Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activity. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activity. Cheat sheet: briefly, the most important

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents

1. SUBJECT, OBJECTIVES, CONTENT AND PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS

Analysis of financial and economic activities (analysis of FCD) - this is a detailed division of the object under study into parts in order to study and identify trends in processes and phenomena under the influence of various factors. It studies the interaction of managerial, technical and economic processes and their impact on the economic performance of an enterprise and is aimed at assessing its effectiveness and rationality in the use of raw materials, labor, financial and other resources of an enterprise, identifying production reserves, and preparing an analytical base for management decisions. The analysis is based on the planning, reporting and other documentation available to the enterprise.

The subject analysis are the economic processes of the enterprise, emerging under the influence of objective and subjective, external and internal factors of the production system. These processes can be characterized by certain results: the volume of production, its efficiency, costs, financial condition.

Objective external and internal factors associated with the operation of economic laws; these factors include supply and demand, competition, prices, tariffs and rates.

Subjective factors are associated with specific human activities, entirely dependent on him - this is the forecasting of economic activity, as well as objective conditions and factors, successful management, implementation of plans, organization of production, financial actions, etc.

The main tasks of the analysis: studying the activities of the enterprise with the help of a set of interrelated technical and economic indicators that characterize the work of the organization as a whole and its divisions; increasing production efficiency and ensuring the implementation of plans at minimal cost; identification and measurement of internal reserves at all stages of the production process.

Analysis content: study of economic phenomena, factors and causes that determine them; objective assessment of the effectiveness of economic activity; scientific substantiation of plans, control over their condition and progress; identification of on-farm reserves, study and generalization of best practices; development of measures for the use of reserves, the dissemination of best practices and the elimination of the causes of poor performance, control over the implementation of the planned measures.

Basic principles:

1) efficiency;

2) scientific character;

3) complexity;

4) systematic;

5) objectivity, specificity and accuracy;

6) effectiveness;

7) planning;

8) efficiency;

9) democracy.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF PQD ANALYSIS TYPES

PCD analysis is classified according to the following criteria.

By objects distinguish the following types of analysis: public economy as a whole; economic or administrative region; branches of material production; enterprises; business units, etc.

Subjects analysis is classified depending on who produces it: economic services of enterprises; economic management bodies; credit, financial and statistical organizations.

Depending on the off target analysis is classified in the following areas: drawing up a scientifically based plan; control over the progress of execution; elimination of bottlenecks and identification of on-farm reserves; evaluation of managerial and commercial activities.

By breadth of comparison the analysis is divided into: in-house; intra-industry; intersectoral.

By frequency analysis is divided into periodic and one-time. Periodic analysis can be carried out for several years, quarters, months, decades, days and shifts, but most often it is carried out for a quarter and a year, i.e., periods of summarizing the activities of enterprises.

By time analysis with respect to the plan, there are preliminary (for drawing up plans), operational (current), subsequent (for summarizing the implementation of the plan) analysis. The purpose of operational (current) analysis is the regulation of production and management processes, which is based on operational accounting data and is carried out constantly. Subsequent analysis, which allows you to make an economic assessment of production activities for all indicators and reveal production reserves, is carried out after compiling a report on production and economic activities for the reporting period and is performed in the form of an addendum to the report.

On a functional basis distinguish the following types of analysis: managerial; socio-economic; economic and statistical; marketing; investment; financial.

According to the content distinguish between complex and thematic, or local, analysis. A comprehensive analysis involves the study of all issues of the enterprise and its divisions in their relationship. Thematic (local) analysis is limited to the study of one topic, a separate issue.

By degree of coverage analyzed object financial and economic analysis is divided into continuous and selective. Proper application of sampling methods of analysis makes it possible to obtain sufficiently reliable data with the least laboriousness of analytical work.

According to the degree of mechanization and automation a distinction is made between computer-assisted analysis and manual analysis.

3. INFORMATION BASE OF ANALYSIS

The analysis of FCD is based on accounting and reporting data and all types of information characterizing the economic side of production. In this case, not only economic, but also technical, technological, environmental, social and other information is used. All sources of economic information are divided into accounting and non-accounting.

To the sources accounting information includes data from accounting, statistical, management accounting and reporting, as well as data from sample observations. These sources are presented in special unified reporting forms.

Exist three types of business accounting: accounting (covers all operations that reflect the movement of economic assets and production relations of the organization), statistical (reflects and generalizes economic processes, gives their quantitative characteristics in close connection with the qualitative side) and managerial (monitoring the progress of production processes and economic activities).

Accounting analysis includes: balance sheet of the enterprise - Form No. 1; profit and loss statement - Form No. 2; explanations to the balance sheet and income statement; capital flow statement - Form No. 3 (annual); cash flow statement - Form No. 4 (annual); appendix to the balance sheet - form No. 5 (annual); explanatory note to the annual report; the final part of the auditor's report issued based on the results of the mandatory audit of financial statements under the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Management accounting of production activities is based on logistics documents (contracts, orders, supply, sales, warehouse accounting). Contract management includes shipping schedules, payment schedules, product and service specifications, etc.; order management - customer requests, sales plan, waybills, invoices.

К off-record sources of information include: normative documents and acts (laws, decrees, resolutions of the government and local authorities, etc.); materials of audits, audit and tax inspections; economic and legal documents (contracts, agreements, arbitration decisions, etc.); materials of official correspondence with financial, credit, insurance institutions; materials of periodicals and special editions, conferences; materials of radio, press, television, Internet, etc.; staff meeting decisions.

All information used in the analysis is divided into internal and external, basic and auxiliary, regular and episodic, primary and secondary. One of the requirements for the quality of information is its comparability in terms of the subject and object of research, the period of research, and the methodology for calculating indicators.

4. STAGES AND FEATURES OF PCD ANALYSIS

The analysis includes the following steps: 1. Drawing up an analysis program. 2. Selection and verification of initial information. 3. Calculation and grouping of the analyzed indicators. 4. Comparison of the analyzed indicators, determination of their deviations from the values taken as basic. 5. Establishing the causes and factors influencing the change in the analyzed indicators. 6. Determining the nature and degree of connection of the identified factors with the analyzed indicators. 7. Establishment of ways to regulate factors that affect the fluctuation of the analyzed indicators. 8. Identification of production reserves, development of measures for their effective implementation.

Drawing up an analysis program is a crucial stage of preparatory work. The program indicates the purpose, content and range of issues to be researched. The selection and verification of information are made depending on the goals and analysis program. The quality of information, the comparability of planned and reporting indicators, and the completeness of reporting data are checked. The characteristics of economic phenomena are evaluated using economic indicators. Therefore, at the next stage, indicators for study are selected and their calculation is performed.

To identify internal patterns in the economics of entrepreneurial activity, analytical processing and comparison of economic indicators are carried out.

the main objective analytical processing - to reveal a causal relationship and measure the influence of factors on a particular indicator. Analytical processing of economic indicators is carried out using mathematical, statistical and other methods. Generalization of the results of the analysis is carried out to assess the activities of the enterprise for the reporting period and identify the causes (both positive and negative) that affect the overall results.

PCD analysis has the following features.

First feature - use of a system of planned, accounting and reporting indicators. Economic processes and phenomena are interconnected, therefore indicators are used in the system, in mutual connection and conditionality.

Second feature - the need to select units of measurement for the evaluation of the analyzed processes and phenomena. The analysis uses physical (natural), conditionally natural, labor and monetary (value) units. At the same time, different units of measurement can be used, which helps to identify and correctly assess the influence of various factors on the analyzed indicator.

Third feature - identification and study of factors that influenced the final results of the enterprise. In the process of analyzing the production and economic activities of the enterprise, the reasons for deviations from the approved standards for certain indicators are established, the relationships and interdependencies of the studied indicators are revealed.

5. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYZING FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

The analysis of the FCD of an enterprise includes a large number of different types of assessments and, therefore, requires and allows the use of a variety of methods and techniques. For processing economic information, they use such methods as balance sheet, basic, graphical, and such methods of analysis as comparison, grouping, elimination.

Balance method makes it possible to establish the relationship of indicators. In the analysis of financial and economic activity, various balance comparisons and linkages are used.

RџSЂRё basic method the choice of base for comparison and the purpose of the analysis play an essential role. The analysis of the implementation of the plan is carried out by comparing the actual indicators with the planned ones; to study the dynamics of processes and phenomena of economic activity, the data of past years serve as a basis for comparison; to identify ways to improve production, indicators are compared with the best in the industry or with average values. In all cases, the analysis by the basic method is carried out according to the following formula:

±ΔP= P_en - Pb_az,

where ±ΔP - deviation of the analyzed indicator from the baseline; P_en, P_bases - respectively analyzed and basic indicators.

Graphical method is a means of visual illustration of economic processes. Graphs are distinguished by their purpose (comparison diagrams, chronological graphs) and by the method of construction (linear, bar, circular).

Comparison - the most important method of analysis, which allows you to express the characteristics of phenomena through other homogeneous phenomena. With this analysis, the reporting indicators are compared with the planned ones; planned and reported indicators are compared with those of previous years, as well as with indicators of leading organizations, industry average data and standards.

Grouping - this is the selection among the studied phenomena of characteristic groups according to certain characteristics or their combination. The correct grouping of economic phenomena and processes allows you to study them more deeply, identify reserves and determine the influence of the most important factors on the indicator under study. The grouping of accounting and reporting data provides a comprehensive study of business activities, helps to separate the main from the secondary, the essential from the insignificant.

elimination - a technique for establishing the influence of individual factors on the general indicators of economic activity. In PCD analysis, elimination is performed using the chain substitution method, the difference method, and the index method.

6. CHAIN SUBSTITUTION METHOD

Chain substitution method consists in the fact that the degree of influence of each factor on the overall result is established sequentially, by gradually replacing each indicator with another, and one of them is considered as a variable with the others unchanged. This method is used to analyze the change in a general economic indicator under the influence of many production factors.

For example, let's analyze the deviation of the actual annual volume of marketable output (Тf) from the planned value (Т_п) under the influence of such factors as the variable number of workers (a), the number of working days per year (c), the average length of the work shift (c) and the hourly output per worker (d). When constructing, it is necessary to follow the rules for the sequence of inclusion of factors in a series, in which each subsequent factor should most fully characterize the previous one:

Т_п = a_п - at_п - with_п - of_п;

Т_ф = a_ф - at_ф - with_ф - of_ф.

The deviation AT of the actual volume of marketable output from the planned one will be

±ΔT = T_ф - T_п.

If it is required to set the value of AT, due to a change in each factor, in a chain series compiled at a planned level, its deviation relative to the planned value is introduced sequentially along the chain instead of the analyzed factor; the remaining factors included in the chain series remain at the planned level, with the exception of those that have already been taken into account.

This means that with chain substitutions, all factors preceding the analyzed one have an actual value, and all subsequent ones have a planned value:

±ΔT_а = (a_ф - but_п) - in_п - with_п - of_п;

±ΔT_в = a_ф - (in_ф - vp) - with_п - of_п;

±ΔT_с = a_ф - at_ф - (With_ф - with_п)-d_п;

±ΔT_д = a_ф - at_ф - with_п - (d_ф - of_п),

where ±ΔТ_а, ±ΔT_в, ±ΔT_С, ±ΔT_Д - deviations of the actual annual volume of marketable output under the influence of changes in the number of workers, the number of working days per year, the duration of the work shift, and the hourly output of one worker, respectively.

The total amount of deviations under the influence of the analyzed factors is determined as the difference between the actual and planned volumes of marketable products.

Way of Differences is a simplified method of chain substitutions: the calculations do not use the absolute values of the indicators, but their deviations from the given ones.

7. INDEX METHOD

Index method allows you to determine the influence of factors on the generalizing indicator in dynamics. The method is based on the use of relative indicators that express the ratio of the level of a given phenomenon to its level, taken as a base. There are individual and group indexes. In addition, in the analysis of economic activity, basic indices are used, which show the change in the phenomenon relative to the base period, and chain indices, which characterize the change in the phenomenon relative to the previous period.

For example, we analyze the change in the volume of marketable products (T) for four months - T₁, T₂, T₃,

Taking one month as the base period, we obtain for each 1st month the base

I_bases = T_i / T₁ and chain index I_chain = T_i/ T_i-1:

I_base5/1 = I_chain1/1 - The_chain2/1 - The_chain3/2 - The_chain4/3.

The index method can be used for factor analysis of any indicator.

For example, it is necessary to determine the change compared to the previous year in the volume of marketable output ΔТ under the influence of a variable number of workers (a) and their labor productivity (c). For the solution, a system of interrelated indices is built:

I_common = (in₁- but₁)/(in₀- but₀) = T₁/ T₀,

where I_common - general group index of change in the volume of output; in₁In₀ - average annual production of marketable products per worker, respectively, in the analyzed and base periods; a₁,₀ - average annual production of marketable products per worker, respectively, in the analyzed and base periods; T₁, T₀ - the volume of marketable products, respectively, in the analyzed and past base periods.

When constructing factor indices to determine the influence of a quantitative indicator, the qualitative one is fixed at the basic level in₀, and when establishing the influence of a qualitative indicator, the quantitative one is fixed at the level a₁... Then:

I_common = I_а - The_в,

where I_а - factorial individual index of change in the number of workers;

I_в- factorial individual index of change in the average annual output of one worker.

With this value, the deviation of marketable products under the influence of both factors is equal to:

ΔT = (in₀а₁ - at₀а₀) + (in₁а₁ - at₀а₁) = in₁а₁ - at₀а₀.

8. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF DIAGNOSIS

Diagnostics production activities of the enterprise, or situational analysis, is the first type of analysis that determines the situations in which the enterprise is located, i.e., reveals the circumstances that affect the entire course of its production, economic and financial activities.

Goals diagnostics - to identify the place that an enterprise occupies in the common economic space, its current production capabilities, labor, material, technical and financial resources consumed.

Task diagnostics - a reflection of the main factors that determine the strategy of the enterprise, i.e., ways to achieve the goal.

Enterprise strategy should: correspond to the real state of affairs and market requirements, which requires mechanisms for its adaptation to ongoing changes; be reflected in the actions of all departments of the enterprise (production, supply, finance, marketing, management, personnel, research and development) and be implemented through effective actions of managers to achieve specific, pre-planned results; be the main goal of the enterprise as a whole and, consequently, of all its divisions and each employee individually.

Diagnostics should clearly define what the strategy of the enterprise is, and provide answers to the following questions: what does the enterprise produce (the range of goods or services offered); whose interests it satisfies (characteristics of customer groups); what is the role of the enterprise in the market; how (with the help of what technology) it is possible to achieve this; what is the image of the enterprise in the market; what are the values of the organization and what are the ways to motivate its employees.

Diagnostics of the enterprise consists of an analysis of its external and internal environment.

In the first case, the opportunities and threats that may arise for the enterprise in the future are identified and understood in order to correctly present its strategy and general policy.

To carry out diagnostics of the external environment, the following is carried out: analysis of the enterprise's capabilities (SWOT analysis); analysis of the strategic position occupied by the enterprise; analysis of market segments; competition analysis; positional analysis.

In the second case, a comprehensive analysis of the internal resources of the enterprise is carried out: organizational and managerial analysis; financial and economic analysis.

9. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE. SWOT ANALYSIS

External environment enterprises - a set of active subjects and forces that are outside the sphere of direct control of the objects of analysis, but can influence its strategy.

According to the degree of impact on the processes occurring within the enterprise, two groups of external factors are distinguished: remote impact, representing the macrosphere (economic, natural, scientific and technical, demographic and political and legal); direct influence of the near environment, or industry factors (consumers, competitors, suppliers, market).

External analysis involves the use of several methods; it is predominantly part of the SWOT analysis; (S - Strengths - strengths; W - Weaknesses - weaknesses; O - Opportunities - opportunities; T - Threats - threats).

SWOT analysis includes the identification and assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise in their interaction with potential threats and opportunities of the external environment.

With SWOT analysis possibilities are defined as circumstances that create conditions for an enterprise to perform new actions: release a new product, win new customers, introduce new technology, rebuild production and business processes, etc.

Threat - this is something that can harm the enterprise, deprive it of existing advantages: the emergence of new competitors, the release of substitute products, etc.

SWOT analysis should be carried out in several stages using simple tabular forms.

At the first stage, the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, favorable opportunities and threats are listed, for example: strengths: high quality products, assistance from the local administration, qualified personnel; weaknesses: lack of new types of products, weak marketing, lack of finance; threats: fierce competition, the expectation on the part of buyers of better product quality, a greater variety of its range; opportunities: production of new interchangeable materials, replacement of obsolete equipment, expansion of the product range.

At the next stage of the analysis, it is possible to quantify it with the help of a large expert assessment of the significance of the established combination of characteristics of the conditions of the enterprise. Summing up the obtained assessments, one can determine the overall significance of the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the external environment, as well as compare them.

10. ANALYSIS OF THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE (PEST-ANALYSIS)

Purpose of PEST Analysis (P - Political legal - political and legal, E - Economic - economic, S - Sociocultural - sociocultural, T - Technological forces - technological factors) - identifying and assessing the impact of the most important factors of the macro environment on the results of the current and future activities of the enterprise. At the same time, events are set that are not under the control of the enterprise, but affect the results of management.

PEST analysis involves tracking changes in the macro environment in the following areas.

Politics (P): government stability, changes in legislation, government regulation of competition in the industry, etc.

Economy (E): general characteristics of the economic situation, the exchange rate of the national currency and the refinancing rate, inflation rate, unemployment rate, etc.

Society (S): demographic changes, changes in the structure of income, attitudes towards work and leisure, social mobility of the population, etc.

Technology (T): government technology policy, significant R&D trends, new products and patents.

Political the factor of the external environment is studied primarily in order to have a clear idea of the intentions of state authorities regarding the development of society and the means by which the state intends to implement its policy.

Analysis economic aspect of the external environment allows us to understand how economic resources are formed and distributed at the state level.

Studying social The external environment component helps to understand and evaluate the impact on business of such social phenomena as people's attitude to work and quality of life, mobility, consumer activity, etc.

Analysis technological The component makes it possible to foresee the opportunities associated with the development of science and technology, and to shift in time to the production of more promising products.

Diagnostics of each event is carried out by assigning a certain weight to it - from one (the most significant) to zero (insignificant). The sum of the weights must be equal to one. The degree of influence of each event is assessed on a 5-point scale (5 - strong impact; 1 - no threat). Weighted averages are determined by multiplying the event's weight by its impact. Then the total weighted score for this enterprise is calculated.

11. ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

The purpose of internal analysis is to identify the strategic situation within the enterprise, characterizing the current state of the business and the use of various resources.

In fact, the analysis of the internal environment of the enterprise differs little from the principles used in the analysis of the external environment.

SWOT analysis is also widely used here, revealing the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise.

In this case, all areas of the enterprise are considered: organization and management; production; marketing; accounting and finance; personnel Management.

There are many sources of strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, most of which are considered in the analysis of the industry. So, among the strengths of the internal environment are clear consumer preferences, the possibility of economies of scale in production. The weak side of the enterprise is the dependence on the domestic market for the volume of direct sales, the inability to meet the needs of new market segments.

The key issues of diagnostics can be: efficiency of use of capacities, progressiveness of equipment, its technical condition; implementation of the plan of organizational and technical measures; the cost of raw materials and their availability; degree of vertical integration, net output, profit; stock control systems, inventory turnover; degree of control over the product preparation process; purchase; research and innovation; patents; the amount of costs.

The strategy of the enterprise should take into account the main advantages of the business, which create a unique advantage for the enterprise to solve the tasks.

12. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

When conducting industry analysis, the main object of study is economic branch - a set of enterprises competing in the same consumer market with similar goods and services. The purpose of industry analysis is to determine the attractiveness of an industry and its individual product markets.

There are the following stages of industry analysis: determining the economic characteristics of the industry environment; assessment of the degree of competition; identifying the driving forces of competition; identification of key success factors; conclusion about the degree of attractiveness of the industry.

To assess the industry environment, a number of indicators are used: the scale of competition (local, regional, national, global), the rate of market size in percent and the stages of the industry's life cycle (rise, rapid growth, maturity, saturation, stagnation, decline), competition structures (number of competitors and their sectoral market goals; the number of consumers and their financial capabilities, etc.).

The degree of competition is usually assessed on the basis of the five forces of competition model, developed by Harvard Business School professor Michael E. Porter in 1980, which provides for the following factors of competition: 1. Rivalry among competing enterprises. 2. Competition from products that are substitutes and competitive in terms of price. 3. The threat of new competitors. 4. Economic opportunities and trading ability of suppliers. 5. Economic opportunities and trading ability of buyers.

The stronger the impact of these factors, the more limited the ability of each enterprise to set high prices and make a profit. Strong competition leads to a decrease in the profitability of the industry.

When identifying the driving forces of competition, they proceed from the presence of environmental factors, the actions of which determine the direction and intensity of sectoral changes.

Key success factors are different areas of enterprise activity common to all enterprises in the industry, the implementation of which makes it possible to improve the competitive position of the enterprise in the industry: research and development, marketing, production, finance, etc. At the end of the analysis, measures are developed to master these success factors.

13. SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Evaluation of the performance of production tasks is carried out using a certain system of indicators of processes and phenomena of production and economic activity. Each indicator has a numerical expression that characterizes a specific dimension of the object of analysis and its economic content.

According to economic content indicators are classified into quantitative and qualitative.

The former express the homogeneity, similarity, similarity of processes and phenomena, the changes occurring in them and embody the magnitude, number, volume, degree of intensity of development of individual aspects of economic activity, the pace of processes, the spatio-temporal properties of phenomena.

The latter show economic efficiency, the essential features of processes, phenomena and all economic activity (labor productivity, capital productivity, material consumption, cost, profit, profitability, etc.).

By the nature of the reflections of processes and phenomena economic activity indicators are divided into absolute and relative.

Absolute indicators characterize economic activity in physical, labor and monetary terms, and relative indicators characterize the ratio of some absolute indicators to others. Both indicators can be calculated as percentages, coefficients, indices, and characterize the dynamics of changes in plan targets, the degree of fulfillment of the plan, the structure of processes and phenomena.

Depending on the nature of the formation distinguish between planned and reporting indicators. In addition, both indicators are divided into general and private.

Planned indicators are formed on the basis of resource consumption rates of the previous processes of planning and analysis of economic activity (APA) and are summarized in the annual long-term and current production plans that regulate the elements of production management.

Reporting indicators are reflected and summarized in accounting, statistical and management accounting and express the level actually achieved, the state of processes and phenomena.

In a comprehensive analysis of AHD, along with general (synthetic) indicators, more particular (analytical) indicators are calculated.

14. CLASSIFICATION OF FACTORS AND RESERVES OF INCREASING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY

Factors - these are elements, causes that have a direct impact on an indicator or a given phenomenon.

The classification of factors makes it possible to identify the causes of the phenomena under study, to more accurately assess the place and role of each factor in the formation of the value of effective indicators.

By the nature of the action factors are divided into intensive and extensive: the first provide changes associated with a quantitative increase in the effective indicator; the latter give an increase in the resulting indicator due to the qualitative components of the production process.

Depending on the place of occurrence allocate internal and external factors, i.e. dependent and not dependent on the activities of the enterprise.

By exposure time factors are divided into fixed and variable, and according to the degree of impact - into main and secondary.

The classification of factors is the basis of the classification reserves, which should be understood as unused production opportunities, reducing the costs of material, labor and financial resources.

Reserves are measured by determining the difference between the achieved level of resource use and their possible level based on the available production potential.

Based on production allocate national, regional, branch and intraeconomic reserves.

On the basis of time reserves are divided into unused, current and prospective.

Depending on the sources of education distinguish between internal and external reserves.

Reserves for intensification of production: improving the quality of products and applied equipment; acceleration of technical and energy equipment of labor; accelerating the introduction of new technology and measures of scientific and technological development.

Reserves of the structure of the organization of production and labor: increasing the level of concentration, specialization and cooperation; reduction of the duration of the production cycle; ensuring the rhythm of production, etc.

Reserves for increasing the level of management and management methods: improvement of the production structure of the enterprise management bodies; increasing the level of planning and accounting and control work; improvement of social living conditions of the personnel, etc.

Reserves for impact on final business results: increase in production volume; improvement of the structure and range of products; improving the quality of products; reducing the cost of production in general, etc.

By detection methods: explicit (conditional and unconditional) and hidden (can be identified as a result of the analysis).

15. METHODS OF FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Economic factor analysis - this is a gradual transition from the initial performance indicators to the final factor system (or, conversely, the disclosure of a full set of direct, quantitatively measurable factors that affect the change in the performance indicator).

From the point of view of the influence of factors on a particular phenomenon, factors of the first, second, etc. order are distinguished. All of them are interconnected, but this does not exclude, but, on the contrary, suggests the need for their logical isolation in the process of analysis.

In deterministic analysis, the following methods are used for this.

The most versatile of these is chain substitution method; it is used to determine the quantitative impact of individual factors on the overall performance indicator. This method is used if there is a functional, direct or inversely proportional relationship between the studied phenomena.

Using absolute difference method the value of the influence of factors is calculated by multiplying the absolute increase in the value of the factor under study by the base (planned) value of the factors that are to the right of it in multiplicative models, and by the actual value of the factors located to the left of it in the model.

Relative difference method is based on the use of the model, but it takes into account the relative increases in factor indicators in percentages or coefficients. It is convenient to use it in cases where it is required to calculate the influence of a large number of factors.

Proportional division method first, it involves determining by the method of chain substitution how much the effective indicator has changed due to the numerator and denominator, and then calculating the influence of second-order factors by the method of proportional division according to the algorithms of the factor model.

integral method allows you to get more accurate results of calculating the influence of factors compared to previous methods, where the calculation results depend on the sequence of factors replacement. This method involves the use of ready-made working formulas into which you can substitute the necessary numerical data.

With the method logarithms the result of the calculation does not depend on the location of the factors in the model. Unlike the integral method, where the additional gain from the interaction of factors is distributed equally between them, with the logarithm, the result of the combined action of the factors is distributed in proportion to the share of the isolated influence of each factor on the level of the effective indicator.

Balance method used in the presence of a strictly functional dependence. It analyzes the use of working time, production capacity, availability and composition of labor resources.

16. TASKS AND OBJECTS OF ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION RESULTS

One of the important areas of analytical work at the enterprise is the analysis of the production program, which outlines the levels of production that are possible in certain periods of time.

Production is evaluated using natural, cost, conditionally natural indicators and in units of labor intensity.

The indicator of the volume of production is characterized by gross and private output, and its output is characterized by finished and marketable products.

The enterprise determines the cost of all manufactured products, work performed and services rendered, including work in progress. Marketable products differ from finished products in that they include the remains of work in progress and on-farm turnover.

The most important indicators of the volume of production in various sectors of social production have special designations: in construction - the volume of contract work; in transport - the volume of cargo turnover; in trade - the volume of trade. The value of the volume of production is influenced not only by the costs of purchased resources, but also by the complexity of manufacturing goods.

In a number of cases, at enterprises where the balances of work in progress are insignificant or do not have large fluctuations in reporting periods, planning and analysis methods are used without work in progress, based on gross output indicators.

Marketable products are taken into account in the actual selling prices of the enterprise (excluding value added tax - VAT), as well as in the prices adopted in the plan.

The volume of sales of products is determined by shipment and by sales, that is, paid by buyers.

Along with indicators of gross and marketable output, when assessing the analysis of production volumes, indicators of net (conditionally net) and standard net production are used.

In conditions of multi-product production, the volume of work performed can often be determined using other meters - standard hours, standard wages, standard processing costs, etc. However, these meters have significant drawbacks associated with the method of their calculation.

The main tasks of analyzing the volume of production and sales of products: assessment of the dynamics of the main indicators of the volume of production and sales of products, its structure and quality; checking the balance and optimality of planned targets, planned indicators, their intensity and reality; identification of the degree of influence of various factors on indicators; development of effective measures for the use of on-farm reserves to increase the growth rate of products, improve its range and quality.

17. EVALUATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF PRODUCTION AND SALES OF PRODUCTS

The volume of production and the volume of sales of products are interdependent. In conditions of limited production possibilities and unlimited demand, priority is given to the volume of production, which determines the volume of sales. But as the market becomes saturated and competition in production increases, the volume of sales is determined, and, conversely, the possible volume of sales is the basis for developing a production program. The enterprise should produce only those goods and in such volume that it can sell.

The dynamics of production is assessed on the basis of the indicator of the production program; it determines the required volume of production, corresponding in terms of nomenclature, assortment and quality to the requirements of the sales plan in physical and value terms.

Sales plan in natural expression makes it possible to coordinate the release of specific types of products with the needs of the market, the production capacity of the enterprise, the need for resources necessary for production. However, natural meters do not always allow to accurately determine the total volume and structure of production, calculate costs, income and profit from the sale of products, especially in diversified organizations.

In order to ensure the comparability of different types of products, a production plan is developed in cost expression. An analysis of the dynamics and fulfillment of the production plan begins with a study of the dynamics of output, the calculation of basic and chain growth and growth rates.

The base growth rate is determined by the ratio of the volume of production of each year of the dynamic series to the first year of this series, taken as the base of comparison.

Chain growth indices are the ratio of the indicator of each subsequent period to the previous one.

Evaluation of the implementation of the plan for the reporting period (month, quarter, year) is made by comparing the actual data with the planned data for individual types of products and for the enterprise as a whole. It is closely related to the analysis of the fulfillment of contractual obligations for the supply of products. Failure to fulfill the plan under contracts for the enterprise leads to a decrease in revenue, profit, and the payment of penalties. In addition, in a competitive environment, an enterprise may lose markets for its products, which will lead to a decline in production. In the process of such an analysis, it is also necessary to assess the risk of unclaimed products.

18. SYSTEM OF INDICATORS CHARACTERIZING THE DEMAND FOR PRODUCTS

The most important direction in the analysis of the FCD of an enterprise is the analysis of demand for products and services of an economic entity. At the level of individual economic entities, demand analysis is carried out at all stages of management and is present in all types of horizontal (temporary) analysis - preliminary, current, prospective.

Demand reflects the amount of output that a consumer is willing and able to purchase at a given price in a given period in a particular market. Therefore, each business entity, before determining the volume of production and forming its production capacity, must know what products, in what volume, where, when and at what prices they will sell.

An important factor determining the amount of demand is the price: the amount of demand changes under the influence of price. The degree of sensitivity of demand to price changes is determined through price elasticity coefficient (TO₁):

Income elasticity of demand (TO₂) characterizes the degree of sensitivity of demand for a product with a change in consumer income:

If demand is elastic, then when the price decreases, sales revenue increases, since even with a lower price paid per unit of goods, there is an increase in sales volume sufficient to compensate for revenue losses due to a price reduction, i.e. a change in the price of a product entails a change in sales revenue in the opposite direction.

RџSЂRё inelastic demand a change in the price of products sold entails a change in sales proceeds in the same direction.

RџSЂRё absolutely inelastic demand demand does not depend on price; revenue and price move in the same direction.

RџSЂRё unit elasticity demand percentage change in demand and price are equal, the result does not change.

RџSЂRё absolute elasticity demand price does not depend on demand; sales revenue changes in the same direction as the price changes.

19. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PRICES ON SALES VOLUME

The formation of production volumes, as well as income, largely depends on the selling price. Its choice is influenced by numerous factors of the external (competition, the position of the product on the market, the nature of demand, etc.) and the internal environment (production and distribution costs). These factors and the structure of the market form the basis of pricing, i.e., when setting selling prices for goods and services, it is necessary to be guided by the lower price limit equal to production costs.

The pricing process of the offered prices for goods and services usually involves two types of selling prices: basic (initial) price, i.e. the price without discounts, markups, transport, insurance and other components; estimated a price that includes all related components, including the planned profit (the desired level of return on invested capital).

The choice and appointment of prices for goods and services are carried out by the following methods.

full cost method provides for the addition of a certain amount of profit to the total amount of costs (fixed and variable). If the production cost is taken as the basis, then the additive must cover, in addition to profit, the costs of selling products. In any case, the surcharge includes indirect taxes and customs duties passed on to the buyer.

This method provides full coverage of all costs, but its disadvantages include: reduced competitive incentives to minimize costs; there is an ignoring of the elasticity of demand (the level of demand cannot be revealed without establishing a market price).

RџSЂRё manufacturing (processing) cost method the full amount of costs per unit of production is taken into account, which includes purchased raw materials, materials, assemblies, semi-finished products and a percentage of profit corresponding to the enterprise's contribution to value growth. This method is not much different from the total cost method.

Marginal (marginal) cost method consists in the fact that an amount (percentage) is added to the variable costs per unit of production, covering the costs and providing a sufficient rate of return. It provides full coverage of fixed costs and maximizes profits. This method is applicable to almost any enterprise.

Method of profitability (yield) of investments based on the fact that the price of goods and services should ensure profitability not lower than the cost of borrowed funds. The interest rate for the loan is added to the total cost per unit of production. Its disadvantage is the uncertainty in time of the level of interest rates for a loan in terms of inflation. The method is recommended for enterprises with a wide range of products, each of which has its own variable costs.

20. ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TASK BY ASSORTMENT

The results of FCD are largely determined by the assortment and structure of production and sales of products. The business entity must constantly form a product range. The main goal of the assortment concept is to orient the enterprise towards the production of goods that, in terms of their structure, consumer properties and quality, most fully meet the needs of customers.

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to establish the implementation of the plan and the dynamics for the production of certified products.

To fulfill the task according to the assortment means to produce products according to the given nomenclature.

Evaluation of the fulfillment of the plan for the entire range of products envisaged by the enterprise is calculated using the average percentage of completion of the task for the range.

There are several ways to calculate the average percentage of completion of a task by assortment. It is most accurately calculated according to the method of least number, i.e., the smallest number of two values is taken into account for the implementation of the plan - planned and actual production output for each product:

where Z_ap - the average percentage of completion of the task for the assortment.

Products manufactured in excess of the plan or not provided for by the plan are not included in the implementation of the plan for the assortment.

This method of calculation is acceptable in the case and at those enterprises where the range of products produced is small.

An increase in the volume of production (sales) for one type of product leads to a change in its structure, i.e., the ratio of individual products in their total output.

Execute plan by structure means the preservation of the planned ratio of its individual types in the actual output of products.

Changing the structure of output and sales changes all indicators of work: the volume of output and sales, material consumption, cost, profit, profitability, financial stability.

The influence of the structure of production and the level of output and profit can be determined using chain substitution method. To do this, it is necessary to determine the planned and actual volume of output, find the deviation in output volume, then calculate the coefficient of plan fulfillment for commercial products as a whole for the enterprise [(actual volume / planned volume) x 100%)] (for output in physical terms).

21. ANALYSIS OF LOSS FROM MARRIAGE

Marriage of production is not a parameter (indicator) of product quality, since marriage is an unproductive cost.

defective is a product that cannot be used for its intended purpose.

Marriage is divided into correctable and irreparable. To correctable marriage includes products whose repair costs do not exceed the costs of manufacturing new ones (i.e., after additional costs).

Incorrigible (final) marriage suggests that it is impossible or impractical to spend additional costs.

Correction of marriage leads to an increase in the cost of production, a decrease in profits, and an incorrigible marriage leads to a decrease in production volume, an increase in cost and a decrease in profit.

According to the place of detection, the marriage is divided into internal (identified at the enterprise) and external (revealed by consumers).

The analysis of losses from marriage is carried out as follows: determine the amount of finally rejected products by periods (last year and reporting), find the deviation, give an estimate; analyze indicators in dynamics; determine the share of defects in the cost of commercial products by periods, give an assessment; determine the impact of changes in losses on the amount of output, i.e., the amount of under-produced products as a result of an admitted marriage. To calculate the volume of under-produced products, it is necessary to multiply the volume of products of the reporting year by the level of defects in the cost of commercial products and divide by 100%.

Then the reasons for the decline in quality and the admitted marriage are identified at the places of their occurrence, centers of responsibility, measures are developed to eliminate the marriage and improve quality.

The main reasons for the decline in quality: low quality of raw materials; low technical level of fixed assets; low level of organization and production technology; insufficient qualification of workers; arrhythmia of production.

22. ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT QUALITY. QUALITY INDICATORS

The issue of quality is a matter of saving material, labor and financial resources. Quality is characterized by reliability, durability, safety, the presence or absence of complaints.

Generalizing indicators characterize the quality of all products, regardless of their type and purpose: the volume and share of certified products in the total output; the share of new products in its total output; average grade factor; share of exported products, etc.

Private quality indicators characterize the technical and consumer properties of products.

It is advisable to carry out a quality analysis at the design stage. From January 1, 1992 introduced certification products: an authoritative body checks and certifies the compliance of certain types of products with the requirements defined in regulatory and technical documents.

The quality analysis begins with a general assessment of the performance of the task and the dynamics of the release of certified products (SP). Data for analysis are taken from operational and technical accounting and reporting.

Analytical indicators characterizing the quality are the share or coefficient of certified products in the total volume of manufactured products in the current wholesale prices of the enterprise (excluding VAT and excises).

Comparing the actual share or coefficient of certified products with analytical indicators for the previous year or task, one can judge the quality improvement or change in quality compared to the previous year.

In a market economy, the importance of economic forms of protecting the interests of consumers from the supply of low-quality products to them is increasing. One form of protection is the right of the consumer to present to the supplier claims - claims in connection with the supply of products, the quality of which does not comply with the terms of the agreement or contract for the supply of products.

The presence or absence of complaints is a general indicator of the instability (stability) of product quality.

At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to identify the impact of product advertising (decrease in quality) on financial results. To calculate the quantitative impact, it is necessary to multiply the planned share of profit or the share of profit for the previous year in the total volume of sold products by the volume of advertised products at current wholesale prices.

Along with the indicated indicators, it is determined and analyzed grade factor - the ratio of the cost of products of all grades to the cost of products calculated for the first grade.

23. ANALYSIS OF THE RHYTHM OF THE RELEASE. INDICATORS OF RHYTHMITY

Rhythm - this is the uniformity of output in equal periods of time during the reporting period.

The rhythmic work of an economic entity is an important condition for the production and sale of products, improving quality, reducing costs and increasing profits, rational organization of production and labor.

Indicators of output uniformity are divided into direct and indirect.

К direct indicators include the coefficient of rhythm, the coefficient of arrhythmia, the share of production for each decade to the monthly output, etc.

Indirect rhythm indicators are payment for downtime due to the fault of the business entity, losses from marriage, fines for underdelivered products, etc.

A generalizing indicator of the uniformity of output is the coefficient of rhythm, which shows the proportion of products delivered without breaking the schedule.

Rhythm coefficient can be determined in several ways: by the ratio of the amount of actually released products within the plan for a number of successive periods of time of the analyzed period to the amount of planned output for the same period; by summing up the actual specific weights of output for each period, but not more than their planned level.

The closer the coefficient of rhythm of production to unity, the more evenly the execution of the task.

Rhythm coefficient shows how many products were produced within the time frame set by the schedule.

To assess the rhythm of production is determined arrhythmia coefficient - the sum of positive and negative deviations in output from the target for each day (week, decade).

The coefficient of arrhythmia can be defined as the difference between the coefficient of rhythm and unity.

Then it is necessary to identify the causes of irregular work - both external (untimely delivery of raw materials by suppliers, power outages, strikes of related enterprises, etc.), and internal (low level of organization of production and labor, low level of technology used, etc.) .

24. ANALYSIS OF SECURITY OF THE ENTERPRISE WITH MATERIALS

The growth of production volumes and the improvement of quality largely depend on the provision of the enterprise with material resources and the efficiency of their use.

Timely receipt and efficient use of material resources determine the uninterrupted, rhythmic work, the implementation of the plan and the increase in profits. An unreasonable excess of material resources can lead to a slowdown in the turnover of working capital, and consequently, a deterioration in the financial condition.

An analysis of the provision of an enterprise with material resources begins with a comparison of the planned need for materials (taking into account their stocks at the beginning of the year, balances at the end, needs for repairs) with data on the actual receipt of materials at the enterprise warehouse.

Full security of the need for material resources with sources of coverage is a condition for uninterrupted operation.

Coverage sources are divided into external (material resources coming from suppliers in accordance with concluded contracts, or resources at wholesale depots) and internal (use of secondary raw materials, reduction of waste of raw materials, own production of semi-finished products, savings in storage).

When determining the real need for the import of materials from outside, it is necessary to establish general need in a certain type of materials, which is calculated as the sum of the need for material resources for the release program, adjusted for the change in the balance of materials at the beginning and end of the year, plus the need for material resources for overhaul and for the maintenance of other support services.

Real Need in the import of material resources from the outside is equal to the difference between the total need and the sum of their own internal sources of coverage.

The object of analysis is complexity of supply, i.e., maintaining certain relationships between the most important types of material resources. Violation of the complexity of supply, as a rule, leads to violation of production deadlines, assortment and a possible decrease in production volume.

The uninterrupted operation of an economic entity is impossible without creating the optimal amount of reserves for the implementation of the output program. In the process of analysis, the compliance of the actual size of stocks of the most important types of raw materials and materials with the standard sizes is determined. For this purpose, on the basis of data on the actual availability of material resources in kind and their average daily consumption, their actual provision with materials in days is determined and compared with the standard value.

25. MATERIAL OUTPUT AND MATERIAL RECOVERY

General indicators of the efficiency of the use of material resources are material efficiency, material consumption, the share of material costs in the cost of production, the coefficient of material costs, profit per ruble of material costs.

Material return (Mo) characterizes the output per 1 rub. material costs (M), i.e. the amount of products produced from each ruble of consumed material resources:

Mo = V / M, (4)

where V is the volume of sold products.

Material consumption (Me) - an indicator that is inverse to material efficiency, characterizing the amount of material costs per 1 rub. manufactured products:

Me = M / V. (5)

The share of material costs in the cost of production characterizes the amount of material costs in the total cost of production. The dynamics of the indicator characterizes the change in the material consumption of products.

Material cost factor - this is the ratio of the actual amount of material costs to the planned, recalculated for the actual volume of output. This indicator characterizes how economically materials are used in production, whether there is an overrun compared to established standards. The overspending of materials is indicated by a coefficient exceeding one.

The efficiency of the use of certain types of material resources is characterized by particular indicators of material consumption.

Specific material consumption is defined as the ratio of the cost of all consumed materials per unit of production to its wholesale price.

The indicator of material consumption is more analytical, it really reflects the level of use of materials in production; A 1% reduction in material costs brings a greater economic effect than a reduction in other types of costs.

The main analytical indicators characterizing the use of materials in production: the material consumption of all marketable products; material consumption of individual products.

Calculation and analysis of particular indicators of material consumption make it possible to reveal the structure of material costs, the level of material consumption of certain types of material resources, and the reserves for reducing the material consumption of products.

26. ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL CONSUMPTION

Analysis of the structure of material costs is carried out to assess the composition of material resources and the share of each type of resource in the formation of the cost and cost of production. The analysis reveals the possibility of improving the structure of material costs through the use of new, progressive types of materials, the use of substitutes (metal ceramics, etc.).

The analysis of material consumption is carried out as follows: 1. The material consumption of marketable products is calculated according to the plan and according to the report, the deviation is determined, and the change is assessed. 2. The change in material consumption for individual cost elements is analyzed. 3. The influence of changes in the factors of "norms" (the amount of consumable materials per unit of production) and prices on the material consumption of products is determined. 4. The change in the material consumption of the most important types of products is analyzed. 5. The influence of the efficient use of material resources on the change in the volume of output is determined.

The analysis of the efficiency of the use of material resources in production is determined by comparing the actual percentage of useful use of material resources with the planned one:

MZ = (MZf / MZpl) x 100%.

A decrease in this indicator indicates the inefficient use of material resources.

The absolute value of overspending or savings is defined as the difference between the actual consumption of material resources and the planned, recalculated for the actual output.

An increase in material intensity can be caused by a violation of technology and recipes, imperfection in the organization of production and logistics, poor quality of raw materials and materials, and the replacement of one type of material with another.

The influence of the efficiency of use of material resources on production volume can be determined by the formula V = M x Mo, or V = M / Me. (6) To calculate the influence of factors on the volume of output, you can use the method of chain substitutions, the method of absolute differences and relative differences, and the integral method.

27. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF WORK RESOURCES OF THE ENTERPRISE

К labor resources refers to that part of the population that has the necessary physical data, knowledge and skills in the relevant sector of the country's economy. Sufficient provision of enterprises with the necessary labor resources, their rational use, and a high level of labor productivity are of great importance for increasing production volumes and improving production efficiency. In particular, the volume and timeliness of all work, the efficiency of using equipment, machines, mechanisms, the volume of production, its cost, profit and a number of other economic indicators depend on the availability of labor resources and the efficiency of their use.

The main tasks of the analysis: study and assessment of the provision of the enterprise and its structural divisions with labor resources in general, as well as by categories and professions; determination and study of staff turnover indicators; identification of reserves of labor resources, their fuller and more efficient use; study and assessment of the level of labor productivity at the enterprise; study of the organization of remuneration of the personnel of the enterprise; study of the growth dynamics of the average wage and consideration of its correspondence with the growth of labor productivity, etc.

Main sources of analysis are f. No. P-4 "Information on the number, wages and movement of employees", the relevant sections of the plan for the economic and social development of the enterprise, data from accounting and statistical, management accounting, materials from the personnel department, etc.

28. ANALYSIS OF THE SECURITY OF THE ENTERPRISE WITH WORK RESOURCES

In the conditions of automated and highly mechanized production, the efficiency of using fixed production assets, raw materials, improving the quality and structure of manufactured products depend both on the number of employees and on the level of their qualifications, labor and production discipline, etc. In accordance with the current legislation, enterprises themselves determine the total number of employees, their professional and qualification composition, states. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that in the report f. No. P-4 does not provide a detailed breakdown by category of workers. Therefore, for analysis, it is necessary to use primary accounting data and compile an analytical table in which the number of personnel in the reporting year is compared with the number of the previous year. If necessary, this table can include planned indicators for the reporting year, which can expand the analysis of the issue under study in terms of achieving the planned levels in the organization of labor at the enterprise.

Understaffing often has a negative impact on the dynamics of production volume and its quality. Even the understaffing of non-industrial personnel indirectly affects the course of production - for example, the understaffing of kindergartens, nurseries, medical units, etc.

A reduction in the number of workers without prejudice to the volume of production and its quality is possible under the condition of mechanization and improvement of the organization of labor, especially in the auxiliary and ancillary divisions of the enterprise.

In the course of the analysis, it is necessary to check the availability of production by workers of certain professions by comparing the actual and planned number of workers for all professions used at the enterprise. In the event of significant deviations in any professions, it is necessary to establish the causes and outline measures to eliminate them. A significant shortage of workers in any profession makes it difficult for the enterprise, creating the so-called bottlenecks in production.

The compliance of workers' qualifications with the requirements of technology should be analyzed by comparing the degree of complexity of work with the level of workers' qualifications.

The general qualification of workers is characterized by an average wage category, defined as a weighted average.

The degree of complexity of work is determined as the weighted average of the category of work and the complexity of their implementation.

The average category of work performed should somewhat exceed the category of workers in order to increase their interest in advanced training.

29. ANALYSIS OF MOTION PERFORMANCE AND FRAME CONSTANTITY

The availability of personnel, especially workers, depends on their movement during the analyzed period. The intensity of the movement of workers is characterized by coefficients: receipt turnover; disposal turnover; total turnover; personnel turnover; staff turnover.

Allocate indicators of the movement of workers: average number of workers (persons); accepted number of workers (total); the number of retired workers (total), including: voluntarily dismissed for absenteeism and other violations of labor discipline.

Staff turnover rates are not planned, so they are analyzed by comparing the indicators of the reporting year with those of the previous year or (better) for a number of years.

Permanent personnel who have been working at the enterprise for a long time improve their qualifications, master related professions, quickly orient themselves in any atypical environment, create a certain business atmosphere in the team and ensure a higher level of labor productivity. To study the causes of staff turnover, sociological research and observations should be periodically carried out in order to study the ongoing changes in the qualitative composition of workers, managers and specialists, i.e., in qualifications, work experience, specialty, education, age, etc. the volume of production is not taken into account when calculating the indicators of staff turnover.

To assess social results, the coefficients of constancy and stability of personnel are also studied.

Personnel retention rate - is the ratio of the number of employees on the payroll for a year or more to the average number of employees.

Frame Stability Ratio - is the ratio of the number of employees who have worked at the enterprise for more than three years, to their average number.

The coefficients of permanence and stability of personnel reflect the level of remuneration and the degree of satisfaction of employees with working conditions, labor and social benefits.

30. ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AT THE ENTERPRISE

Productivity - this is an indicator characterizing the level of labor costs for the production of a unit of output; it can also be defined as the amount of output per worker or one worker per unit of time (year, quarter, month, day, hour). The level of many other indicators depends on this indicator - the volume of manufactured products, the level of its cost, the expenditure of the wage fund, etc.

When analyzing labor productivity, it is necessary to establish the degree of fulfillment of the plan and the dynamics of growth, the reasons for the change in the level of labor productivity (changes in the volume of production and numbers, the use of mechanization and automation, the presence or elimination of intra-shift and all-day downtime, the state of labor rationing, etc.).

General indicator of labor productivity (production per worker or one worker) largely depends on the material consumption of individual types of products, the volume of cooperative deliveries, and the structure of products. A more objective assessment of labor productivity is given by an indicator calculated by net output, that is, by the volume of production minus material costs and depreciation of fixed assets.

Comparison of the level of labor productivity of the reporting year with the previous year makes it possible to assess labor productivity dynamics in a year. Labor productivity is calculated per worker and per worker. The presence of these two indicators allows us to analyze the shifts in the structure of the enterprise's personnel. A higher growth rate of labor productivity per worker compared to the growth rate of labor productivity per worker indicates an increase in the proportion of workers in the total number of employees and a decrease in the proportion of employees.

To study and assess the level of labor productivity at the enterprise, it is recommended to draw up a table that should include the following indicators: the volume of production in current prices (excluding VAT and excises); volume of production at fixed prices; average headcount; production of one worker; the average number of days worked by one worker per year; average working day; the average number of hours worked by one worker per year; the share of workers in the total number of personnel.

Output per worker is equal to the product of output per worker and the proportion of workers in the total number of employees.

It should be noted that, objectively, the main source of increasing labor productivity is the introduction into the practice of any production of the achievements of science and technology, i.e., scientific and technical progress.

31. ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF WORKING TIME

As already noted, labor productivity is measured by the volume of output produced per unit of time. Therefore, the growth of labor productivity largely depends on the efficiency of the use of working time.

With an improvement in the use of working time in the reporting year compared to the previous year, the ratio between the growth rates of annual, daily and hourly labor productivity of one worker should be as follows: labor productivity annual > daily > hourly.

The ratio "annual labor productivity > daily" indicates a decrease in absenteeism (all-day losses) in man-days in the reporting year compared to the previous one; the ratio "labor productivity daily > hourly" - on the reduction of intra-shift losses of working time in the reporting year compared to the previous one.

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to compare, per worker, the actual hours worked and absenteeism of the reporting year with the indicators of the previous year, taking into account the following reasons: annual leave; leave by decision of the administration; study leave; absenteeism, all-day downtime, etc.

Further, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence of overtime work, which, compensating for intra-shift losses of working time, indicates a poor organization of the production process, leading to negative consequences (an increase in the cost of production due to additional payments for overtime work, an increase in injuries due to worker fatigue, etc.) . The impact of overtime work on output is determined by the product of the number of man hours worked overtime in the reporting year by the actual hourly output of workers.

It is necessary to pay attention to the unproductive costs of working time. Hidden loss of working time, i.e., the cost of working time for the manufacture of rejected products and the correction of defects, as well as the loss of working time due to deviations from the technological process, are not directly taken into account as losses.

To determine the unproductive loss of working time associated with marriage, it is necessary to divide the sum of the wages of workers in rejected products and the wages paid to workers for its correction by the average hourly wage of workers. The loss of working time due to deviations from the technological process is determined in a similar way: the amount of additional payments to piecework workers due to deviations from normal working conditions is divided by their actual average hourly wages in the reporting year. Along with the accounted losses of working time, it is necessary to analyze intra-shift losses of working time according to the data of one-time observations.

32. ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PAYMENT OF THE STAFF OF THE ENTERPRISE

Wages - this is a part of the national income of the country, distributed in accordance with the quantity and quality of labor expended. The growth of real incomes and the level of material well-being of workers depend on wages. The enterprise itself determines the forms and systems of remuneration of employees; introduces various surcharges that can be paid without any restrictions.

To analyze the use of the wage fund, a table of its dynamics is compiled, which takes into account all categories of personnel (workers, employees, specialists, personnel of transport, trade, catering, etc.).

From this table, one can judge the absolute deviations in the use of the wage fund. However, the absolute deviation in itself does not characterize the use of the wage fund, since this indicator is determined without taking into account the degree of fulfillment of the plan or the change in comparison with the indicators of the previous year in terms of output. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the relative deviation of the payroll.

The relative deviation is calculated as the difference between the actual amount of wages and the planned fund, adjusted for the coefficient of fulfillment of the production plan. The relative deviation to the previous year is determined similarly.

However, only the variable part of the wage fund is adjusted, which changes in proportion to the volume of production. This is the wages of workers at piece rates, bonuses to workers and management personnel for production results, and the amount of vacation pay corresponding to the share of variable wages.

The constant part of wages does not change when the volume of production changes (wages of workers at tariff rates, wages of employees at salaries, all types of additional payments, wages of workers in non-industrial industries and the corresponding amount of vacation pay).

When calculating the relative deviation in the wage fund, the so-called correction factor is used, which reflects the share of the variable salary in the total fund and shows by what fraction of a percentage the planned wage fund should be increased for each percentage of overfulfillment of the output plan.

Similarly, the relative deviation is calculated in relation to the payroll for the previous year.

Of great importance for the analysis of the use of the wage fund is the study of the average earnings of employees of the enterprise, its change, as well as the study of the factors that determine its level.

33. ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF MATERIAL AND MORAL INCENTIVES

Taking into account the accumulated experience in stimulating labor, the entire system of material and moral incentives for all personnel of the teams is constantly being improved, aimed at accelerating the growth of labor productivity and reducing staff turnover, supplying products in the range and on time in accordance with the concluded contracts, improving the final results of the entire work of the enterprise. The basis of material incentives at enterprises is the bonus system. Bonuses should be accrued depending on the labor contribution of all personnel and each employee personally, equalization in material incentives is unacceptable. To provide the bonus system with monetary resources, economic incentive funds are created, the size of deductions to which increase with improvement and decrease with deterioration in the performance of the enterprise.

When analyzing, it is necessary to check the correctness of deductions to economic incentive funds and then consider how material incentives affect the main performance indicators of the enterprise.

The effectiveness of the use of the bonus system can be judged by a number of indicators: the volume of production in current prices; the number of premiums paid; characteristics of the use of premiums (should tend to increase).

The effectiveness of the use of bonuses can also be judged by the ratio of the growth rate of labor productivity and the characteristics of the use of bonuses.

The effectiveness of the use of the bonus system characterizes such indicators as the profitability of the premium, profitability, etc. The profitability of premiums is determined by the ratio of the amount of profit received to the amount of premiums paid. In material-intensive and energy-intensive industries, it is advisable to trace the amount of savings in raw materials and materials or electricity per 1 ruble. paid premiums. These figures should tend to increase. The methodology for their analysis is similar to the methodology for analyzing the characteristics of the use of premiums.

To analyze the development of material incentives at the enterprise, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of the share of bonuses in the wage fund.

The decrease in the share of premiums will indicate a decrease in the role of the bonus system in the activities of the enterprise.

In the course of the analysis, the use of moral incentives should be considered - awarding orders and medals, diplomas and certificates for labor success, entering the Board of Honor, the Book of Honor, etc.

34. ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE EQUIPMENT

The production assets used, their technical condition and the degree of compliance with the modern development of technology largely characterize the technical level of the enterprise and predetermine the effectiveness of their use.

Technical condition of the equipment characterized by its physical and moral deterioration, the level of use of new technology, and this primarily depends on the age of the equipment. Old equipment tends to be less productive and more worn out. However, outdated, but physically usable equipment can be modernized by constructive changes or replacement of individual components and parts, i.e., its obsolescence is eliminated. In this case, the technical and economic indicators of the old equipment are brought to the level of the latest samples produced by the industry, and its service life is increased.

Modernizing obsolete equipment is much cheaper than purchasing and installing new equipment. Equipment that has been in operation for 10-15 years is considered obsolete, and equipment that has been operating for more than 15 years is considered obsolete. Equipment that has been in operation for up to 5 years is classified as progressive.

To characterize the technical condition of the equipment, it is not enough to separate it only by age: different technological equipment has an unequal standard service life.

When analyzing the technical condition of the equipment, one should consider what measures are taken at the enterprise to replace obsolete, unsuitable for modernization equipment, that is, what is the renewal coefficient: the higher this coefficient, the more equipment is updated.

Modernization coefficient is the ratio of the number of modernized pieces of equipment to the total number of equipment of this type.

Wear factor - this is the ratio of the amount of accrued depreciation of equipment to the cost of this equipment at the end of the year.

Refresh rate - is the ratio of the cost of newly received equipment for the year to the cost of equipment of this type at the end of the year.

Analysis of the technical condition of the equipment allows you to draw up a plan for its priority replacement or modernization. In the analysis, attention should be paid to the introduction of new technology, especially automated.

Production automation ratio defined as the ratio of used automated equipment to its total number. For comparison, this coefficient must be calculated for a number of periods.

35. ANALYSIS OF EQUIPMENT USE BY CAPACITY

At the beginning of the analysis, it is necessary to identify how fully the capacities of the equipment and the enterprise as a whole are used; for this, an analysis is made of the use of the capacity of each type of equipment participating in the flow.

Heavy equipment utilization rate is defined as the ratio of the actual number of products produced per shift (day) to the total capacity of the equipment. The power of the equipment is determined by technical data sheets.

When identifying uneven load on certain types of equipment in the flow, it is necessary to find out the reasons for this. If the equipment is underloaded (intensity factor < 1), its normative payback is not ensured.

If the equipment is overloaded (intensity factor > 1), two options are possible:

1) if such equipment successfully copes with the work and overload does not negatively affect the quality of the products produced, then it makes sense to operate it with overload. In this case, no capital investments are required to purchase and install additional equipment to increase its capacity;

2) if such a path is unrealistic, then it is necessary to add equipment to eliminate bottlenecks in the flow in order to increase power or replace it with new, more productive one.

Further, the degree of utilization of the production capacities of the enterprise as a whole is examined. Under production capacity of the enterprise the maximum possible output of products at the achieved or planned level of technology, technology and organization of production. The degree of utilization of production capacities is characterized by the following coefficients:

К_о =V_year / M_п,

where K_о - total capacity utilization factor; V_year - planned or actual volume of production for the year; M_п - the average annual production capacity of the enterprise.

К^и =V_с / M_п.

where K_и - intensive coefficient of utilization of production capacities; V_с - average daily output; M_п - average daily production capacity.

К_э = F₁/ F₂,

where K_э - extensive coefficient of utilization of production capacities; F₁ - actual or planned fund of working hours; F₂ - the estimated fund of working time, adopted in determining the average daily production capacity.

36. ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FIXED PRODUCTION ASSETS

Basic production assets (OPF) is a set of material assets that operate in an unchanged natural form over a long period, repeatedly participating in the production process and losing their value in parts as they wear out.

The degree of use of the OPF is characterized by indicators of capital productivity and capital intensity. The return on assets is the ratio of the amount of output to the average annual cost of the OPF, and the capital intensity is the reciprocal of the return on assets.

The rate of return on assets should be calculated for a number of years for comparison in dynamics.

The level of return on assets is affected not only by the amount of output, which depends on the efficiency of using the enterprise's capacity, working hours, rhythm of work, but also on the structure of the fixed assets.

The structure of the OPF is understood as the share of certain types of fixed assets in their total value. OPF in relation to production can be divided into active and passive parts. To active parts include fixed assets that have an active impact on the subject of labor (machines, equipment, machinery, transmission devices, etc.), to passive - those that participate in the production process, but do not have a direct impact on the object of labor (buildings, structures).

Increasing the efficiency of production primarily depends on higher rates of development of the active part of the BPF. An analysis of the structure and growth of the OPF makes it possible to determine the direction of their development.

return on assets - a general indicator of the effectiveness of the use of BPF. Private indicators are the power utilization factor, the performance of certain types of equipment in natural meters, etc. Private indicators include the return on assets of the active part of the fixed assets, the analysis of which is of interest from the point of view of the validity of the growth of this part of the fixed assets.

37. VALUE, OBJECTIVES AND SOURCES OF PRODUCTS COST ANALYSIS

Cost of industrial products is the current costs of the enterprise for its production and sale, expressed in monetary terms. The cost of production is of great importance for the economy of the enterprise: the amount of profit received by it largely depends on the level of cost. As you know, profit is the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products and its full cost, therefore, if the cost is lower, then the profit is higher, and vice versa. Enterprises need to seek to increase profitability, eliminate unprofitable production, increase profits not by raising prices for their products, but by reducing costs and improving their quality, since in itself an increase in product prices does not bring any real benefit to society.

Cost analysis production allows you to find out the trends in this indicator, the implementation of the plan according to its level, determine the influence of factors on its increase or decrease and, on this basis, evaluate the work of the enterprise and determine the possibilities and reserves for reducing the cost of production.

The main objectives analysis of the cost of production: the study and evaluation of the level of production costs; identification of factors influencing the level of cost, and determination of their size; development of measures to further reduce the cost of production.

Sources of Analysis the cost of production will serve f. No. 5-z "Report on the costs of production and sale of products (works, services) of an enterprise (organization)", planned and reporting costing of products, data from synthetic and analytical cost accounting, etc.

38. STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF PRODUCTS COST

Planning and accounting for the cost of production at enterprises are carried out according to cost elements and cost items.

Cost elements: material costs (raw materials, purchased components and semi-finished products, fuel, electricity, heat, etc.), labor costs and social contributions, depreciation of fixed assets, other costs (depreciation of intangible assets, rent, mandatory insurance payments, interest on bank loans, taxes included in the cost of production, etc.).

Grouping costs by elements is necessary to study the material intensity, energy intensity, labor intensity, capital intensity of products and to establish the impact of technical progress on the cost structure. A decrease in the share of wages and an increase in the share of depreciation indicate an increase in the technical level of the enterprise, an increase in labor productivity. Grouping costs according to costing items (by purpose) indicates where, for what purposes and in what amounts the resources were spent. It is necessary to calculate the cost of certain types of products in a multi-product production, to establish a center for the concentration of costs and to search for reserves to reduce them. Main calculation items: raw materials and materials, returnable waste (deducted), purchased products and semi-finished products, fuel and energy for technological purposes, basic and additional wages of production workers, deductions for social and medical insurance of production workers, expenses for the maintenance and operation of machinery and equipment , general production expenses, general business expenses, losses from marriage, other production expenses, selling expenses.

Depending on the volume of production, all costs of the enterprise can be divided into fixed and variable, which is of no small importance in the analysis of the cost of production.

Fixed costs (depreciation, rent of premises, property tax, time wages of workers, wages and insurance of the administrative and economic apparatus) remain stable even when the volume of production changes.

Variable costs (piecework wages of production workers, raw materials, materials, process fuel, electricity) change in proportion to the volume of production.

The level of fixed costs has a significant impact on the level of production costs when the volume of production changes: with an increase in production, the cost decreases, and vice versa.

39. ANALYSIS OF THE COST OF PRODUCTS BY COST ITEMS

Costing cost items, their composition and methods for allocating costs by type of product are formed taking into account the nature and characteristics of production.

Allocate the following cost items, reflecting the dynamics of the cost of production: raw materials; returnable waste (subtracted); fuel and energy for technological purposes; the basic salary of production workers; additional salary of production workers; deductions for social needs of production workers; expenses for the development and preparation of production; overhead costs; general running costs; losses from marriage; other production expenses.

Cost items show for what purposes the costs were incurred, and the table shows which items saved compared to the previous year, and which items were overrun. The cost items for which the greatest changes have occurred are established, and their reasons are clarified.

Reasons for changing costs for variable items: increase (or decrease) in the volume of production and change in its structure; change in consumption rates and prices for materials, fuel, energy; change in the labor intensity of products and the average hourly wage under the item "Basic wages of production workers", etc.

The reason for the change in the costs of preparation and development of production is established by comparing the estimates of these costs for the reporting and previous years.

When analyzing changes in indirect costs (general production and general business), their estimates in the reporting year compared to the previous year and analytical accounting data on account 25 "General production costs" and account 26 "General business expenses" are studied.

If losses from marriage are identified, their causes are analyzed according to the acts of the QCD and account 28 "Marriage in production" and measures are taken to eliminate them.

The analysis of other production expenses is carried out by types of their composition, the reasons for their change in the reporting year compared to the previous year are clarified. The impact of changing factors on changing the cost of production is analyzed by the methods of differences or chain substitutions.

40. ANALYSIS OF THE COST OF CERTAIN TYPES OF PRODUCTS

Analysis of the cost of individual types of products is carried out according to cost estimates (planned and actual). When analyzing the cost estimates for individual types of products, the actual costs in general and for individual items are compared with planned indicators, and for comparable products - with the data of the previous year.

Particular attention should be paid to products that make up the largest share in the volume of production. Significant cost overruns can be allowed for individual costing items in the absence of cost overruns for the cost of the product as a whole. Therefore, when analyzing the cost estimates for individual types of products, one should study not only the general deviation of the actual cost from the planned or from the previous year, but also the deviations for individual cost items.

The greatest attention among the calculation items should be given to the analysis of material costs, since the costs of raw materials and materials in the cost of production amount to 75-78% on average in the country.

The calculation item "Basic wages of production workers" is also among the most important in the cost of production. Analysis of direct labor costs is the calculation of the following indicators: labor intensity, average hourly wages and basic wages of production workers. These indicators are calculated both according to the plan and actually. Further deviations from the plan are revealed.

Similarly, the change in direct material and labor costs in the unit cost of production compared to the previous year is analyzed.

A significant part of the cost of production is made up of indirect costs, the analysis of which is carried out when studying the cost estimates for production maintenance and management.

41. ANALYSIS OF COSTS FOR PRODUCTION SERVICE AND MANAGEMENT

К production maintenance costs and management include: overhead costs (expenses for the maintenance and operation of machinery and equipment and workshop costs); general running costs.

When analyzing the costs of servicing production and management, one should: evaluate the dynamics of costs both in general and by individual types; evaluate changes in costs per 1 rub. production volume; evaluate the implementation of cost estimates for the maintenance and operation of machinery and equipment; Examine the reasons for exceeding or saving planned costs.

The analysis compares the growth rate of output with the growth rate of production maintenance and management costs. The growth rate of output should outstrip the growth rate of these costs - in this case, there is a relative reduction in costs per 1 ruble. products.

Expenses for the maintenance and operation of machinery and equipment include depreciation of machines and technological equipment, costs of their maintenance, operating costs, etc. Some types of costs (for example, depreciation) do not depend on the volume of production and are conditionally fixed; others depend on the volume of production and are conditional variables.

The cost of equipment may change due to the acquisition of more expensive machines and their revaluation due to inflation. Depreciation rates change quite rarely and only by government decisions.

Operating costs depend on the number of operated facilities, their operating time and specific costs per machine hour of work.

Repair costs depend on the amount of repair work, their complexity, the degree of depreciation of fixed assets, the cost of spare parts and repair materials, and their economical use.

Workshop and general business expenses have a fairly large share in the cost of production. Since these costs contain variable costs that depend on the volume of products produced, it is necessary to adjust their planned amount by the percentage of the fulfillment of the plan in terms of output, i.e., calculate the relative deviation.

A more detailed analysis of workshop and general business expenses can be carried out by checking the execution of estimates for these costs, using accounting data for accounts 25 "General production costs" and 26 "General business expenses".

Selling expenses include the cost of shipping products to customers (handling, delivery), the cost of packaging and packaging materials, advertising, etc.

When analyzing commercial costs, it is necessary to look for ways to reasonably reduce them: using cheaper modes of transport, reducing the distance of transportation of goods, using cheaper packaging, etc.

42. THE CONCEPT OF ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE ENTERPRISE

The amount of profit received reflects the final financial results of any enterprise. In a market economy, obtaining the maximum possible amount of profit is the goal of any production, since profit is the main source of replenishment of accumulation funds, the social sphere, investments, working capital, etc. Society is interested in the profitable operation of enterprises, since it is profit that ensures payments to the budget many taxes.

Profit - this is a part of the net income created by the enterprise in the production process and realized in the sphere of circulation. Only after the sale of products does net income take the form of profit. Quantitatively, it is the difference between the sales proceeds (after paying VAT, excises and other deductions from proceeds to budgetary and non-budgetary funds) and the full cost of sales. The amount of profit is influenced not only by the volume of manufactured and sold products, but also by its quality, assortment, cost level, penalties, fines and forfeits - both paid and received, various write-offs of amounts for losses, etc.

One of main tasks analysis - identifying reserves to increase the mass of profits and the level of profitability as the most important indicators of the efficiency of the enterprise. In the course of the analysis, the implementation of the plan for profit based on the results of work for each quarter and for the year as a whole is evaluated, positive and negative factors are determined that influenced the size of the profit received, the reasons for their occurrence, and measures are developed to eliminate the identified shortcomings.

To analyze the financial performance of an enterprise, data from the economic and social development plan, balance sheet, report f. No. P-3 "Indicators of financial condition and settlements", f. No. 5 "Report on financial results", accounting data on accounts 46, 47, 48 and 80, as well as the results of an analysis of other aspects of the enterprise's activities.

43. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOSITION AND DYNAMICS OF BALANCE PROFIT

The company's profit is divided into the following types: balance sheet profit, profit from the sale of main products, profit from other sales, financial results from non-sales operations, taxable profit, net profit.

Balance sheet profit includes financial results from the sale of products, from other sales (profit from the sale of inventory, sale of products of subsidiary farms, sale of fixed assets and intangible assets), profit or loss from non-operating operations (profit from equity participation in joint ventures, leasing fixed assets and land, fines and penalties received and paid, losses from write-offs of receivables, natural disasters, income from shares, bonds, deposits, income and losses from foreign exchange transactions, etc.).

Taxable income - is the difference between the balance sheet profit and the amount of property tax; income received in the form of dividends on shares and other securities; income received from equity participation in other enterprises; profits from intermediary operations; income from insurance activities; the amount of deductions to the reserve and other similar funds; expenses taken into account when calculating income tax benefits. In other words, taxable profit is the balance sheet profit minus the amounts excluded from taxation in accordance with the current legislation.

Net profit remains at the disposal of the enterprise after payment of all taxes, economic sanctions and contributions to charitable funds.

In the process of analysis, the composition of balance sheet profit, its structure and dynamics should be studied.

Analysis of the structure of profit (loss) allows you to evaluate the impact of its individual components on the final financial result - profit (loss) from the activities of the enterprise for the reporting year. The largest share in the structure of the balance sheet profit of the enterprise is profit from sales, so its decrease will indicate a decrease in the efficiency of the main activity of the enterprise. In this regard, one of the most important tasks of analyzing profit from sales is to assess the influence of individual factors on its change compared to the previous year.

In-depth analysis is also subject to those components of the profit (loss) of the reporting year, which constitute a significant share in the profit (loss) of the reporting year.

44. ANALYSIS OF PROFIT FROM THE SALES OF PRODUCTS

The main part of the profit the company receives from the sale of products. The volume of profit from the sale of products is influenced by six factors: the volume of sales of products; its structure; level of production cost; the level of business expenses; level of administrative expenses; level of average selling prices.

Profit from product sales has a directly proportional dependence on the volume of sales: the more products sold, the more profits received, and vice versa.

Structure change of products sold can have both a positive and a negative impact on the amount of profit: if the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of its sales increases, then the amount of profit increases, and vice versa - with an increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit will decrease.

The level of production cost, as well as selling and administrative expenses and profits are inversely proportional: with an increase in production costs or selling and administrative expenses, profits accordingly decrease, and vice versa.

Level change average selling prices and the amount of profit are directly proportional: with an increase in prices, the amount of profit increases accordingly, and vice versa.

To determine the impact of sales volume on profit from sales, it is necessary to recalculate the planned profit by the percentage of overfulfillment or non-fulfillment of the plan for the sale of products.

In order to calculate the impact of a change in the structure of sold products on the profit from sales, it is necessary to determine the amount of the difference between the profit according to the plan, recalculated for the actual sales volume, and the profit according to the plan. This difference determines the amount of profit received by changing the volume of sales and its structure. Therefore, further it is necessary to get rid of the influence of the sales volume factor, for which it is necessary to exclude the sum of the factor of the influence of the sales volume on the profit from sales from the obtained difference amount (see the previous paragraph).

All obtained indicators determine the impact of production cost on profit from sales; the impact on profit from the sale of selling and administrative expenses; the impact of changes in the level of average selling prices on profit from sales.

Similarly, the analysis of profit from the sale of products compared with the previous year.

45. ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF PROFIT

To analyze the use of profit, the data of the report f. No. P-2 "Information on investments", analytical accounting data for section VIII of the Chart of Accounts "Financial results", account 90 "Sales", estimates for the accumulation fund, the social sphere fund and the consumption fund.

The profit remaining at the enterprise after payment of taxes and other payments to the budget goes to its full disposal. The enterprise independently determines the direction of its use, unless otherwise established by the constituent documents and the adopted accounting policy.

One part of the profit is intended for the expansion of production (accumulation fund), the second part - for material incentives for employees of the enterprise (consumption fund). A reserve fund of the enterprise is also being created.

Before starting the analysis, all the necessary data on the use of profits (types of operating income and expenses) are entered in the table: payments to the budget at the expense of profit; contributions to the reserve capital; deductions for the formation of accumulation funds; deductions for the formation of social funds; deductions for charitable purposes, etc. These tables allow you to determine the dynamics of the distribution of profits between the budget and the enterprise. In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the dynamics of the share of profits that goes to the self-financing of the enterprise and material incentives for employees, as well as indicators such as the amount of self-financing and the amount of capital investments per employee, the amount of wages and payments per employee. If these indicators are higher than at other enterprises, or higher than the normative ones for a given industry, then there are prospects for the development of the enterprise.

An important task of analysis is to study the use of funds from accumulation and consumption funds. The resources of these funds have a special purpose and are spent according to the approved estimates.

The accumulation fund is mainly used to finance the costs of expanding production, its technical re-equipment, the introduction of new technologies, etc.

The consumption fund can be used for collective (expenses for the maintenance of cultural and health facilities, holding recreational and cultural events) and individual needs (remuneration based on the results of work for the year, material assistance, student scholarships, partial payment for food and travel, etc.). ).

46. INDICATORS OF PROFITABILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

Profitability indicators characterize the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole, the profitability of various areas of activity (production, business, investment), cost recovery, etc. They characterize the final results of management more fully than profit, because they show the ratio of the effect to cash or used resources. These indicators are used to assess the activities of the enterprise and as a tool in investment policy and pricing.

Profitability indicators can be combined into several groups: characterizing the profitability (recoupment) of production costs and investment projects; characterizing the profitability of sales; characterizing the return on capital and its parts.

All these indicators can be calculated on the basis of book profit, profit from sales of products and net profit.

Profitability of production activities (return on costs) is calculated as the ratio of gross or net profit to the sum of costs for sold or manufactured products. It shows how much the company has a profit from each ruble spent on the production and sale of products. This indicator can be calculated for the enterprise as a whole (its level depends on changes in the structure of sold products, their cost and average selling prices), as well as for its individual divisions and types of products (the level of which depends on changes in average selling prices and unit cost of production).

The payback of investment projects is determined in a similar way - by dividing the received or expected amount of profit from the implementation of the project by the amount of investment in this project.

Return on sales is calculated as the ratio of profit from the sale of products or net profit to the amount of revenue received. This indicator characterizes the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity (i.e., how much profit an enterprise has from 1 ruble of sales), is widely used in a market economy and is calculated both for the enterprise as a whole and for individual types of products.

47. INDICATORS OF RETURN ON CAPITAL OF THE ENTERPRISE

Based on the data of the balance sheet and the report on financial results and their use, indicators of the efficiency of the use of capital (property) of the enterprise are determined.

Return on equity (property) of the enterprise characterizes the profit received by the enterprise from each ruble invested in the property (assets) of the enterprise, and is determined by the formula

Rcap = P_ч x 100/ K. (10)

where P_cap ^- return on capital (property) of the enterprise, %; P_ч - net profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise, thousand rubles; K - the average value of the capital of the enterprise, calculated according to the balance sheet, thousand rubles.

Return on current assets reflects the efficiency of using the current assets of the enterprise, showing how much profit the enterprise receives from each ruble invested in the current assets of the enterprise, and is determined by the formula

Р_Act = Π_ч x 100/A_tech(11)

where P_Act - profitability of current assets, %; BUT_tech - the average value of the current assets of the enterprise, calculated according to the balance sheet, thousand rubles.

Profitability of funds (sources) of the enterprise characterizes the effectiveness of the use of equity capital and invested borrowed funds.

Return on equity characterizes the profit received by the enterprise from each ruble of its own capital, and is determined by the formula

Р_{cap. sob} = Π_split x100/K_the,(12)

where P_{cap sob} ^- return on equity; To_the - the average value of the sources of the enterprise's own funds, calculated according to the data of section I of the balance sheet liability, thousand rubles.

Return on invested borrowed funds (R_{loan from}) can be determined by the difference method:

Р_{loan. With} = P_cap - R_cap.(13)

Return on investment (R_quinoa) characterizes the efficiency of investing equity and long-term borrowed funds:

Р_{k. inv} = Π_б x 100/K_debt(14)

where P_б - balance sheet profit, thousand rubles; To_debt - long-term loans and borrowings according to the balance sheet, thousand rubles.

48. CONCEPT, VALUE, OBJECTIVES AND SOURCES OF THE FINANCIAL STATE OF THE ENTERPRISE

The composition and placement of the property of the enterprise in value terms and the sources of its formation as of the reporting date characterize the property and financial condition of the enterprise. Under financial condition one should also understand the ability of the enterprise to finance its activities, i.e., the provision of the enterprise with the financial resources necessary for normal operation, the feasibility of their placement and efficiency of use, financial relationships with other legal entities and individuals, solvency and financial stability.

The financial condition of the company may be stable, unstable и crisis and depends entirely on the results of its production, commercial and financial activities. If the production and financial plans are fulfilled and overfulfilled, then this has a positive effect on the financial position of the enterprise, and vice versa, as a result of underfulfillment of the production plan and sales of products, its cost increases, revenues and profits decrease, which leads to a deterioration in the financial condition of the enterprise and its solvency . Therefore, financial activity as an integral part of economic activity is aimed at ensuring the planned receipt and expenditure of financial resources, the implementation of settlement discipline, the achievement of rational proportions of equity and borrowed capital and its most efficient use. The main goal of financial activity is to decide where, when and how to use financial resources for the effective development of production and maximum profit. The main purpose of the analysis is to timely identify and eliminate shortcomings in financial activities and find reserves for improving the financial condition of the enterprise and its solvency.

49. FINANCIAL STABILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

The financial condition of the enterprise largely depends on what funds it has at its disposal and where they are invested. According to the degree of ownership, the used capital is divided into own (section IV of the liability) and borrowed (sections V and VI of the liability); according to the duration of use - into long-term permanent (permanent) (IV and V sections of the liability) and short-term (section VI of the liability).

The need for own capital is due to the requirements of self-financing of enterprises; it is the basis for the autonomy and independence of enterprises. However, financing the activities of an enterprise only at the expense of its own funds is not always beneficial for it, especially if production is seasonal - then in certain periods large funds will accumulate in bank accounts, and in other periods they will be lacking. In addition, if the prices for financial resources are low, and the company can provide a higher return on invested capital than it pays for credit resources, then by attracting borrowed funds, it can increase the return on equity (equity) capital.

At the same time, if the funds of the enterprise are created mainly from short-term liabilities, then its financial position will be unstable, since constant operational work is necessary with short-term capital: control over their timely return and attraction of other capitals into circulation for a short time.

Consequently, the financial position of the enterprise largely depends on the degree of optimality of the ratio of equity and debt capital. Developing the right financial strategy will help many businesses improve their performance.

In this regard, important indicators that characterize the financial (market) stability of an enterprise are: the coefficient of financial autonomy (independence) or the share of equity in the total amount of capital; coefficient of financial dependence (share of borrowed capital); the leverage of financial leverage, or the financial risk ratio (the ratio of borrowed capital to equity capital).

The higher the level of the first indicator and the lower the level of the second and third indicators, the more stable the financial condition of the enterprise.

50. ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF BALANCE LIABILITIES

The information provided in the liabilities side of the balance sheet makes it possible to determine what changes have occurred in the structure of equity and borrowed capital, how much long-term and short-term borrowed funds are involved in the turnover of the enterprise, i.e. the liability shows where the funds came from, to whom the enterprise owes them.

The assessment of the changes that have taken place in the capital structure may be different from the position of investors and from the position of the enterprise. For banks and other investors, a situation is considered more reliable when the share of the client's equity capital is higher - this eliminates financial risk. Enterprises, as a rule, are interested in raising borrowed funds: having borrowed funds at a lower percentage than the economic profitability of the enterprise, it is possible to expand production and increase the return on equity. Different industries have developed a kind of ratio of borrowed and own funds.

Conducting an internal analysis of the financial condition, it is necessary to study the dynamics and structure of equity and debt capital, find out the reasons for the change in its individual components and evaluate these changes for the reporting period.

An increase in the share of the accumulation fund and retained earnings will testify to expanded reproduction.

Attracting borrowed funds into the turnover of the enterprise is a normal process. This contributes to a temporary improvement in the financial condition, provided that the funds are not frozen for a long time in circulation and are returned in a timely manner. Otherwise, overdue accounts payable may arise, which leads to the payment of fines, sanctions and a deterioration in the financial situation. Therefore, reasonable amounts of borrowed capital can improve, and excessive amounts can worsen the financial condition of the enterprise.

Therefore, in the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the composition and prescription of the appearance of accounts payable, as well as the reasons for the formation of overdue debts to resource suppliers, the personnel of the enterprise for remuneration, the budget, extra-budgetary funds.

The average duration of the use of accounts payable in the turnover of the enterprise is calculated by the formula:

Average balances of accounts payable x Days of the period / Amount of credit turnover on accounts payable.

When analyzing long-term borrowed capital, if it is available at the enterprise, the timing of the demand for long-term loans is of interest, since the stability of the financial condition of the enterprise depends on this.

51. BALANCE SHEET ASSETS OF THE ENTERPRISE

Everything that has value, belongs to the enterprise and is reflected in the asset balance sheet, is called its assets. The balance sheet asset contains information about the allocation of capital at the disposal of the enterprise, i.e. about its investment in specific property and material assets, about the enterprise's expenses for the production and sale of products and about the balance of free cash. Each type of allocated capital corresponds to a separate balance sheet item.

The main feature of the grouping of items of the balance sheet asset is the degree of their liquidity (the speed of conversion into cash). On this basis, all balance sheet assets are divided into long-term, or fixed capital (I section), and current (current) assets (II section).

The funds of the enterprise can be used in its internal turnover and beyond (accounts receivable, purchase of securities, shares, bonds of other enterprises).

Working capital can be in the sphere of production (stocks, work in progress, deferred expenses) and the sphere of circulation (finished products, funds in settlements, short-term financial investments, cash, goods, etc.).

Working capital can function in monetary and material form. The results of production and financial activities, and hence the financial condition of the enterprise, largely depend on what allocations are invested in fixed and working capital, how much of them are in the production sphere in monetary and material form, how optimal their ratio is. If the created production capacities of the enterprise are not fully used, then this will adversely affect the financial results of the enterprise and its financial position. The same will happen when creating excess inventories that cannot be quickly processed at existing production capacities - as a result, capital is frozen, its turnover slows down and, as a result, the financial condition worsens.

In the process of subsequent analysis, it is necessary to deepen the study of changes in long-term assets. Long-term assets, or fixed assets, are investments made for long-term purposes in real estate, bonds, stocks, intangible assets, etc.

52. ANALYSIS OF COMPANY ASSETS

Much attention in the analysis of the assets of the enterprise is paid to the study of the state, dynamics and structure of fixed assets, since they occupy the main share in the long-term assets of the enterprise. When studying the composition of fixed assets, it is necessary to find out the ratio of their active and passive parts, since the capital productivity and financial condition of the enterprise largely depend on their optimal combination.

When analyzing accounts receivable, it should be divided into normal and overdue. The presence of overdue accounts receivable creates financial difficulties, slows down the turnover of capital. It is necessary to accelerate payments by improving settlements, prepayments, using the bill of exchange form of payment, etc. In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the dynamics, composition, causes and prescription of the formation of receivables.

When analyzing receivables, in addition to the balance sheet, materials from primary and analytical accounting are used. The problem of non-payments acquires particular urgency in the context of inflation.

The duration of funds in receivables is determined by the formula

Average debt balances on accounts receivable x Days of the period / Amount of debit turnover on accounts receivable.

In order to calculate the company's losses from receivables, it is necessary to subtract from the overdue receivables its amount adjusted for the inflation index for this period (minus the penalty received).

A great influence on the financial condition of the enterprise has the presence of inventories, which should be optimal; production must be provided on time and in full with all the necessary resources, striving to ensure that they are not stale in warehouses.

The reasons for the excess amount of inventories may be the presence of slow, stale material assets, overstating the standards, excess delivery, etc.

In many enterprises, a large proportion of current assets is finished products. The reasons for this may be the loss of sales markets, the low purchasing power of enterprises and the population, the high cost of products, their low quality, etc. An increase in the balance of finished products in warehouses leads to a freezing of working capital, a lack of cash, an increase in accounts payable to suppliers, the budget, wages, etc.

53. ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF ASSET AND LIABILITY BALANCE

There is a close relationship between the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet. Each item of the asset balance has its own sources of funding. Funding sources long-term assets, as a rule, are equity capital and long-term borrowed funds; sometimes they are formed at the expense of the bank’s short-term assets or through the temporary attraction of its own working capital.

Current assets are formed from both equity and short-term borrowings. It is desirable that they are half formed at the expense of their own, and half - at the expense of borrowed capital, since this provides a guarantee of repayment of borrowed funds.

Depending on the sources of formation, the total amount of current assets (working capital) is usually divided into two parts: a variable that is created at the expense of short-term liabilities of the enterprise; a constant minimum of current assets (reserves and costs) formed at the expense of permanent (own and long-term borrowed) capital.

The lack of own working capital leads to an increase in the variable and a decrease in the permanent part of current assets, which also indicates an increase in the financial dependence of the enterprise and the instability of its position.

Own capital in the balance sheet is reflected in the total amount. To determine how much it is used in circulation, it is necessary to exclude the amount of long-term (non-current) assets from the total amount for IV and V sections of the balance sheet liability. The resulting amount of own working capital is increased by the amount of deferred income, the consumption fund and funds for future expenses and payments reflected in section VI of the balance sheet liability, since they are actually used in the company's turnover and are equated to own funds.

It is also necessary to calculate the distribution structure of own capital into working capital and fixed capital. The ratio of own working capital to its total amount received name of the capital agility ratio, which shows what part of the equity capital is in circulation, i.e. in a form that allows you to freely maneuver these funds.

54. ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

An important indicator characterizing the financial stability of an enterprise is security of material working capital with own sources of financing - it is established by comparing the amount of own working capital with the total amount of material working capital. There are the following stability types:

1. Absolute stability of the financial condition, when stocks and costs (Z) are less than the amount of own working capital (SK_about) and bank loans against inventory items (KR_tmts), i.e. 3 < SC_about + CR_tmts, and the coefficient of provision of reserves and costs with sources of funds (K) is greater than one:

К_oz = (SC_about x KR_tmts)/ 3 > 1. (15)

2. Normal stability, under which the solvency of the enterprise is guaranteed under the condition 3 = SC_about + Cr_tmts:

К_oz = SC_about x KR_tmts / 3 = 1. (16)

3. An unstable (pre-crisis) financial condition, in which the balance of payments is disturbed, but it remains possible to restore the balance of payment means and payment obligations by attracting temporarily free sources of funds (I) into the enterprise's turnover, bank loans for temporary replenishment of working capital, exceeding the normal accounts payable debts over accounts receivable, etc.:

3 > SC_about + CR_tmts + AND_VR,

Koz = (SC_about xKR_tmts + AND_VR) / 3 = 1. (17)

At the same time, financial instability is considered acceptable if:

a) inventories plus finished products are equal to or exceed the amount of short-term loans and borrowed funds involved in the formation of inventories;

b) work in progress plus deferred expenses are equal to or less than the amount of own working capital.

4. Crisis financial condition (the company is on the verge of bankruptcy), in which

3 > SC_about + CR_tmts + AND_VR:

К_oz = (SC_about xKR_tmts + Heb) / 3 < 1. (18)

The equilibrium of the balance of payments in this situation is ensured by overdue payments on wages, bank loans, suppliers, etc.

Financial stability can be restored by:

a) accelerating capital turnover in current assets;

b) justified reduction of inventories; c) replenishment of own working capital.

55. ANALYSIS OF THE SOLVING POSSIBILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

Solvency analysis is important not only for an enterprise in order to assess its financial condition, but also for external investors (banks) who want to verify the borrower's creditworthiness.

Solvency is assessed on the basis of the characteristics of the liquidity of current assets, that is, the time required to turn them into cash. The concepts of solvency and liquidity are very close. Solvency and its prospects depend on the degree of liquidity of the balance sheet.

The liquidity analysis of the balance sheet consists in comparing the funds for an asset, grouped by the degree of diminishing liquidity, with short-term liabilities for liabilities, which are grouped by the degree of urgency of their repayment.

The most mobile part of liquid funds is money and short-term financial investments (the 1st group of current assets). The liquidity of finished products, goods shipped and receivables (2nd group) depends on the timeliness of product release, execution of bank documents, the speed of document circulation in banks, on the demand for products, their competitiveness, the solvency of buyers, etc.

A much longer period will be needed to convert inventories and work in progress (3rd group) into finished products, and then into cash.

Accordingly, the payment obligations of the enterprise are divided into 3 groups:

1) debt, the payment terms of which have already arrived;

2) debt that should be repaid in the near future;

3) long-term debt.

To determine the current solvency, it is necessary to compare the liquid funds of the 1st group with the payment obligations of the 1st group. Ideally, if the coefficient is equal to one or slightly higher than it.

To assess the prospective solvency, the following indicators are calculated.

Absolute liquidity is determined by the ratio of the amount of liquid funds of the 1st group to the entire amount of short-term debts of the enterprise (section VI of the liabilities side of the balance sheet). The solvency of the enterprise will be considered normal if the coefficient value is equal to or higher than 0,25-0,30.

Intermediate the liquidity ratio is determined by the ratio of the amount of liquid funds of the 1st and 2nd groups to the total amount of short-term debts of the enterprise (section VI of the liabilities side of the balance sheet). The normal ratio is 1:1.

General the liquidity ratio is calculated by the ratio of the total amount of current assets (section II of the balance sheet assets) to the total amount of short-term liabilities (section VI of the balance sheet liability) and should be 1,5-2,0.

56. OBJECTIVES AND SOURCES OF ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL STATE OF THE ENTERPRISE

Evaluation and analysis of the financial condition of an enterprise is an urgent problem for all users of information without exception.

The main purpose of the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise is to timely identify and eliminate the shortcomings that exist in the use of funds, and ensure the solvency of the enterprise.

To assess the sustainability of the financial condition of the enterprise, a system of indicators is used that characterizes changes: the structure of the capital of the enterprise by its placement and sources of education; efficiency and intensity of its use; solvency and creditworthiness of the enterprise; stock of its financial stability.

The analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise is based mainly on relative indicators, since the absolute indicators of the balance sheet and other reports in conditions of constant inflation are almost impossible to bring into a comparable form.

Financial analysis is divided into internal and external.

Internal analysis is carried out by the services of the enterprise, and its results are used to plan, control and predict the financial condition of the enterprise. Its purpose is to establish a regular flow of cash and place equity and borrowed funds in such a way as to ensure maximum profit and prevent bankruptcy.

External analysis is carried out by investors, resource providers, regulatory authorities on the basis of published reports. Its goal is to establish the possibility of a profitable investment in order to ensure maximum profit and eliminate the risk of loss.

The main objectives of the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise: assessment of the property status of the enterprise; assessment of capital invested in the property of the enterprise; analysis of the security of the enterprise with its own working capital and assessment of the influence of factors on the magnitude of their change; analysis of the effectiveness of the use of working capital; analysis of indicators of financial stability of the enterprise; assessment of solvency and liquidity of the enterprise.

The main sources of information for the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise are f. No. 1 "Balance sheet", f. No. P-2 "Information on investments", f. No. P-3 "Information on the financial condition of the organization" and other forms of reporting, data from primary and analytical accounting, which decipher and detail individual balance sheet items.

57. OBJECTIVES OF THE FINANCIAL POLICY OF THE ENTERPRISE

The purpose of developing the financial policy of an enterprise is to build an effective financial management system aimed at solving strategic and tactical tasks.

Goals are individual for each business entity. In conditions of high inflation and the existing tax policy of the state, enterprises may have different interests in the formation and use of profits, payment of dividends, regulation of production costs, increase in property and sales volumes (sales proceeds).

One of the tasks of the reorganization of the enterprise is the transition to financial management based on an analysis of the financial and economic state, taking into account the setting of strategic goals for the enterprise, adequate to market conditions, and the search for ways to achieve them. The performance of any enterprise is of interest to both external (primarily investors, creditors, shareholders, consumers and producers) and internal market agents (enterprise managers, employees of administrative and management structural units, employees of production units).

During the reorganization of the enterprise, the strategic tasks of developing the financial policy of the enterprise are: maximizing the profit of the enterprise; optimization of the capital structure of the enterprise and ensuring its financial stability; achieving transparency of the financial and economic state of enterprises for owners (participants, founders), investors, creditors; ensuring the investment attractiveness of the enterprise; creation of an effective enterprise management mechanism; use by the enterprise of market mechanisms for raising funds.

As part of these tasks, it is recommended to perform the following activities in a number of areas in the field of financial management: market valuation of assets; debt restructuring on payments to the budget; development of a program of measures to eliminate wage arrears; development of measures to reduce non-monetary forms of payment; analysis of the position of the enterprise in the market and development of an enterprise development strategy; inventory of property and restructuring of the property complex of the enterprise.

It should be noted that when developing an effective financial management system, the main problem of combining the interests of the development of an enterprise, the availability of a sufficient level of funds for this development and maintaining a high solvency of the enterprise constantly arises.

58. DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINANCIAL POLICY OF THE ENTERPRISE

The main directions of development of the financial policy of the enterprise include: analysis of the financial and economic condition of the enterprise; development of accounting and tax policies; development of credit policy of the enterprise; management of working capital, accounts payable and receivable; cost management, including the choice of depreciation policy; choice of dividend policy.

When analyzing the financial and economic condition, indicators of quarterly and annual financial statements are used. A preliminary analysis is carried out before the preparation of accounting and financial statements, when it is still possible to change a number of balance sheet items, as well as to draw up an explanatory note to the annual report. Based on the data of the final analysis of the financial and economic state, almost all directions of the financial policy of the enterprise are developed, and the effectiveness of management decisions depends on how well it is carried out. The quality of financial analysis depends on the methodology used, the reliability of accounting data, as well as on the competence of the person making the managerial decision in the field of financial policy.

To confirm the reliability of financial statements, it is advisable to conduct an audit by a specialized organization. The results of the audit should be taken into account when analyzing the financial and economic condition of the enterprise.

The main components of the financial and economic analysis of the enterprise's activities are as follows.

Analysis of financial statements - this is the study of absolute indicators presented in the financial statements. In the process of analysis, the composition of the enterprise's property, its financial investments, sources of equity capital formation are determined, relations with suppliers and buyers, the volume of sales proceeds and the amount of profit are evaluated.

At the same time, the actual reporting indicators should be compared with the planned (estimated) ones and the reasons for their discrepancy should be established.

Horizontal analysis - this is a comparison of financial statements with indicators of previous periods.

Vertical analysis is carried out in order to identify the share of individual reporting items in the overall final indicator and then compare the result with the data of the previous period.

trend analysis is based on the calculation of relative deviations of reporting indicators for a number of years of the level of the base year.

59. ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY AND INTENSITY OF THE USE OF CAPITAL

The capital involved in the production and sale of products is in constant motion, passing from one stage of the circuit to another.

At the 1rd stage the enterprise acquires the necessary fixed assets, production reserves, at stage 2 funds in the form of stocks go into production, and part of them is used to pay employees, pay taxes, social security payments and other expenses. This stage ends with the release of finished products.

At the 3rd stage finished products are sold and funds are returned to the enterprise's account with some increment (profit). The faster the circulation of capital, the more products the enterprise will receive and sell with the same amount of capital. A delay in the movement of funds at any stage of the cycle leads to a slowdown in capital turnover, requires additional investment of funds and can cause a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the enterprise.

Capital turnover ratio (K_{about to}) is:

К_{about. to} = R / S_cap(19)

where P is the volume of sales of products; FROM_cap - average annual cost of production.

The duration of one revolution (O) is:

O = D : K_ob.k, (20)

where D is the duration of the period in days (year - 360, quarter - 90, month - 30 days).

The efficiency of changing the rate of capital turnover (E) is determined as follows:

E = (R / D) x (O₁ - ABOUT₂). (21)

Reverse efficiency will be obtained by slowing down the turnover of capital; directly reflects the change in the financial condition of the enterprise.

The duration of capital turnover largely depends on the ratio of fixed and working capital: the higher the share of fixed capital in its total amount, the slower it turns around, and vice versa - with an increase in the share of current assets, the total capital turnover accelerates.

60. ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL STATE OF INSOLVENT ENTERPRISES

The following indicators are used as criteria for assessing the unsatisfactory structure of the balance sheet of insolvent enterprises: general liquidity ratio; the coefficient of security of the enterprise with its own working capital; coefficient of restoration (loss) of solvency.

The basis for recognizing the balance sheet structure as unsatisfactory and the enterprise as insolvent is the presence of one of the conditions:

1) if the overall liquidity ratio at the end of the reporting period is below the standard value (1,5);

2) if the coefficient of provision with own working capital at the end of the reporting period is below the standard value (0,3).

General liquidity ratio (TO_face) is calculated by the formula

К_face = (T_а - R_б) / (T_п - D_б), (one)

where P_б - Future expenses; T_а - current assets; T_п - current liabilities; D_б - revenue of the future periods.

The coefficient of security of the enterprise with its own working capital (TO_axis) is determined by the formula

К_axis = (T_а - T_п) / T_а(24)

where T_а - current assets; T_п - current liabilities. If K_face and K_axis below the norm, but there is a tendency for these indicators to grow, it is calculated solvency recovery ratio

(TO_in) for a period equal to 6 months:

К_in = K_lik.1 + (6: T) (K_lik.1 - K_lik.0) / TO_{lik. (norms)}(25)

where K_face1 and K_face0 - respectively, the actual value of the liquidity ratio at the end and beginning of the reporting period; To_face(norms) - normative value of the total liquidity ratio; 6 - solvency recovery period, months; T - reporting period, months.

If K_in > 1, then the enterprise has a real opportunity to restore its solvency, and vice versa - if K_in < 1, the enterprise has no real opportunity to restore its solvency in the near future.

If the company is declared insolvent, and the structure of its balance sheet is unsatisfactory, then one of two solutions is chosen: carrying out reorganization measures to restore its solvency; carrying out liquidation activities in accordance with applicable law.

61. PROPERTY STATUS OF THE ENTERPRISE

The value of the company's property - these are non-current and current assets at the disposal of the enterprise. The asset of the balance sheet of the enterprise allows you to evaluate the property of the enterprise and its investment activities at the reporting date.

The total value of the property of the enterprise is equal to the total of the balance sheet asset minus the total for section III of the balance sheet "Losses". The cost of non-current assets (fixed capital) is equal to the total of section I of the balance sheet asset, and the cost of working capital is the total of section II of the asset "Current assets".

Based on the indicators of the property of the enterprise (non-current and current assets), the dynamics of changes in the value of all property and its components for a year or another analyzed period is studied and an assessment is made of the impact of certain types of property on an increase or decrease in the value of all property, i.e. a "horizontal analysis" is carried out property. It should be borne in mind that in a horizontal analysis, the change in indicators is affected by the results of property revaluation and inflation.

A higher growth rate of working (mobile) funds in comparison with non-current assets determines the tendency to accelerate the turnover of the entire set of enterprise assets.

The increase in the share of non-current assets in the property of the enterprise indicates the capitalization of profits and the successful directions of the investment policy of the enterprise. With a large proportion of long-term financial investments, and even more so its increase over the year, the effectiveness of investing in other enterprises is being studied. To do this, compare the percentage of return on invested capital. The percentage of return on capital invested in other enterprises should be higher than on funds invested in own production.

With the increase in the share of fixed assets in the property of the enterprise, the depreciation of fixed assets and the share of fixed costs increase.

A significant increase in the share of current assets may indicate a change in the type of activity of the enterprise - from production to trade and intermediary. Reducing the share of receivables is a positive trend in the company's activities.

62. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF STUDYING FCD

The final stage in the analysis of the financial and economic activities of enterprises is the determination of areas for its improvement so that they are taken into account in the process of long-term and current planning.

Naturally, the directions that bring profit to enterprises are considered priority. As a rule, all financial and economic activities of enterprises are considered as three independent blocks: production activities, investment and financial activities.

The results of the analysis carried out can be determined after a comprehensive review of these blocks.

As part of production activities, the possibility of increasing the output of products (works, services) should be substantiated as a result of the analysis: sales markets for products; the level of competitiveness of products; opportunities to provide production resources - materials, labor resources and fixed assets; possible cost reduction; rising prices for products, taking into account inflationary processes and demand.

Proposals for improving production activities should be accompanied by a profit forecast, taking into account the linkage of sales, costs and profits.

Improvement investment activities as a result of the analysis can be carried out in the following areas: updating the property of the enterprise; investment of financial resources in other enterprises, securities (substantiation of the proposed projects of investments in investments is necessary); lending to businesses or collecting debts.

Improvement financial activity involves: the investment of free resources in the development of the enterprise itself, other enterprises; planning business operations conducted with the help of financial resources; the use of financial leverage in planning financial activities.

The first direction focuses on the results of the analysis of the profitability of the enterprise and the opportunities for expanding and improving the activities of the enterprise. If there are negative results in increasing the volume of products (works, services), financial resources should be invested in other enterprises or in business operations that are practically related to receiving interest, dividends from invested funds.

The use of financial leverage involves both the involvement of borrowed capital and the investment of equity capital in the development of other enterprises. In this situation, it is necessary to justify, focusing on interest rates on borrowed funds and the profitability of the enterprise itself, the feasibility of borrowing funds and the economic benefits of investing own funds.

At the same time, the determination of the risks of financial investments is of great importance.

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ General psychology. Crib

▪ Forensic medicine and psychiatry. Crib

▪ Informatics and information technologies. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Artificial leather for touch emulation 15.04.2024

In a modern technology world where distance is becoming increasingly commonplace, maintaining connection and a sense of closeness is important. Recent developments in artificial skin by German scientists from Saarland University represent a new era in virtual interactions. German researchers from Saarland University have developed ultra-thin films that can transmit the sensation of touch over a distance. This cutting-edge technology provides new opportunities for virtual communication, especially for those who find themselves far from their loved ones. The ultra-thin films developed by the researchers, just 50 micrometers thick, can be integrated into textiles and worn like a second skin. These films act as sensors that recognize tactile signals from mom or dad, and as actuators that transmit these movements to the baby. Parents' touch to the fabric activates sensors that react to pressure and deform the ultra-thin film. This ... >>

Petgugu Global cat litter 15.04.2024

Taking care of pets can often be a challenge, especially when it comes to keeping your home clean. A new interesting solution from the Petgugu Global startup has been presented, which will make life easier for cat owners and help them keep their home perfectly clean and tidy. Startup Petgugu Global has unveiled a unique cat toilet that can automatically flush feces, keeping your home clean and fresh. This innovative device is equipped with various smart sensors that monitor your pet's toilet activity and activate to automatically clean after use. The device connects to the sewer system and ensures efficient waste removal without the need for intervention from the owner. Additionally, the toilet has a large flushable storage capacity, making it ideal for multi-cat households. The Petgugu cat litter bowl is designed for use with water-soluble litters and offers a range of additional ... >>

The attractiveness of caring men 14.04.2024

The stereotype that women prefer "bad boys" has long been widespread. However, recent research conducted by British scientists from Monash University offers a new perspective on this issue. They looked at how women responded to men's emotional responsibility and willingness to help others. The study's findings could change our understanding of what makes men attractive to women. A study conducted by scientists from Monash University leads to new findings about men's attractiveness to women. In the experiment, women were shown photographs of men with brief stories about their behavior in various situations, including their reaction to an encounter with a homeless person. Some of the men ignored the homeless man, while others helped him, such as buying him food. A study found that men who showed empathy and kindness were more attractive to women compared to men who showed empathy and kindness. ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Factors of human unhappiness 11.02.2019

The experts came to the conclusion that there are factors on which the level of unhappiness of a person depends. In order to determine them, a whole study was organized.

The study was conducted by the British consulting group Oxford Economics and scientists from the National Center for Social Research in Britain. The goal was to identify the factors in life that cause people to feel unhappy. The survey covered about 8 thousand residents of Britain. During the experiment, the emotions and behavioral rituals of the respondents were also analyzed.

The results of the study showed that the most unhappy are those who often have to eat alone. Scientists have seen that those who have to / like to eat dinner, lunch or breakfast alone are more likely to experience feelings of anxiety. In addition, frequent trips on public transport, worsening weather, constant employment, family problems and lack of sleep make people unhappy.

The researchers, after finding the results, decided to conduct some more experiments to see if these factors of unhappiness could be combated. It has been shown that the level of happiness increased significantly in those who ate surrounded by family or friends. Also, anxiety disappeared after communicating with people in reality, walking in nature and increasing the time for sleep.

Other interesting news:

▪ Alibaba AI Processor

▪ Orbital X-ray Observatory Einstein Probe

▪ Signature size and narcissism

▪ Microsoft will release a revolutionary smartphone

▪ handheld spectrometer

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Radio - for beginners. Article selection

▪ article I began to live, not breathe! Popular expression

▪ article Why are eclipses rare? Detailed answer

▪ article Hogweed Steven. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Night light brightness control. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Actual protection of electronic circuits. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews