Solar collectors. Orientation. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Solar collectors. Orientation. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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The correct orientation of solar collectors (direction and angle of inclination) increases their performance. The earth's atmosphere absorbs and reflects a significant portion of solar radiation. Therefore, the maximum amount of energy enters at noon, when the direct stream of rays is least of all delayed by the atmosphere. In the northern hemisphere, the optimal direction at noon is geographic south. Although the collectors must be directed to the geographic south for maximum performance, a deviation of 20 degrees to the east or west is allowed without increasing the surface area of the collectors.

A "following" (turning) solar collector collects 20% more solar radiation than a collector oriented strictly to the south. However, this performance gain does not justify the cost of building a tracking device. It is usually more profitable to increase the collector area by 20%.

Local weather conditions (for example, morning fogs or prevailing afternoon clouds) should also be taken into account when locating the collector. If local weather conditions do not play a major role and the collector cannot be turned to the south, it is recommended to turn it to the west to take advantage of the warmer afternoons (collector heat loss is reduced by high outside temperatures).

Since the height of the Sun above the horizon varies significantly throughout the year depending on latitude, the angle of inclination of the collectors in relation to the height of the Sun depends on the specific installation. In general, seasonal variations in the amount of radiation must be taken into account for all solar power installations. An inclination of the reservoir surface 30-50 degrees to the south in the Northern Hemisphere or to the north in the Southern Hemisphere brings better results in winter and some losses in summer. Space heating units are placed to get the most from the winter sun.

In the tropics, where the Sun is high, it is most advantageous to install the collector surface almost horizontally. The optimal angle of inclination of the solar collector is equal to the latitude of the area. A positive difference between latitude and roof angle results in better system performance in winter. The collector inclination angle, which is smaller than the local latitude, contributes to better operation of the system in summer. Deviations in the angle of inclination of collectors for architectural reasons can be compensated for by additional collector area.

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