual cost of labor products.

55. DOCUMENTATION OF AVAILABILITY AND MOVEMENT OF FINISHED PRODUCTS AND GOODS

Acceptance of finished products from the production departments to the warehouse is issued by waybills, acts, route sheets and other documents that are signed by the head of the department that delivers the products and the materially responsible person of the warehouse. Large-sized products and products, as a rule, are accepted by customers at the places of manufacture, assembly and assembly. The storekeeper reflects information about the release of finished products and their receipt at the warehouse in the finished product accounting card, the form and content of which are similar to the material accounting card (form No. M-17).

Quantitative Accounting finished products are carried out in units of measurement based on their physical properties (volume, weight, area, linear units) or by the piece. Homogeneous products can be taken into account in conditionally natural meters. Analytical accounting of finished products is carried out not only in quantitative terms, but also in value terms.

Release of finished products buyers is carried out on the basis overhead. A typical form can be form No. M-15 “Invoice for the release of materials to the third party.” Organizations of various industries use specialized forms (modifications) of invoices and other primary documents to register the release of finished products, which must contain mandatory details, as well as the main characteristics of the shipped product (goods), the name of the structural unit of the organization that releases the finished product, the name of the buyer and the basis for vacation. An invoice for the release of finished products is issued on the basis of an order from the head of the organization or a person authorized by him, as well as an agreement with the buyer (customer).

Primary accounting documents about the receipt of finished products at the warehouse, their shipment to the consumer, similarly to documents on the movement of materials, are accepted by the accountant from the storekeeper, controlled, used to form registers for analytical and synthetic accounting of finished products.

Analytical accounting of goods by the accounting service is conducted in real-value terms by the names of goods that characterize their distinctive features (brand, article, variety). In this case, two different methods of accounting for goods are used: varietal and batch. In the first case, the goods are accounted for in the grade accounting cards, in the second, the goods are accounted for in the same manner as with the grade method, but separately for each batch of goods. A consignment is understood as goods received simultaneously according to one or several documents.

56. ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTS FOR PRODUCTS, GOODS AND SALES EXPENSES

To summarize information on the availability and movement of finished products and goods, on sales and related costs, the corresponding accounting accounts are intended.

Account 43 "Finished products" used by organizations engaged in industrial, agricultural and other production activities to account for finished products manufactured for sale and partially for their own needs.

Account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" is used to accumulate information on products manufactured, works handed over to customers and services rendered for the reporting period and to identify deviations in the actual production cost of products, works, services from the standard (planned).

Account 46 "Completed stages of work in progress" makes it possible to collect information about the stages of work completed in accordance with the concluded contracts, which have independent significance. Analytical accounting on account 46 is carried out by type of work.

Account 41 "Goods" allows you to systematize information about the availability and movement of goods purchased for sale. This account is used by organizations of industry, trade, public catering. Sub-accounts can be opened for account 41: 41-1 "Goods in warehouses", 41-2 "Goods in retail", 41-3 "Containers for goods and empty", etc.

Account 42 "Trade margin" is designed to summarize information on trade margins (discounts, discounts) for goods in retail trade organizations, if they are recorded at sales prices. Analytical accounting on account 42 should provide a separate reflection of the amounts of markups related to goods shipped and to goods located in the warehouses of the organization.

Account 45 "Goods shipped" allows you to summarize information about the availability and movement of shipped products (goods), the proceeds from the sale of which for a certain time cannot be recognized in accounting. This account takes into account finished products transferred to other organizations for sale on a commission basis. Analytical accounting of the account is carried out by location and individual types of products and goods.

Account 44 "Sales costs" is intended to summarize information on the costs associated with the sale of products, goods, works and services. Expenses associated with the sale of products, goods, works and services accumulated in the debit of account 44 are written off in full or in part to the debit of account 90 "Sales". Sales expenses are accounted for on account 44 until the sale proceeds are recognized.

Account 90 "Sales" is designed to summarize information on income, expenses and financial results for the ordinary activities of the organization. To account 90 "Sales" sub-accounts are opened: 90-1 "Revenue"; 90-2 "Cost of sales"; 90-3 "Value Added Tax"; 90-4 "Excises"; 90-9 "Profit (loss) from sales".

57. LABOR RELATIONS: CONCEPT AND TYPES

The main regulatory documents of state regulation of relations related to the organization and remuneration of labor include the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, and the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Salary (employee's wages) - remuneration for work depending on the qualifications of the employee, the complexity, quantity, quality and conditions of the work performed, as well as compensation payments (surcharges and allowances of a compensatory nature, including for work in conditions that deviate from normal, work in special climatic conditions and on territories exposed to radioactive contamination, and other payments of a compensatory nature) and incentive payments (additional payments and allowances of a stimulating nature, bonuses and other incentive payments) (Article 129 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Collective agreement (KD) - a legal act regulating social and labor relations in an organization or with an individual entrepreneur and concluded by employees and the employer represented by their representatives (Article 40 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). The content and structure of the CA are determined by the parties. Taking into account the financial and economic situation of the employer, the CA may establish benefits and benefits for employees, working conditions that are more favorable than those established by laws, other regulatory legal acts, agreements.

Agreement - a legal act regulating social and labor relations and establishing general principles for regulating economic relations related to them, concluded between authorized representatives of employees and employers at the federal, interregional, regional, sectoral (intersectoral) and territorial levels of social partnership within their competence (art. 45 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). By agreement of the parties participating in collective bargaining, agreements can be bilateral and trilateral.

Social partnership - a system of relations between employees (representatives of employees), employers (representatives of employers), state authorities, local self-government, aimed at ensuring the coordination of the interests of employees and employers on the regulation of labor and other relations directly related to them.

Employment contract - an agreement between the employer and the employee, according to which the employer undertakes to provide the employee with work according to the stipulated labor function, to ensure the working conditions provided for by regulatory enactments, to pay wages to the employee in a timely manner and in full, and the employee undertakes to personally perform the labor function determined by this agreement, to observe the internal labor regulations in force in the organization (Article 56 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

58. PAYMENT SYSTEMS

Pay systems, including the size of tariff rates, salaries (official salaries), additional payments and allowances of a compensatory nature, including for work in conditions deviating from normal conditions, systems of additional payments and incentive allowances and bonus systems, are established by collective agreements, agreements, local regulations in compliance with labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms.

Tariff wage systems - systems of remuneration based on the tariff system of differentiation of wages of workers of various categories. The tariff system for differentiation of wages of employees of various categories includes: tariff rates, salaries (official salaries), tariff scale and tariff coefficients.

Tariff grid - a set of tariff categories of work (professions, positions), determined depending on the complexity of the work and the requirements for the qualifications of employees using tariff coefficients.

Tariff category - a value that reflects the complexity of work and the level of qualification of the employee.

Qualification category - a value that reflects the level of professional training of the employee.

Tariff rate - a fixed amount of remuneration of an employee for fulfilling a labor norm of a certain complexity (qualification) per unit of time without taking into account compensatory, incentive and social payments.

Salary (salary) - a fixed amount of remuneration of an employee for the performance of labor (official) duties of a certain complexity for a calendar month, excluding compensatory, incentive and social payments.

Base salary (base official salary), base wage rate - the minimum salary (official salary), the wage rate of an employee of a state or municipal institution engaged in professional activities in the profession of a worker or an employee in the relevant professional qualification group, excluding compensation, incentives and social payments.

The complexity of the work performed is determined on the basis of their billing.

Work billing - assignment of types of labor to wage categories or qualification categories depending on the complexity of labor. Tariffication of work and the assignment of tariff categories to employees are carried out taking into account the unified tariff and qualification directory of work and professions of workers, the unified qualification directory of positions of managers, specialists and employees.

59. FORMS OF PAYMENT

Forms of remuneration determined by Art. 131 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Wages are paid in cash in rubles. In accordance with a collective or labor agreement, upon a written application of an employee, remuneration may also be made in other forms that do not contradict the legislation of Russia and international treaties. The share of wages paid in non-monetary form must not exceed 20% of the total wages.

Allocate time and piecework forms of remuneration.

Time - a form of remuneration in which the employee's salary is calculated on the basis of the established tariff rate or salary for the time actually worked. There are two main types of time wages - simple time and time-bonus. AT first case the amount of wages depends on two factors - the hourly wage rate and the amount of time worked. At time-bonus wages are subject to a percentage increase in wages. For the remuneration of managers, specialists and employees, as a rule, official salaries are applied, which can be fixed or floating. Floating salaries provide for a monthly adjustment of employees' salaries depending on the growth or decrease in the main performance indicators of the areas they serve (for example, labor productivity, product quality and other indicators).

piecework - a form of remuneration, in which wages are determined on the basis of the established amount of payment for each unit of labor products (piecework rates) and the quantity of products produced, the volume of work performed and services rendered. There are several types of piecework wages: direct piecework, piece-progressive, piece-bonus, indirect piecework, wages based on the final result. At direct piecework form of wages is determined by the rates and volumes of products of labor. At piece-progressive form, production within the established norms is paid at established rates, excess - at increased piece rates. At piece-bonus form, wages consist of the amount accrued at piece rates and bonuses for the fulfillment of the relevant conditions and indicators. At indirect piecework form, the wages (usually workers of auxiliary production) are made dependent on the results of the work of the workers they serve. The amount of wages for end results is established not for each unit of products, works, services, but for the whole complex of works.

60. PAYROLL

RџSЂRё time-based wage system, as mentioned above, workers' wages depend on the time they actually worked. At simple time-based form wages are paid for the actual hours worked on the basis of the tariff rate (salary). At time-bonus form wages, a premium is added to the amount of earnings according to the tariff in accordance with the regulation on bonuses. At direct piecework wages earnings are calculated by multiplying the piece rate by the number of manufactured parts, semi-finished products, products, operations performed, works. At piece-progressive form wages are used not only fixed, but also progressive rates. At piecework premium form the amount of wages depends not only on the volume of output and piece rates, but also on bonuses. At indirect piecework form, which is used mainly to pay auxiliary workers, the amount of wages depends on the results and compensation of the main workers they serve. Size end result wages is determined, as a rule, as a percentage of the established indicator of financial and economic activity (for example, from the amount of proceeds from the sale, profit, other grounds).

Compensation for special conditions is made in the increased size in comparison with tariff rates (salaries).

RџSЂRё performance of works of various qualifications in the conditions of the time-based form, the work of an employee is paid for work of a higher qualification, with piecework payment - at the rates of the work performed, but not lower than the category assigned to the employee. At combining professions and performing the duties of a temporarily absent employee without exemption from the main work, an additional payment is made, the amount of which is established by agreement of the parties to the employment contract.

Work outside normal working hours can be carried out both at the initiative of the employee (part-time work), and at the initiative of the employer (overtime work).

Overtime work - work performed by an employee at the initiative of the employer outside the established working hours - daily or per shift, as well as for the accounting period.

Work on weekends and non-working holidays paid at least double the amount.

Night time - Time from 22:6 to XNUMX:XNUMX. The duration of work (shift) at night is reduced by one hour without subsequent working off. Every hour of night work is paid at an increased rate compared to normal work.

61. MANDATORY PAYROLL DETENTIONS

Deductions from an employee's wages are:

▪ mandatory;

▪ to compensate for material damage caused to the employer;

▪ for the purpose of repaying debts to the employer by the employee;

▪ at the request of the employee or in connection with his borrowed obligations (receiving a loan, purchasing goods on credit, etc.).

The total amount of all deductions for each payment of wages usually cannot exceed 20% of the amount due to the employee, and in cases provided for by federal laws - 50%; when serving correctional labor, collecting alimony for minor children, compensating for harm to persons who have suffered damage - no more than 70%.

К compulsory include deductions on writ of execution and personal income tax.

Performance list - This is a document issued by the court, which determines the reason, procedure and amount of deductions from the employee. The procedure for withholding, in accordance with executive documents, from the wages of employees of alimony for minor children is determined by the Family Code of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the parties have the right to independently determine the amount, form and other conditions for the provision of funds, without violating the interests of the child in comparison with the guarantees provided by law.

Individuals who are tax residents of Russia, as well as receive income from sources in Russia and are not tax residents of Russia, are recognized as payers personal income tax, the calculation and payment of which are carried out in accordance with Chapter 23 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. In this case, the object of taxation is recognized income, received by taxpayers from sources:

▪ in Russia and abroad - for individuals who are tax residents;

▪ in Russia - for individuals who are not tax residents of the Russian Federation.

The tax base for income in kind is calculated on the basis of prices determined in the manner prescribed by Art. 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The cost of goods, works, services includes the corresponding amounts of value added tax, excises and sales tax. The amount of tax on wages in kind is withheld by the tax agent from any cash paid to employees and cannot exceed 50% of the amount of the payment. The amount of tax on income received in kind is transferred to the budget no later than the day following the day of actual withholding of the calculated amount of tax.

62. ANALYTICAL AND SYNTHETIC ACCOUNTING OF PAYMENT CALCULATIONS

The amount of wages to be paid to the employee is equal to the difference between the amounts of accruals and deductions of wages. The results of payroll calculations are recorded in the personal accounts of employees and in payroll (form No. T-49), which is used not only for calculations, but also for accounting for the payment of wages to all categories of employees (mainly medium and small organizations).

Synthetic accounting of settlements with employees of the organization for all types of wages, bonuses, allowances, pensions for working pensioners, for the payment of income on shares and other securities of this organization is carried out on passive account 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages". The credit of the account reflects the amounts of accruals for wages, incentives, guarantees, social and compensation payments. The credit balance of account 70 shows the organization's debt to employees for accrued wages. The debit of the account reflects the paid amounts of wages, as well as the amounts of accrued taxes, payments under enforcement documents and other deductions. Analytical accounting for account 70 is maintained for each employee of the organization.

Account credit 70 is reflected amounts charged:

▪ wages - in correspondence with asset accounts, investments in non-current assets, production costs, sales costs and other sources;

▪ social insurance benefits - in correspondence with account 69;

▪ income from participation in the capital of the organization - in correspondence with account 84;

▪ wages accrued from the reserve formed in the prescribed manner for the payment of vacations to employees and the reserve for benefits for length of service - in correspondence with account 96;

▪ wages against deferred expenses - in correspondence with account 97;

▪ remuneration for persons involved in liquidation of consequences of emergency situations - in correspondence with account 99.

63. CONCEPT AND RECOGNITION OF EXPENSES

organization expenses the Accounting Regulation recognizes a decrease in economic benefits due to the disposal of assets and the incurrence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in the capital of the organization. In the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, expenses include costs, and in some cases losses, if they are made to carry out activities aimed at generating income in the future.

Expenses for ordinary activities are expenses for the manufacture and sale of products, the performance of work, the provision of services, the purchase of raw materials, materials, other inventories, the sale of goods and other property.

Expenses for ordinary activities are accepted for accounting in an amount equal to the amount of payment in cash and in other form or the amount of accounts payable. If the payment covers only part of the recognized expenses, then the expenses accepted for accounting are determined as the sum of payment and accounts payable.

Expenses other than expenses for ordinary activities are considered in accounting other expenses. Other expenses include, in particular, expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary possession and (or) use of the organization’s assets, including intellectual property, with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, if these operations are not the subject of the organization’s activities; expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), goods, products; interest paid by an organization for providing it with funds (credits, borrowings) for use; expenses related to payment for services provided by credit institutions; contributions to valuation reserves.

К costs associated with production and sales, include expenses for the manufacture, storage, delivery of products, performance of work, provision of services, acquisition, sale of goods; for the maintenance and operation, repair and maintenance of fixed assets and other property; for the development of natural resources; scientific research and development; compulsory and voluntary insurance, etc.

Non-operating expenses in taxation are not directly related to the production and sale of products, works, services.

64. EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS

The following accounts are used for accounting of expenses related to the production and sale of goods, products (works, services), management activities.

Account 20 "Main production". The debit of this account reflects primarily direct expenses related directly to the production of products (works, services), while the credit reflects the amount of the actual cost of completed products, works and services performed.

Account 21 "Semi-finished products of own production". The debit of the account records the costs of producing semi-finished products, and the credit records the cost of semi-finished products transferred for further processing.

Account 23 "Auxiliary production". The debit of account 23 reflects primarily direct expenses related directly to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services to auxiliary production, but indirect expenses for the management and maintenance of auxiliary production, and losses from defects can also be taken into account. Under the credit of account 23, the amounts of the actual cost of products, works, and services of auxiliary production are recorded.

Account 25 "General production costs" used to summarize information on the costs of servicing the main and auxiliary production of the organization.

Account 26 "General business expenses" allows you to generate information about costs that are not directly related to the production process. These are administrative and management expenses, for the maintenance of general staff, depreciation, etc.

Account 28 "Marriage in production" is designed to summarize information about losses from defects in production. The debit of the account collects the costs of the identified internal and external marriage, the credit - the amounts attributable to the reduction of losses from the marriage.

Account 29 "Servicing industries and farms". The debit of the account reflects direct expenses resulting from the production of products, performance of work and provision of services. For a loan - the amount of the actual cost of completed products, work performed and services provided.

Account 96 "Reserves for future expenses" is intended to reflect the amounts set aside for the purpose of equal inclusion of expenses in the costs of production and sales.

Account 97 "Deferred expenses" is designed to record information about expenses incurred in this reporting period, but related to future periods.

65. CONCEPT AND COMPOSITION OF INCOME OF THE ORGANIZATION, ACCOUNTS OF THEIR ACCOUNTING

The concepts and composition of the organization's income are different in accounting and taxation. Below are the definitions and grouping of income.

To determine the income and financial results from the ordinary activities of the organization is intended account 90. Subaccount 90-1 "Revenue" takes into account receipts of assets recognized as revenue, subaccount 90-2 "Cost of sales"

Cost of sales for which revenue is recognized in subaccount 90-1. Subaccount 90-9 “Profit (loss) from sales” is intended to identify the financial result from sales for the reporting month. Income other than income from ordinary activities is considered other income, which also includes income arising as a consequence of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity. To account for income and expenses other than results from ordinary activities, it is intended account 91. It systematizes information about other income and expenses. To account 91, as a rule, the following sub-accounts are opened: 91-1 "Other income", 91-2 "Other expenses", 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses".

66. ACCOUNTING FOR OTHER INCOME AND EXPENSES

Rent, royalties for the use of intellectual property objects are recognized in accounting based on the assumption of the temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity and the terms of the relevant agreement, similarly to the proceeds from the sale of the results of ordinary activities. The income from the sale of fixed assets and other assets, other than cash, products, goods, as well as the amount of interest received for providing the organization’s funds for use.

Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contractual or debt obligations, as well as compensation for losses caused by the organization, are accepted for accounting in the amounts awarded by the court or recognized by the debtor in the reporting period when the court issued a decision on their recovery or they were recognized as the debtor. Assets, received free of charge, are accepted for accounting at market value.

Accounts receivable and accounts payable in the reporting period in which the limitation period has expired, is included in the income or expenses of the organization in the amount reflected in the accounting records. Similarly, other debts that are uncollectible are recognized in accounting. Other incomes and expenses are accepted for accounting in actual amounts as they are revealed, unless the legislation establishes a different procedure for their recognition.

Formation of reserves under the decrease in the value of material assets, investments in securities, for doubtful debts is reflected in the credit of the accounts of the relevant reserves (14, 59, 63) and the debit of account 91, sub-account 91-2 "Other expenses".

Entries on sub-accounts 91-1 "Other income" and 91-2 "Other expenses" are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit and credit turnover, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined, which is debited from sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses" to account 99 "Profit and losses" by the final turnover of each month.

Thus, synthetic account 91 "Other income and expenses" has no balance as of the reporting date. At the end of the reporting year, sub-accounts 91-1 and 91-2 are closed with internal entries to sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses".

67. ACCOUNTING FOR OPERATIONS ON CURRENCY ACCOUNTS

In order to carry out business transactions related to the use of foreign currency, resident organizations have the right to open currency accounts in authorized Russian banks.

To open a foreign currency account, a legal entity must submit relevant documents to an authorized bank. An authorized bank, on the basis of a concluded bank account agreement, opens three accounts for a legal entity at the same time:

- transit currency account - for crediting the full amount of receipts in foreign currency;

- current currency account - to account for funds remaining at the disposal of a legal entity after the mandatory sale of a part of export earnings, to reflect the organization's settlements with its counterparties;

- special transit account - used to carry out currency transactions in cases established by federal law.

In accordance with the current legislation, the generalization of information on the availability and movement of funds in foreign currencies on the organization's foreign currency accounts opened with credit institutions in Russia and abroad is carried out on account 52 "Currency accounts". It is advisable to open sub-accounts for it: 52-1 “Currency accounts within the country”; 52-2 "Currency accounts abroad."

Within the currency sub-account 52-1, sub-accounts are opened: "Transit currency account"; "Current currency account"; "Special transit account", inside separate sub-accounts by types of currencies.

On debit account 52 correspondence is made on credit of the following accounts: 50, 57, 62, 66, 75 and 91.

Residents are obliged, within the terms stipulated by the contracts, to ensure that the proceeds for the sold goods, rendered services are credited to their bank accounts in authorized banks or the return of funds paid to non-residents in case of non-fulfillment of the terms of the contracts. From this requirement of repatriation of foreign exchange earnings, a number of exceptions have been made in the currency legislation relating to settlements on credits and loans, the use of part of the proceeds to cover expenses abroad. Not later than 7 days after the receipt of funds to the foreign exchange account, the mandatory sale of a part of foreign exchange earnings must be carried out in accordance with the Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation "On the mandatory sale of a part of foreign exchange earnings in the domestic foreign exchange market of the Russian Federation" dated March 30, 2004 No. 111- AND.

On credit account 52 correspondence is recorded in the debit of the following accounts: 50, 57, 60, 75, 91.

68. ACCOUNTING FOR CASH TRANSACTIONS IN FOREIGN CURRENCY

Cash received from foreign currency accounts in banks is accounted for on a sub-account 50-4 "Cash desk in foreign currency". Accounting for cash transactions in foreign currency is carried out in accordance with the general procedure established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The financially responsible person is the cashier. An agreement on full individual financial responsibility is concluded with him. A limit in foreign currencies is established at the cash desk. Organizations receive foreign currency to pay for business travel expenses. Payment and expenditure of currency for other purposes is prohibited.

Accounting for travel expenses is one of the most common cash transactions in foreign currency. The time of an employee's stay on a business trip abroad is set according to the marks in the passport. A travel permit is not required. Upon returning from a business trip, the employee must, within three days, submit to the head of the organization for approval an advance report with documents confirming the reliability of expenses.

The employee's debt under the under the report as an advance to amounts in foreign currency is listed in the accounting of the organization as a foreign currency debt. In connection with the change in the current exchange rate of the ruble against the foreign currency issued for the report, there may be exchange rate differences, which in correspondence with account 71 are referred to the financial result - to account 91.

If the documented expenses of an employee sent abroad exceeded the amount issued to him under the report, then by order of the head of the organization they can be reimbursed by order of the head of the organization.

Debt to an employee can be redeemed as follows:

▪ transfer of funds in foreign currency from the current foreign currency account of the organization to the foreign currency account of the specified resident employee in an authorized bank or to the foreign currency account of a non-resident employee in an authorized bank or non-resident bank;

▪ issuance of the debt amount in cash foreign currency;

▪ issuance of the equivalent of the debt amount in rubles, calculated at the exchange rate to foreign currencies established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of debt repayment.

Account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" is debited for the amounts issued under the report in correspondence with cash accounts and credited for the amounts of travel expenses according to the sources of reimbursement.

The main accounting entries for accounting for travel expenses in foreign currency are as follows: Dt 50-4, Kt 52-1; Dt 71, Kt 50-4; Dt 71, Kt 50-4; Dt 50-4, Kt 71.

69. ACCOUNTING FOR FOREIGN TRADE OPERATIONS: EXPORT OPERATIONS

The accounting of foreign trade operations in each specific organization is determined by a number of factors: the form of settlements with suppliers and buyers; the procedure for the transfer of ownership of the exported goods to the buyer; participation of intermediary organizations.

The procedure for keeping records of foreign trade operations is largely determined by the requirements of state and credit authorities for the movement of funds, goods and documentation.

Export operations. The main documents for the export of goods are a contract for the supply of goods, a transaction passport, a dossier, a bank control statement, a cargo customs declaration, customs and bank control registration cards, invoices, waybills, etc.

Synthetic accounting of goods shipped for export is carried out on account 45 "Goods shipped" or on account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers". Score 45 is used if the supply agreement provides for a different procedure for the transfer of ownership of the goods from the importer's organization to the buyer.

Availability and traffic information reserved funds reflected on account 55 "Special accounts in banks", sub-account "Foreign exchange transactions reservation account": Dt 55, Kt 51; Room 51, Room 55.

Reservation can be omitted if the contract provides for the use of such a form of payment as an irrevocable letter of credit, a promissory note avalized by a foreign bank, there is a bank guarantee of a foreign bank, a property insurance contract has been concluded in favor of a resident - a Russian organization.

Basic accounting entries for accounting for export operations carried out directly between the seller and the buyer: Dr. c. 45-2, Kt 43-1; Dt 44-1, Kt 60; Dt 60, Kt 51; Dt 44-1, Kt 68; Dt 60, Kt 52-1.

The following is how the cost of goods sold is reflected in the Sales account after ownership has passed to the buyer, in this example after the product has been delivered to its destination by a third-party trucking company.

Formation of the actual cost and accounting for the sale of exported products: Dt 90-2, Kt 45-2; Dt 90-2, Kt 44-1, 44-2; Dt 62, Kt 90-1; Dt 68, Kt 51.

Entries on the accounting accounts of receipt and mandatory sale of foreign exchange earnings: Dt 52-1-1, Kt 62; Dt 57, Kt 52-1-1; Dt 52-1-2, Kt 52-1-1; Dt 91-2, Kt 57; Dt 51, Kt 91-1; Dt 91, Kt 99.

70. ACCOUNTING FOR FOREIGN TRADE OPERATIONS: IMPORT OPERATIONS

Import operations. The main documents for processing import transactions are a passport and a dossier on an import transaction, a payment card, an accounting card for imported goods, a bank control statement and a report on transactions under import contracts.

For import operations currency funds can be purchased by the importing organization strictly against a certain payment in accordance with a specific transaction passport, and in the case of a deferred payment - a specific customs declaration. The currency purchased under the contract cannot be transferred by the importer under any other contract. Foreign currency purchased by a bank for a resident enterprise in the foreign exchange market and credited to its special transit currency account must be transferred to the supplier no later than 7 calendar days. If the debiting of the purchased currency from the special transit account is not carried out within this period, the currency is subject to resale.

Synthetic accounting settlements with suppliers of imported goods are carried out on account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors". Analytical accounting of calculations is carried out for individual deliveries. Information on the purchase cost of imported goods is formed on account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets"; the sub-accounts of this account reflect the movement of goods in transit, the costs of its delivery and customs clearance. Analytical accounting is conducted by suppliers, parties and types of goods.

Account entries transactions for the preliminary purchase of foreign currency for settlements on the import of goods: Dt 76, Kt 51; Dt 55-3, Kt 51; Dt 52-1-2, Kt 76; Room 44, Room 76; Dt 91-2, Kt 76.

Entries on the accounting accounts of operations for making an advance to the supplier of goods, mandatory payments and payment for the services of transport organizations: Dt 60, Kt 52-1-2; Dt 76, Kt 51; Dt 91-2, Kt 76; Dt 15, Kt 76; Dt 15, Kt 76; Dt 76, Kt 51; Dt 76, Kt 52-1-2; Dt 91, Kt 76; Dt 76, Kt 91; Dt 68, Kt 19.

Entries on the accounts of accounting transactions for the import of goods into the country, posting of goods and settlements with the budget: Dt 15, Kt 60; Room 19, Room 76; Dt 68, Kt 19; Dt 15, Kt 68; Dt 15, Kt 76; Room 68. Room 51; Dt 91, Kt 76; Dt 10, Kt 15; Dt 68, Kt 19; Dt 51, Kt 55-3.

71. CONCEPT OF CAPITAL

Capital, being an economic resource, is a combination of own and borrowed capital necessary for the financial and economic activities of the organization.

Raised capital - these are loans, loans and accounts payable, i.e. liabilities to individuals and legal entities.

Equity - this is capital minus attracted capital (liabilities), which consists of a combination of authorized, additional and reserve capital, retained earnings and other reserves (trust funds and reserves).

Active capital - this is the cost of all property in terms of composition and location, that is, everything that the organization owns as a legally independent person.

Passive Capital - these are the sources of property (active capital) of the organization; consists of equity and borrowed capital.

All concepts presented can be expressed by the following equation:

Assets (economic resources) = Financial liabilities (raised capital) + Own capital.

Sometimes equity acts as residual, because it reflects the totality of funds that remain at the disposal of the organization after the payment of financial obligations.

In this case, the equation looks like this: Equity = Assets - Financial Liabilities.

In international financial reporting standards, capital is considered as a combination of attracted and equity capital.

72. ACCOUNTING FOR SHARE CAPITAL

The initial and main source of formation of the organization's property is its authorized capital. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and depending on the organizational and legal form of ownership, there are:

- authorized capital economic companies, which represents the totality of the contributions of the founders to the property of the organization in monetary terms during its creation to ensure activities in the amounts determined by the constituent documents, and guaranteeing the interests of its creditors;

- share capital business partnerships, reflecting the totality of shares (contributions) of participants in a general partnership and limited partnership, made to ensure its financial and economic activities; the value of the share capital is reflected in the charter and can be changed by decision of the founders with the introduction of appropriate changes to the constituent documents;

- statutory fund state and municipal unitary organizations, which represents a set of fixed and working capital allocated to the organization free of charge by the state or municipal bodies;

- mutual and indivisible fund cooperative, formed by cooperatives (artels) at the expense of share contributions in the form of cash and other property for joint business activities.

Accounting for the authorized capital (and its varieties) is carried out on passive account 80 "Authorized capital".

Depending on the extent of responsibility to shareholders and members of the company, account 80 may have the following sub-accounts: 80-1 “Announced (registered) capital”

▪ in the amount specified in the charter and other constituent documents; 80-2 "Subscribed capital"

▪ at the cost of shares for which a subscription was made, guaranteeing their acquisition; 80-3 "Paid-up capital"

▪ in the amount of funds contributed by participants at the time of subscription and sold on free sale; 80-4 "Withdrawn capital"

▪ in the amount of the value of shares withdrawn from circulation by repurchasing them from shareholders by the company.

On credit account 80 the amount of contributions to the authorized capital during the formation of the organization after its registration is reflected in the amount of subscription to shares or donated by the founders or the state, as well as an increase in the authorized capital due to additional contributions and deductions of part of the organization's profit. By debit account 80 when the authorized capital is reduced, the following amounts are recorded: contributions returned to the founders; canceled shares; reduction of deposits or par value of shares; part of the authorized capital directed to the reserve capital, etc.

Account balance 80 indicates the size of the authorized capital, fixed in the constituent documents of the organization.

73. FORMATION AND ACCOUNTING OF AUTHORIZED CAPITAL IN JOINT STOCK COMPANIES

Joint-stock company (JSC) is a company whose authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares; participants in a joint-stock company (shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of their shares (Article 96 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The minimum amount of authorized capital for closed joint-stock companies is 100 minimum monthly wages (minimum wages) established by law, for open joint-stock companies - 1000 minimum wages. A joint-stock company whose members may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders is recognized open joint stock company (OAO). Such a company has the right to conduct an open subscription for shares issued by it and their free sale on the terms established by law and other legal acts (Article 97 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). A joint stock company, the shares of which are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons, is recognized closed joint stock company (COMPANY). Such a company is not entitled to conduct an open subscription for the shares it issues or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited circle of persons (Article 97 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

In the course of its activities, a joint-stock company may increase or decrease its authorized capital.

Increase the authorized capital happens due to:

▪ issuing additional and increasing the par value of previously issued shares: D-t 75, K-t 80;

▪ retained earnings: Dt 84, Kt 80.

Reduced share capital possible through:

1) decrease in the par value of shares: Dt 80, Kt 75;

2) redemption of own shares from shareholders; since shares can be repurchased at prices above or below their par value, if the repurchase price exceeds the par value, there are expenses, and when the repurchase price is lower, income; repurchased shares are recorded on account 81 "Own shares (shares)". When repurchasing own shares, the following accounting entries are made: Dt sch. 81, K-t account. 50, 51, 52, 55; Dt 81, Kt 91; Dt 91, Kt 81; Dt 80, Kt 81.

A special place in the accounting of a joint-stock company is occupied by settlements with the founders for the payment of dividends (account 75 "Settlements with the founders", sub-account 75-2 "Calculations for the payment of income").

Accrual of dividends and their payment in the accounting of a joint-stock company they are drawn up as follows: Dt 84, Kt 70; Dt 70, Kt 68; Dt 70, Kt 50.

74. ACCOUNTING FOR AUTHORIZED CAPITAL IN COMPANIES WITH LIMITED LIABILITY

Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a company founded by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares in the amount determined by the constituent documents. LLC participants are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of their contributions (Articles 87-94 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

According to the Federal Law "On Limited Liability Companies", the authorized capital is formed at the expense of contributions (contributions) of the founders, and therefore acts in the form of share capital. Unlike a joint-stock company, an LLC cannot issue shares. The minimum amount of the authorized capital of an LLC cannot be less than 100 minimum wages

A limited liability company has the right to increase or decrease the amount of its authorized capital. An increase in the authorized capital of a company is allowed after all its participants have made contributions in full, a decrease in it is allowed after notification of all creditors. The latter have the right in this case to demand early termination or performance of the relevant obligations of the company and compensation for their losses.

Increasing the authorized capital of LLC may occur due to:

▪ additional capital: Dt 83, Kt 80;

▪ free profit balance: Dt 84, Kt 80;

▪ additional contributions from the founders: D-t 75, K-t 80; D-t 50, K-t 75.

Reduction of the authorized capital of LLC may be in the event of the departure of members from the society. The company is obliged to pay the participant the actual value of his share or to give property of the same value in kind. At the same time, entries are made in accounting: Dt 80, Kt 75; Dt 75, Kt 50.

75. ACCOUNTING FOR AUTHORIZED CAPITAL IN BUSINESS COMPANIES

Business partnerships, like companies, are recognized as commercial organizations with authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of founders (participants). According to Art. 69-86 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, business partnerships as legal entities can function in the form of a general partnership and limited partnership.

Full partnership is a legal entity, the authorized capital of which is created at the expense of the contributions of the founders. The amount of deposits is the initial size of the authorized (share) capital. The participants in such a partnership are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership, are jointly and severally liable to creditors in amounts proportional to contributions to the share capital. Each participant is obliged to make at least 50% of his contribution to the share capital by the time of registration. The main part must be paid within the terms established by the memorandum of association. The minimum amount of share capital is not regulated. Profit and its losses are distributed among the participants also in proportion to their contributions.

Partnership on faith is a legal entity that consists of actual participants and contributors. Active participants bear full joint liability for obligations with all their property. Participants-contributors are liable for obligations only within the limits of their contribution. The authorized capital of a limited partnership is formed from the contributions of participants in material and monetary form; at the same time, the share of each participant is provided in advance in the constituent documents.

The authorized capital in business partnerships is formed in the form of the share capital of the founders and is replenished at the expense of the created and acquired property. Contributions can be made in cash or in kind. The return of a share (share) and joint property is made mainly in cash.

Settlements on contributions to the authorized capital in business partnerships are accounted for on account 75, subaccount 75-1. Analytical accounting of contributions to the authorized capital is carried out for each participant.

76. FORMATION AND ACCOUNTING OF ADDITIONAL CAPITAL

Accounting for additional capital is carried out on passive account 83 "Additional capital", which reflects:

▪ increase in the value of non-current assets identified as a result of the revaluation of these assets; the revaluation procedure is regulated by relevant regulatory documents;

▪ the difference between the sale and par value of shares, resulting in the process of forming the authorized capital of the joint-stock company; through the sale of shares at a price exceeding the nominal value formed in the process of forming the authorized capital of the joint-stock company (receiving share premium);

▪ positive exchange rate differences arising from contributions to the authorized capital of an organization, expressed in foreign currency (clause 14 of PBU 3/2000);

▪ in non-profit organizations, additional capital includes budget funds actually used for their intended purpose in accordance with the organization’s investment program.

To organize analytical accounting for account 83, the following should be opened according to the sources of its formation: sub-accounts: 83-1 "Growth based on the results of revaluation of assets"; 83-2 "Obtaining share premium through the sale of shares at a price exceeding the nominal value"; 83-3 "Exchange differences arising from contributions to the authorized capital of the organization, denominated in foreign currency";

83-4 "Increase in value due to appropriations from the budget for non-profit organizations", etc.

The credit of account 83 shows the formation and replenishment of additional capital. In this case, the following accounting entries are made: Dt 0, Kt 83; Dt 83, Kt 02; Dt 86, Kt 83; Dt 75, Kt 83; Dt 75, Kt 83.

Amounts credited to account 83, as a rule, are not written off. At the same time, they can be used in various areas. At the same time, entries are made on the debit of account 83 and the credit of various accounts, for example: Dt 83, Kt 01; Dt 02, Kt 83; Dt 83, Kt 84; and at the same time: Dt 83, Kt 02.

To increase the authorized capital (after making changes to the constituent documents), two accounting entries are made simultaneously: Dt 83, Kt 75; Dt 75, Kt 80.

A decrease in the additional capital of a unitary organization due to the seizure by a state or municipal body of property and funds is reflected: Dt 83, Kt 75.

Analytical accounting on account 83 is carried out according to the directions of use of funds.

77. FORMATION AND ACCOUNTING OF RESERVE CAPITAL

Reserve capital is created in accordance with the Law "On Joint Stock Companies" by deductions from net profit. The size of the reserve capital is determined by the charter of the joint-stock company and must be at least 15% of the authorized capital, and the amount of annual deductions - at least 5% of the annual net profit. For organizations with foreign investments, the size of the reserve capital must be at least 25% of the authorized capital.

Currently, many joint-stock companies have the amount of reserve capital at the level of 2-4% of the authorized capital. At the same time, there were no violations of the law or the requirements of the charters. The fact is that many joint-stock companies have revised the size of their authorized capital in recent years, increasing them by 10, and in some cases more than 100 times due to additional capital as a result of an increase in the value of property by revaluation. A corresponding increase in reserve capital, as a rule, was not made. Allocations to the reserve capital are made annually in the presence of net profit until the amount provided for by the charter of the joint-stock company is reached.

The reserve capital is used to cover unforeseen losses and losses of the organization for the reporting year, as well as to redeem JSC bonds. The rest of the unused funds of the fund are transferred to the next year.

Reserve capital accounting is kept on passive account 82 "Reserve capital", the credit of which reflects the formation of reserve capital, the debit - its use. The credit balance of the account indicates the amount of unused reserve capital at the beginning and end of the reporting period.

Deductions to the reserve capital are reflected in the following accounting entry: Dt 84, Kt 82.

The use of reserve capital is reflected in the accounting entries: Dt 82, Kt 84; Dt 82, Kt 67.

A preliminary entry is made: Dt 67, Kt 51.

Analytical accounting on account 82 is organized in such a way as to provide information on the channels for using funds.

78. ACCOUNTING FOR RETAINED EARNINGS (UNCOVERED LOSS)

To account for the presence and movement retained earnings (uncovered loss) an active-passive account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)" is provided. Retained earnings of the reporting year is the part of net profit that was not distributed by the organization in the reporting year.

The net profit identified on account 99 is written off at the end of the reporting year (in December) to the credit of account 84: Dt 99 “Profits and losses”, Kt 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”. The debit of account 84 reflects the areas of use of retained earnings of the reporting year: Dt 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)", Dt 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages", 75 "Settlements with founders", subaccount 75-2 " Calculations for payment of income"

▪ for the payment of dividends; Dt 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)", Kt 80 "Authorized capital", 82 "Reserve capital"

▪ to increase authorized and reserve capital.

The balance of retained earnings is carried over to the next year.

The amount of the net loss of the reporting year in December is written off by the final turnovers from the credit of account 99 "Profits and losses" to the debit of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

Write-off from the balance sheet reporting year losses is carried out when: bringing the authorized capital to the size of the net assets of the organization: D-t 80 "Authorized capital",

Kt 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)";

▪ direction to repay the loss at the expense of reserve capital: D-t 82 “Reserve capital”, K-t 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”;

▪ repayment of the loss of a simple partnership at the expense of targeted contributions of its participants: D-t 75 “Settlements with founders”, K-t 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”.

79. FORMATION AND ACCOUNTING OF RESERVES

Reserves are created to clarify the assessment of individual accounting items and cover future expenses.

Provisions for depreciation of material assets are accounted for on account 14 of the same name, which is intended to reflect the reserves created for a decrease in market value for each unit of inventories (raw materials, materials, fuel, work in progress, finished products, goods, etc.) by the amount of the difference between the current value and the actual cost of inventories, if the latter is higher than the current market value.

The reserve is created at the expense of the organization's income. In this case, the following accounting entry is made: Dt 91, Kt 14. Analytical accounting for account 14 is kept for each reserve separately, as well as for types and (or) groups of reserves.

Allowance for doubtful debts (account 63) are created at the expense of the organization's income. Doubtful debt is the accounts receivable of the organization and citizens, which is not repaid within the terms established by the contracts, is not secured by appropriate guarantees (sureties). Reserves for doubtful debts are recommended to be created within a year after the inventory and written justification of the organization's receivables. Such justification may be materials of correspondence with debtors.

The amount of the reserve is determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on the financial condition (solvency) of the debtor and the assessment of the probability of repaying the debt in full or in part.

The creation of a reserve for doubtful debts is reflected in the accounting entry: Dt 91, Kt 63. When writing off unclaimed debts previously recognized by the organization as doubtful, an entry is made: Dt 63, Kt 62. Analytical accounting for reserves for doubtful debts is carried out according to each debt for which a provision has been created.

According to the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting (clause 45) allowance for depreciation of investments in securities is created only for shares traded on the stock exchange, the quotation of which is regularly published. These reserves are created at the expense of the organization's income against the potential impairment of the organization's investments in the shares of other organizations. Securities are reflected in the assets of the balance sheet at their net value less the created reserve on account 58 "Financial investments". The formation of reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities occurs on the credit of passive account 59 "Reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities", and the decrease - on the debit of the said account.

The formation of the reserve is carried out at the expense of the organization's income: Dt 91, Kt 59.

80. ACCOUNTING FOR PROVISIONS TO COVER UPCOMING EXPENSES

In the daily activities of an organization, as a rule, there is a need to create reserve to cover upcoming expenses. This type of reserve is formed if it is provided for by the accounting policy of the organization. The reserve is created at the expense of internal resources by inclusion in the costs of production of products (works, services) or sales costs in the reporting year. The regulations on accounting and financial reporting (clause 72) are allowed create reserves:

▪ for upcoming vacation payments, including payments for social insurance and employee benefits;

▪ payment of annual remuneration for length of service;

▪ repair of fixed assets (if provided for by the accounting policy);

▪ production costs for preparatory work due to the seasonal nature of production;

▪ upcoming costs for land reclamation and implementation of other environmental measures;

▪ warranty repairs and warranty service;

▪ other purposes provided for by law.

To account for reserves, a passive account 96 "Reserves for future expenses" is intended, which reflects the amounts reserved in the prescribed manner in order to evenly allocate expenses to production and sale costs.

On credit account 96 Monthly deductions accumulate sources of funds to cover the established costs. At the same time, entries are made: Dt 08, Kt 96.

On debit account 96 the actual expenditures for the corresponding purposes are reflected. In this case, postings are made: Dt 96, Kt 10. The balance of account 96 indicates the accrued reserve in previous periods, which will be spent in future reporting periods.

81. CONCEPT AND COMPOSITION OF ACCOUNTING STATEMENTS

Formation of financial statements of the organization is the final stage of the accounting process. Financial statements as a unified system of data on the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position are compiled on the basis of accounting data.

К main regulatory documents, which determine the procedure for compiling and disclosing information in financial statements, include: Federal Law “On Accounting”; PBU 4/99 "Accounting statements of an organization"; Chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of an organization and instructions for its use; order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation "On the forms of financial statements of organizations"; Methodological recommendations for the preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements; Guidelines for the preparation of financial statements during the reorganization of organizations; Methodological recommendations for disclosing information on profit per share, etc.

The content and forms of the balance sheet, income statement, other reports and applications are applied consistently from one reporting period to another. In the financial statements, data on numerical indicators are given for at least two years - the reporting and preceding the reporting one. If they are incomparable with the data for the reporting period, they are corrected based on the rules established by regulatory enactments. If errors are detected before the approval of the financial statements, corrections are made in December of the year. After the approval of the financial statements, changes can be made to them, but a set-off between the items of assets and liabilities, items of profit and loss, except for cases when such a set-off is provided for by the rules established by regulatory enactments, is not allowed. The explanatory note to the financial statements indicates the indicators that have been adjusted and the reasons for it.

Accounting statements of organizations (except for credit organizations, insurance organizations and budgetary institutions) composed of:

▪ balance sheet (form No. 1);

▪ profit and loss statement (form No. 2);

▪ statement of changes in capital (form No. 3);

▪ cash flow statement (form No. 4);

▪ appendices to the balance sheet (form No. 5);

▪ explanatory note;

▪ auditor's report.

An auditor's report on the reliability of financial statements is included in its composition if the organization is subject to a mandatory audit or has taken an initiative decision to conduct an audit and publish an audit report.

82. PROCEDURE AND TERMS FOR SUBMISSION OF ACCOUNTING REPORTS

Organizations prepare monthly, quarterly and annual financial statements. In this case, the first and second financial statements are interim.

Reporting year for all organizations covers the period from January 1 to December 31 of the calendar year inclusive. The first year for newly created organizations is the reporting year from the date of their state registration to December 31; for organizations established after October 1 - from the date of state registration to December 31 of the next year inclusive.

Organizations, with the exception of budget organizations, must submit annual and quarterly reporting:

▪ participants or owners of their property;

▪ territorial bodies of state statistics at the place of their registration;

▪ other executive authorities, banks, financial authorities of the tax inspectorate and other users who, in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, are entrusted with checking certain aspects of the organization’s activities and receiving relevant reports.

State and municipal unitary organizations submit accounting reports to the bodies authorized to manage state property. Organizations are required to submit financial statements to the specified addresses free of charge in one copy. All organizations, with the exception of budget organizations, submit quarterly financial statements within 30 days after the end of the quarter, and annual reports within 90 days after the end of the year, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Annual financial statements must be submitted no earlier than 60 days after the end of the reporting year. Annual and quarterly financial statements are reviewed and approved in accordance with the procedure established by the constituent documents prior to submission to the above addresses.

If there are technical capabilities, financial statements may be presented on a diskette or other machine carrier of reporting information. Budget organizations submit monthly, quarterly and annual financial statements to a higher body within the time limits set by it.

Submission date accounting statements for a one-town organization is considered the day of its actual transfer to its affiliation, and for non-residents - the date of its postal departure. In cases where the reporting date coincides with a weekend (non-working) day, the reporting deadline is postponed to the first business day following it.

The Organization publish financial statements and the final part of the auditor's report, if it is provided for by the legislation of Russia. Publication is made no later than June 1 of the year following the reporting year, in newspapers, magazines or by distributing brochures, booklets and other publications among users.

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Electric hypercar Lotus Evija 29.07.2019

Lotus has decided to make its latest hypercar not only fully electric, but incredibly powerful. The Evija is the company's first car with an electrified powertrain, and it has an incredible 1973 hp.

For Lotus, the car represents a new beginning. CEO Phil Popham said the Evija "will restore our brand to the hearts and minds of sports car enthusiasts." But fans of sports cars, according to Lotus, should be very wealthy, since for an electric powerful hypercar you will have to pay 1,7 million (more than $2,1 million at the current rate). In total, it is planned to produce 130 such cars, their sales will begin in 2020.

The design of the Evija was inspired by the rock formations "carved by nature over the centuries" and Le Mans racing cars. The car does not have traditional side mirrors, which has reduced air resistance and optimized downforce. Instead, they use cameras integrated into the front fenders.

Thanks to its high power and excellent aerodynamics, the Lotus Evija electric car is capable of accelerating to 62 miles per hour (100 km/h) in less than 3 seconds, reaching 9 miles per hour (187 km/s) in 300 seconds after the start, and a top speed is over 200 miles per hour (322 km/h). In comparison, the new Tesla Roadster, according to the company, will be able to accelerate to 60 miles per hour (97 km / h) in just 1,9 seconds and reach a maximum speed of 250 miles per hour (402 km / h) in 9 seconds.

The interior of the new hypercar is reminiscent of racing cars from the 1950s, while the design of the steering wheel and dashboard are slightly reminiscent of those of Formula-1 racing cars. The steering wheel itself is finished in luxurious Alcantara (there is also a leather version), and in its central part there is a switch for operating modes: Range, City, Tour, Sport and Track. Right behind the wheel is a digital display with all indicators. There are no other information screens and dashboards in the car. Additional controls are located in the center console, they have touch buttons with tactile feedback and backlight when touched.

Another impressive feature of the Lotus Evija hypercar is its claimed charging speed. Using an 800 kW charger (which is not yet commercially available), the battery of an electric vehicle can be fully charged in just 9 minutes. When using currently available commercial chargers (the most powerful - 350 kW), you can completely replenish the energy reserve in the battery in 18 minutes. At the same time, the range when tested in accordance with the methodology of the New European Driving Cycle Combined Cycle is 270 miles (435 km).

The electric powertrain, custom-designed by Williams Advanced Engineering (involved in the development of Formula 1 and Formula E racing cars), includes a battery pack that is billed as the lightest and most energy dense of any road car. At the same time, the target weight of Evija is 1680 kg, which makes the novelty the lightest all-electric hypercar.

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