Accounting financial accounting. Types of loans and credits (the most important)

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Accounting financial accounting. Types of loans and credits (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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22. TYPES OF LOANS AND CREDITS

In cases stipulated by law or other legal acts, an organization may raise borrowed funds by issuing and selling bonds, issuing promissory notes (loan obligations).

Bond - this is a debt obligation, according to which the borrower (who issued the bond) guarantees the creditor (who bought the bond) the payment of a certain amount after the expiration of the established period and the payment of annual income in the form of a fixed or floating interest (Article 816 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Changes in floating interest occur according to set rules, which is why bonds are called fixed income securities. Bearer or registered bonds are sold, they are guaranteed to pay interest on time.

Bill - this is a debt obligation drawn up in writing and containing a certain set of details, according to which the bill holder has an indisputable right to receive the amount indicated in it after the specified period. The absence of at least one mandatory requisite entails the unreality of the bill (Article 816 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The person who issues the bill is called drawer; the person who accepted the bill, - bill holder. Legal entities and individuals can participate in bill circulation.

Credit (loan, debt) is a system of economic relations between various legal entities and individuals that arise when borrowing money for temporary use on the terms of repayment, payment and urgency. The organization's credit settlement relations with banks are built on a voluntary basis and the mutual interest of the partners. An organization has the opportunity to receive loans if it is a legal entity, has an independent balance sheet and its own working capital. The procedure for issuing and repaying loans is determined by law and regulated by the loan agreement.

Loan Agreement - This is a document that is drawn up under the fulfillment of specific conditions of the contract. The agreement reflects:

▪ lending objects and loan term;

▪ conditions and procedure for issuing and repaying a loan;

▪ forms of securing obligations (guarantee, agreement - guarantee, pledge of securities, goods, fixed assets, insurance, etc.);

▪ interest rates for using a loan, the procedure for their payment;

▪ rights and responsibilities of the parties regarding the issuance and repayment of the loan;

▪ other conditions.

Before concluding a loan agreement, the bank carefully analyzes the solvency of the organization, studies its ability to repay the loan and pay interest on time.

Depending on the purpose and terms of provision, there are various types of loans and credits. Allocate according to the deadline short-term debt, the maturity of which, according to the terms of the agreement, does not exceed 12 months, and long term - more than 12 months.

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