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Table of contents

1. Metrology (Subject and tasks of metrology. Terms. Classification of measurements. Units of measurement. Main characteristics of measurements. The concept of a physical quantity. The value of systems of physical units. Physical quantities and measurements. Standards and exemplary measuring instruments. Measuring instruments and their characteristics. Classification of measuring instruments. Metrological characteristics of measuring instruments and their rationing. and calibration of measuring instruments. Legal foundations of metrological support. Main provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements". The metrological service in Russia. The state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. State metrological control and supervision)
2. Technical regulation (Basic concepts of technical regulation. Basic principles of technical regulation. Legal framework. Provisions of the State system of technical regulation and standardization. Bodies and committees for standardization. Technical regulations: concept and essence. Application of technical regulations. Procedure for the development and adoption of technical regulations. Change and cancellation of technical regulations)
3. Fundamentals of standardization (History of the development of standardization. Standardization: essence, tasks, elements. Principles and methods of standardization. Objects and subjects of standardization. Normative documents on standardization, their categories. Types of standards. All-Russian classifiers. Requirements and procedure for developing standards. Classification of accommodation facilities. Methods standardization. Methods for determining quality indicators. Fundamental State standards)
4. Fundamentals of certification and licensing (General concepts of certification, objects and purposes of certification. Conditions for certification. Rules and procedures for certification. Development of certification. The concept of product quality. Protection of consumer rights. Certification system. Certification scheme. Mandatory certification. Voluntary certification. Certification bodies Conformity assessment Forms of conformity assessment Accreditation of certification bodies Financing of certification works Certification of imported products Nomenclature of certified services (works) and the procedure for their certification Regulatory framework for certification Legal regulation of labeled products

1. Subject and tasks of metrology

With the course of world history, a person had to measure various things, weigh products, count time. For this purpose, it was necessary to create a whole system of various measurements necessary to calculate the volume, weight, length, time, etc. The data of such measurements help to master the quantitative characteristics of the surrounding world. The role of such measurements in the development of civilization is extremely important. Today, no branch of the national economy could function correctly and productively without the use of its measurement system. After all, it is with the help of these measurements that the formation and control of various technological processes, as well as the control of the quality of products, take place. Such measurements are needed for a variety of needs in the process of developing scientific and technological progress: for accounting for material resources and planning, and for the needs of domestic and foreign trade, and for checking the quality of manufactured products, and for increasing the level of labor protection of any working person.

Despite the variety of natural phenomena and products of the material world, for their measurement there is the same diverse system of measurements based on a very significant point - a comparison of the obtained value with another, similar to it, which was once taken as a unit. With this approach, a physical quantity is regarded as a certain number of units accepted for it, or, in other words, its value is obtained in this way. There is a science that systematizes and studies such units of measurement - metrology. As a rule, metrology refers to the science of measurements, existing means and methods that help to comply with the principle of their unity, as well as ways to achieve the required accuracy.

The origin of the term "metrology" is traced to two Greek words: metron, which translates as "measure", and logos - "doctrine". The rapid development of metrology took place at the end of the 1892th century. It is inextricably linked with the development of new technologies. Before that, metrology was only a descriptive scientific subject. We should also note the special participation in the creation of this discipline by D. I. Mendeleev, who had no intention of being closely involved in metrology from 1907 to XNUMX ... when he led this branch of Russian science. Thus, we can say that metrology studies:

1) methods and means for accounting for products according to the following indicators: length, mass, volume, consumption and power;

2) measurements of physical quantities and technical parameters, as well as the properties and composition of substances;

3) measurements for control and regulation of technological processes.

There are several main areas of metrology:

1) general theory of measurements;

2) systems of units of physical quantities;

3) methods and means of measurement;

4) methods for determining the accuracy of measurements;

5) the basics for ensuring the uniformity of measurements, as well as the basics for the uniformity of measuring instruments;

6) standards and exemplary measuring instruments;

7) methods for transferring unit sizes from samples of measuring instruments and from standards to working measuring instruments. An important concept in the science of metrology is the unity of measurements, which means such measurements in which the final data are obtained in legal units, while the measurement data errors are obtained with a given probability. The need for the existence of unity of measurements is caused by the possibility of comparing the results of various measurements that were carried out in different areas, in different time periods, as well as using a variety of methods and means of measurement.

Metrology objects should also be distinguished:

1) units of measurement;

2) measuring instruments;

3) the methods used to make the measurements, etc.

Metrology includes: firstly, general rules, norms and requirements, and secondly, issues that need state regulation and control. And here we are talking about:

1) physical quantities, their units, as well as their measurements;

2) principles and methods of measurements and about means of measuring equipment;

3) errors of measuring instruments, methods and means of processing measurement results in order to eliminate errors;

4) ensuring the uniformity of measurements, standards, samples;

5) state metrological service;

6) methodology of verification schemes;

7) working measuring instruments.

In this regard, the tasks of metrology are: improvement of standards, development of new methods of accurate measurements, ensuring the unity and necessary accuracy of measurements.

2. Terms

A very important factor in the correct understanding of the discipline and science of metrology are the terms and concepts used in it. It must be said that their correct formulation and interpretation are of paramount importance, since the perception of each person is individual and he interprets many, even generally accepted terms, concepts and definitions in his own way, using his life experience and following his instincts, his life credo. And for metrology, it is very important to interpret the terms unambiguously for everyone, since such an approach makes it possible to optimally and fully understand any life phenomenon. For this, a special terminology standard was created, approved at the state level. Since Russia currently perceives itself as part of the global economic system, work is constantly underway to unify terms and concepts, and an international standard is being created. This, of course, helps to facilitate the process of mutually beneficial cooperation with highly developed foreign countries and partners. So, in metrology, the following quantities and their definitions are used:

1) physical quantity, representing a common property in relation to the quality of a large number of physical objects, but individual for each in the sense of quantitative expression;

2) unit of physical quantity, what does it mean by a physical quantity, which, by condition, is assigned a numerical value equal to one;

3) measurement of physical quantities, which refers to the quantitative and qualitative assessment of a physical object using measuring instruments;

4) measuring instrument, which is a technical tool with normalized metrological characteristics. These include a measuring device, a measure, a measuring system, a measuring transducer, a set of measuring systems;

5) measuring device is a measuring instrument that generates an information signal in a form that would be understandable for direct perception by the observer;

6) measure - also a measuring instrument that reproduces the physical quantity of a given size. For example, if the device is certified as a measuring instrument, its scale with digitized marks is a measure;

7) measuring system, perceived as a set of measuring instruments that are connected to each other through information transmission channels to perform one or more functions;

8) measuring transducer - also a measuring instrument that produces an information measuring signal in a form convenient for storage, viewing and broadcasting via communication channels, but not accessible for direct perception;

9) measurement principle as a set of physical phenomena, on which the measurements are based;

10) measurement method as a set of techniques and principles for the use of technical measuring instruments;

11) measurement technique as a set of methods and rules, developed by metrological research organizations, approved by law;

12) measurement error, representing a slight difference between the true values ​​of a physical quantity and the values ​​obtained as a result of the measurement;

13) basic unit of measure, understood as a unit of measure, having a standard that is officially approved;

14) derived unit as a unit of measure, associated with the basic units on the basis of mathematical models through energy ratios, which does not have a standard;

15) reference, which has the purpose of storing and reproducing a unit of physical quantity, for translating its overall parameters to measuring instruments downstream according to the verification scheme. There is the concept of "primary standard", which is understood as a measuring instrument with the highest accuracy in the country. There is the concept of "comparison standard", interpreted as a means for linking standards of interstate services. And there is the concept of "standard-copy" as a means of measurement for transferring the sizes of units to exemplary means;

16) exemplary tool, which is understood as a measuring instrument intended only for translating the dimensions of units to working measuring instruments;

17) working tool, understood as "a means of measurement for assessing a physical phenomenon";

18) accuracy of measurements, interpreted as a numerical value of a physical quantity, the reciprocal of the error, determines the classification of exemplary measuring instruments. According to the indicator of measurement accuracy, measuring instruments can be divided into: the highest, high, medium, low.

3. Classification of measurements

Classification of measuring instruments can be carried out according to the following criteria.

1. According to the accuracy characteristic measurements are divided into equal and unequal.

Equivalent measurements a physical quantity is a series of measurements of a certain quantity made using measuring instruments (SI) with the same accuracy, under identical initial conditions.

Unequal measurements a physical quantity is a series of measurements of a certain quantity, made using measuring instruments with different accuracy, and (or) in different initial conditions.

2. By number of measurements measurements are divided into single and multiple.

Single measurement is a measurement of one quantity, made once. Single measurements in practice have a large error, in this regard, it is recommended to perform measurements of this type at least three times to reduce the error, and take their arithmetic mean as the result.

Multiple measurements is a measurement of one or more quantities performed four or more times. A multiple measurement is a series of single measurements. The minimum number of measurements for which a measurement can be considered multiple is four. The result of multiple measurements is the arithmetic mean of the results of all measurements taken. With repeated measurements, the error is reduced.

3. By type of value change measurements are divided into static and dynamic.

Static measurements are measurements of a constant, unchanging physical quantity. An example of such a time-constant physical quantity is the length of a land plot.

Dynamic measurements are measurements of a changing, non-constant physical quantity.

4. By destination measurements are divided into technical and metrological.

Technical measurements - these are measurements performed by technical measuring instruments.

Metrological measurements are measurements performed using standards.

5. How the result is presented measurements are divided into absolute and relative.

Absolute measurements are measurements that are performed by means of a direct, immediate measurement of a fundamental quantity and/or the application of a physical constant.

Relative measurements - these are measurements in which the ratio of homogeneous quantities is calculated, and the numerator is the compared value, and the denominator is the comparison base (unit). The result of the measurement will depend on what value is taken as the basis of comparison.

6. By methods of obtaining results measurements are divided into direct, indirect, cumulative and joint.

Direct measurements - These are measurements performed using measures, i.e. the measured value is compared directly with its measure. An example of direct measurements is the measurement of the angle (measure - protractor).

Indirect measurements are measurements in which the value of the measurand is calculated using the values ​​obtained by direct measurements and some known relationship between these values ​​and the measurand.

Cumulative measurements - these are measurements, the result of which is the solution of a certain system of equations, which is composed of equations obtained as a result of measuring possible combinations of measured quantities.

Joint measurements - these are measurements during which at least two non-homogeneous physical quantities are measured in order to establish the relationship existing between them.

4. Units of measurement

In 1960, at the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures, the International System of Units (SI) was approved.

The International System of Units is based on seven units covering the following areas of science: mechanics, electricity, heat, optics, molecular physics, thermodynamics and chemistry:

1) unit of length (mechanics) - meter;

2) unit of mass (mechanics) - kilogram;

3) unit of time (mechanics) - second;

4) unit of electric current strength (electricity) - ampere;

5) unit of thermodynamic temperature (heat) - kelvin;

6) unit of luminous intensity (optics) - candela;

7) unit of quantity of a substance (molecular physics, thermodynamics and chemistry) - mol.

There are additional units in the International System of Units:

1) unit of measurement of a flat angle - radian;

2) unit of solid angle - steradian. Thus, through the adoption of the International System of Units, the units of measurement of physical quantities in all fields of science and technology were streamlined and brought to one form, since all other units are expressed through seven basic and two additional SI units. For example, the amount of electricity is expressed in terms of seconds and amperes.

5. Main characteristics of measurements

The following main characteristics of measurements are distinguished:

1) the method by which measurements are taken;

2) the principle of measurements;

3) measurement error;

4) measurement accuracy;

5) correct measurements;

6) reliability of measurements.

Measurement method - this is a method or a set of methods by which a given quantity is measured, that is, a comparison of the measured quantity with its measure according to the accepted principle of measurement.

There are several criteria for classifying measurement methods.

1. According to the methods of obtaining the desired value of the measured value, there are:

1) direct method (carried out using direct, direct measurements);

2) indirect method.

2. According to the methods of measurement, there are:

1) contact measurement method;

2) non-contact measurement method. Contact measurement method is based on direct contact of any part of the measuring device with the measured object.

RџSЂRё non-contact measurement method the measuring instrument does not come into direct contact with the measured object.

3. According to the methods of comparing a quantity with its measure, they distinguish:

1) direct assessment method;

2) a method of comparison with its unit.

Direct evaluation method is based on the use of a measuring instrument that shows the value of the measured quantity.

Measure comparison method is based on comparing the object of measurement with its measure.

Measuring principle - this is a certain physical phenomenon or their complex, on which the measurement is based. For example, temperature measurement is based on the expansion of a liquid when it is heated (mercury in a thermometer).

Measurement error - this is the difference between the result of measuring a quantity and the present (actual) value of this quantity. The error, as a rule, arises due to the insufficient accuracy of the means and methods of measurement, or due to the inability to provide identical conditions for multiple observations.

Accuracy of measurements - this is a characteristic expressing the degree of compliance of the measurement results with the present value of the measured quantity.

Quantitatively, the accuracy of measurements is equal to the value of the relative error to the minus first degree, taken modulo.

Measurement accuracy - this is a qualitative characteristic of the measurement, which is determined by how close to zero the value of a constant or fixed error that changes with repeated measurements (systematic error). This characteristic depends, as a rule, on the accuracy of measuring instruments.

The main characteristic of measurements is the reliability of measurements.

Measurement reliability is a characteristic that determines the degree of confidence in the obtained measurement results. According to this characteristic, measurements are divided into reliable and unreliable. The reliability of measurements depends on whether the probability of deviation of the measurement results from the true value of the measured quantity is known. If the reliability of measurements is not determined, then the results of such measurements, as a rule, are not used. The reliability of measurements is limited from above by the measurement error.

6. The concept of a physical quantity. Significance of systems of physical units

A physical quantity is a concept of at least two sciences: physics and metrology. By definition, a physical quantity is a certain property of an object, a process that is common to a number of objects in terms of quality parameters, but differs quantitatively (individual for each object). A classic illustration of this definition is the fact that, having their own mass and temperature, all bodies have individual numerical values ​​of these parameters. Accordingly, the size of a physical quantity is considered to be its quantitative content, content, and, in turn, the value of a physical quantity is a numerical estimate of its size. In this regard, there is the concept of a homogeneous physical quantity when it is a carrier of a similar property in a qualitative sense. Thus, obtaining information about the values ​​of a physical quantity as a certain number of units accepted for it is the main task of measurements. And, accordingly, a physical quantity, which, by definition, is assigned a conditional value equal to one, is a unit of a physical quantity. In general, all values ​​of physical quantities are traditionally divided into: true and real. The former are values ​​that ideally reflect the corresponding properties of the object in a qualitative and quantitative sense, and the latter are values ​​found experimentally and so close to the truth that they can be taken instead. However, this classification of physical quantities is not exhausted. There are a number of classifications created according to various criteria. The main ones are the division into:

1) active and passive physical quantities - when divided in relation to the signals of measuring information. Moreover, the first (active) in this case are quantities that, without the use of auxiliary energy sources, are likely to be converted into a signal of measuring information. And the second (passive) are such quantities, for the measurement of which it is necessary to use auxiliary energy sources that create a signal of measuring information;

2) additive (or extensive) and non-additive (or intensive) physical quantities - when divided according to the sign of additivity. It is believed that the first (additive) quantities are measured in parts, in addition, they can be accurately reproduced using a multi-valued measure based on the summation of the sizes of individual measures. And the second (non-additive) quantities are not directly measured, since they are converted into a direct measurement of a quantity or a measurement by indirect measurements.

In 1791, the National Assembly of France adopted the first ever system of units of physical quantities. It was a metric system of measures. It included: units of lengths, areas, volumes, capacities and weights. And they were based on two now well-known units: the meter and the kilogram. A number of researchers believe that, strictly speaking, this first system is not a system of units in the modern sense. And only in 1832, the German mathematician K. Gauss developed and published the latest method for constructing a system of units, which in this context is a certain set of basic and derived units.

The scientist based his methodology on three main independent quantities: mass, length, time. And as the main units of measurement of these quantities, the mathematician took milligram, millimeter and second, since all other units of measurement can be easily calculated using the minimum ones. K. Gauss considered his system of units to be an absolute system. With the development of civilization and scientific and technological progress, a number of systems of units of physical quantities arose, the basis for which is the principle of the Gaussian system. All these systems are built as metric, but they differ in different basic units. So, at the present stage of development, the following main systems of units of physical quantities are distinguished:

1) cgs system (1881) or the CGS System of Units of Physical Values, the main units of which are the following: centimeter (cm) - represented as a unit of length, gram (g) - as a unit of mass, and second (s) - as a unit of time ;

2) ICSC system (end of the XNUMXth century), which initially used the kilogram as a unit of weight, and later as a unit of force, which led to the creation of a system of units of physical quantities, the main units of which were three physical units: a meter as a unit of length, a kilogram-force as a unit of force and a second as unit of time;

3) ISS system (1901), the foundations of which were created by the Italian scientist G. Giorgi, who proposed the meter, kilogram, second and ampere as units of the MKSA system.

Today in world science there is an innumerable number of various systems of units of physical quantities, as well as many so-called off-system units. This, of course, leads to certain inconveniences in calculations, forcing one to resort to recalculation when translating physical quantities from one system of units to another. A situation has arisen in which there is a serious need to unify units of measurement. It was necessary to create such a system of units of physical quantities that would be suitable for most of the various branches of the measurement field. Moreover, the principle of coherence should have sounded as the main accent, implying that the unit of the proportionality coefficient is equal in the equations of connection between physical quantities. A similar project was created in 1954 by a commission to develop a unified International System of Units. It was called the "project of the International System of Units" and was eventually approved by the General Conference on Weights and Measures. Thus, the system based on seven basic units became known as the International System of Units, or SI for short, which comes from the abbreviation of the French name "Systeme International * (SI). The International System of Units, or SI for short, contains seven basic, two additional, as well as several off-system, logarithmic units, which can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1

International System of Units or SI

The decisions of the General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the following definitions of the basic units of measurement of physical quantities:

1) a meter is considered to be the length of the path that light travels in a vacuum in 1/299 of a second;

2) the kilogram is considered equivalent to the existing international prototype of the kilogram;

3) a second is equal to 919 2631 770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition that occurs between the two so-called hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cs133 atom;

4) an ampere is considered a measure of that strength of an unchanging current that causes an interaction force on each section of a conductor 1 m long, provided that it passes through two rectilinear parallel conductors, which have such indicators as a negligible small circular cross-sectional area and infinite length, as well as location at a distance of 1 m apart in a vacuum;

5) kelvin is equal to 1/273,16 of the thermodynamic temperature, the so-called triple point of water;

6) the mole is equal to the amount of substance of the system, which includes the same number of structural elements as the atoms in C ₁₂ weighing 0,012 kg.

In addition, the International System of Units contains two rather important additional units needed to measure flat and solid angles. So, the unit of a plane angle is a radian, or rad for short, which is the angle between two radii of a circle, the length of the arc between which is equal to the radius of the circle. If we are talking about degrees, then the radian is equal to 57 ° 17 48 '. And the steradian, or sr, taken as the unit of the solid angle, is, respectively, the solid angle, the location of the vertex of which is fixed at the center of the sphere, and the area cut out by this angle on the surface of the sphere is equal to the area of ​​the square, the side of which is equal to the length of the radius of the sphere Other additional SI units are used to form units of angular velocity, as well as angular acceleration, etc. The radian and steradian are used for theoretical constructions and calculations, since most of the practical values ​​of angles in radians are expressed in transcendental numbers. Non-systemic units include the following:

1) a tenth of a bela, decibel (dB), is taken as a logarithmic unit;

2) diopter - light intensity for optical devices;

3) reactive power - Var (VA);

4) astronomical unit (AU) - 149,6 million km;

5) light year, which refers to the distance that a ray of light travels in 1 year;

6) capacity - liter;

7) area - hectare (ha).

In addition, logarithmic units are traditionally divided into absolute and relative. First absolute logarithmic units is the decimal logarithm of the ratio of a physical quantity and a normalized value. A relative logarithmic unit is formed as a decimal logarithm of the ratio of any two homogeneous quantities. There are also units that are not included in the SI at all. These are primarily units such as degrees and minutes. All other units are considered derivatives, which, according to the International System of Units, are formed using the simplest equations using quantities whose numerical coefficients are equated to one. If the numerical coefficient in the equation is equal to one, the derived unit is called coherent.

7. Physical quantities and measurements

The object of measurement for metrology, as a rule, are physical quantities. Physical quantities are used to characterize various objects, phenomena and processes. Separate the basic and derivative from the main values. Seven basic and two additional physical quantities are established in the International System of Units. These are length, mass, time, thermodynamic temperature, amount of matter, luminous intensity and electric current strength, additional units are radians and steradians.

Physical quantities have qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

The qualitative difference between physical quantities is reflected in their dimensions. The designation of the dimension is established by the international ISO standard, it is the symbol dim*.

Thus, the dimensions of length, mass and time are:

dim*l = L,

dim*m = M,

dim*t = T.

For a derived quantity, the dimension is expressed in terms of the dimension of the base quantities and the power monomial:

dim*Y = L ^k × M ¹ ×T ^m,

where k, I, m - exponents of the degree of dimension of the main quantities.

The indicator of the degree of dimension can take on different values ​​and different signs, it can be both integer and fractional, it can take the value zero. If, when determining the dimension of a derived quantity, all indicators of the degree of dimension are equal to zero, then the base of the degree, respectively, takes on the value of one, thus, the quantity is dimensionless.

The dimension of a derived quantity can also be defined as the ratio of like quantities, in which case the quantity is relative. The dimension of the relative magnitude can also be logarithmic.

The quantitative characteristic of the object of measurement is its size, obtained as a result of the measurement. The most elementary way to get information about the size of a certain value of a measurement object is to compare it with another object. The result of such a comparison will not be an exact quantitative characteristic, it will only allow you to find out which of the objects is larger (smaller) in size. Not only two, but also a greater number of sizes can be compared. If the dimensions of the measurement objects are arranged in ascending or descending order, then we get order scale. The process of sorting and arranging sizes in ascending or descending order on an order scale is called ranking. For the convenience of measurements, certain points on the scale of the order are fixed and are called reference or reference points. The fixed points of the scale of the order can be assigned numbers, which are often called points.

Reference scales of order have a significant drawback: an indefinite amount of intervals between fixed reference points.

In this regard, the scale of intervals has an advantage. The scale of intervals is, for example, the scale of measuring time. It is divided into large intervals - years, large intervals are divided into smaller ones - days. Using the interval scale, you can determine not only which of the sizes is larger, but also how much one size is larger than the other.

The disadvantage of the interval scale is that it cannot be used to determine how many times a given size is larger than another, because only the scale is fixed on the interval scale, while the origin is not fixed and can be set arbitrarily.

The best option is the ratio scale. The ratio scale is, for example, the Kelvin temperature scale. On this scale there is a fixed reference point - absolute zero (the temperature at which the thermal movement of molecules stops). The main advantage of the ratio scale is that it can be used to determine how many times one size is larger or smaller than another.

The size of the measurement object can be represented in different ways. It depends on what intervals the scale is divided into, with which this size is measured. For example, the movement time can be represented as follows: T = 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s. These are the values ​​of the measured quantity. 1, 60, 3600 are the numerical values ​​of this value.

The value of a quantity can be calculated using the basic measurement equation, which is:

Q=X[Q],

where Q is the value of the quantity;

X is the numerical value of this quantity in the unit established for it;

[Q] - the unit set for this measurement.

8. Standards and exemplary measuring instruments

All issues related to the storage, use and creation of standards, as well as control over their condition, are resolved according to the unified rules established by GOST "GSI. Standards of units of physical quantities. Basic provisions" and GOST "GSI. Standards of units of physical quantities. Procedure for development and approval, registration, storage and use". Standards are classified according to the principle of subordination. According to this parameter, standards are primary and secondary.

The primary standard should serve the purpose of ensuring that the unit is reproduced, stored, and transmitted in dimensions with the highest precision obtainable in the field of measurement. In turn, primary standards can be special primary standards that are designed to reproduce a unit in conditions where the direct transfer of the unit size with the required reliability cannot be practically carried out, for example, for low and high voltages, microwave and high frequency. They are approved in the form of state standards. Since there is a special significance of state standards, any state standard is approved by GOST. Another task of this statement is to give these standards the force of law. The State Committee for Standards is entrusted with the duty to create, approve, store and apply state standards.

The secondary standard reproduces the unit under special conditions, replacing the primary standard under these conditions. It is created and approved for the purpose of ensuring minimal wear of the state standard. Secondary standards can be divided according to the purpose. So, allocate:

1) copy samples, designed to transfer the sizes of units to working standards;

2) comparison standards, designed to check the integrity of the state standard, as well as for the purposes of replacing it, subject to its damage or loss;

3) witness standards, intended for comparison of standards, which for a number of different reasons are not subject to direct comparison with each other;

4) working standards, which reproduce the unit from the secondary standards and serve to transfer the size to the standard of a lower rank. Secondary standards are created, approved, stored and used by ministries and departments.

There is also the concept of "unit standard", which means one means or a set of measuring instruments aimed at reproducing and storing a unit for subsequent transmission of its size to lower measuring instruments, made according to a special specification and officially approved in the prescribed manner as a standard. There are two ways to reproduce units on the basis of dependence on technical and economic requirements:

1) centralized way - with the help of a single state standard for a whole country or a group of countries. All basic units and most of the derivatives are reproduced centrally;

2) decentralized way to play - Applicable to derived units whose size information is not conveyed by direct comparison with a reference.

Dimension translation can be done by different verification methods. As a rule, the transfer of the size is carried out by known measurement methods. On the one hand, there is a certain disadvantage of passing the size in a stepwise manner, which implies that sometimes there is a loss of precision. On the other hand, there are also positive aspects here, which imply that this multi-stage helps to protect the standards and transfer the size of the unit to all working measuring instruments. There is also the concept of "exemplary measuring instruments", which are used for the regular translation of unit sizes in the process of checking measuring instruments and are used only in the subdivisions of the metrological service. The category of an exemplary measuring instrument is determined in the course of measurements of metrological certification by one of the bodies of the State Committee for Standards. If necessary, especially accurate working measuring instruments in the above order can be certified for a specified period as exemplary measuring instruments. And vice versa, exemplary measuring instruments that have not passed the next certification for various reasons are used as working measuring instruments.[1]

9. Measuring instruments and their characteristics

In the scientific literature, technical measuring instruments are divided into three large groups. These are: measures, gauges and universal measuring instruments, which include measuring instruments, control and measuring instruments (CIP), and systems.

1. A measure is a measuring instrument that is intended to reproduce the physical quantity of the prescribed size. Measures include plane-parallel length measures (tiles) and angular measures.

2. Calibers are some devices, the purpose of which is to be used to control and search within the required boundaries of dimensions, the relative positions of surfaces and the shape of parts. As a rule, they are divided into: smooth limit gauges (staples and plugs), as well as threaded gauges, which include threaded rings or staples, threaded plugs, etc.

3. Measuring device, presented in the form of a device that generates a signal of measuring information in a form understandable for the perception of observers.

4. Measuring system, understood as a certain set of measuring instruments and some auxiliary devices that are interconnected by communication channels. It is designed to produce measurement information signals in a form that is suitable for automatic processing, as well as for translation and use in automatic control systems.

5. Universal measuring instruments, the purpose of which is used to determine the actual dimensions. Any universal measuring tool is characterized by its purpose, principle of operation, i.e. the physical principle underlying its construction, design features and metrological characteristics.

In the control measurement of angular and linear indicators, direct measurements are used; relative, indirect or cumulative measurements are less common. In the scientific literature, among direct measurement methods, as a rule, the following are distinguished:

1) direct assessment method, which is a method in which the value of the quantity is determined by the reading device of the measuring device;

2) method of comparison with a measure, which is understood as a method in which a given value can be compared with the value reproduced by the measure;

3) the method of addition, which is usually understood as a method when the value of the obtained value is supplemented by a measure of the same value so that the instrument used for comparison is affected by their sum equal to a predetermined value;

4) differential method, which is characterized by measuring the difference between a given value and a known value, a reproducible measure. The method gives a result with a fairly high accuracy when using rough measuring instruments;

5) the zero method, which, in essence, is similar to the differential method, but the difference between the given value and the measure is reduced to zero. Moreover, the zero method has a certain advantage, since the measure can be many times smaller than the measured value;

6) substitution method, which is a comparative method with a measure, in which the measured value is replaced by a known value, which is reproduced by the measure. Recall that there are also non-standardized methods. This group typically includes the following:

1) the method of opposition, which implies a method in which the given value, as well as the value reproduced by the measure, at the same time act on the comparison device;

2) the coincidence method, characterized as a method in which the difference between the compared values ​​is measured using the coincidence of marks on the scales or periodic signals.

10. Classification of measuring instruments

Measuring instrument (SI) - this is a technical tool or a set of tools used to carry out measurements and has normalized metrological characteristics. With the help of measuring instruments, a physical quantity can be not only detected, but also measured.

Measuring instruments are classified according to the following criteria:

1) according to the methods of constructive implementation;

2) according to metrological purpose.

According to the methods of constructive implementation, measuring instruments are divided into:

1) measures of magnitude;

2) measuring transducers;

3) measuring instruments;

4) measuring installations;

5) measuring systems.

Measures of magnitude - These are measuring instruments of a certain fixed size, repeatedly used for measurement. Allocate:

1) unambiguous measures;

2) multivalued measures;

3) sets of measures.

A number of measures, technically representing a single device, within which it is possible to combine the existing measures in different ways, is called a store of measures.

The object of measurement is compared with the measure by means of comparators (technical devices). For example, a balance scale is a comparator.

Standard samples (RS) belong to unambiguous measures. There are two types of standard samples:

1) standard samples of the composition;

2) standard property patterns.

Reference material for composition or material - this is a sample with fixed values ​​​​of quantities that quantitatively reflect the content in a substance or material of all its constituent parts.

A standard sample of the properties of a substance or material is a sample with fixed values ​​of quantities that reflect the properties of a substance or material (physical, biological, etc.).

Each standard sample must necessarily pass metrological certification in the bodies of the metrological service before it can be used.

Reference materials can be applied at different levels and in different areas. Allocate:

1) interstate SOs;

2) state SOs;

3) industry SS;

4) SO of the organization (enterprise).

Measuring transducers (IP) - these are measuring instruments that express the measured value through another value or convert it into a signal of measuring information, which can later be processed, converted and stored. Measuring transducers can convert the measured value in different ways. Allocate:

1) analog converters (AP);

2) digital-to-analog converters (DAC);

3) analog-to-digital converters (ADC). The measuring transducers can occupy different positions in the measurement chain. Allocate:

1) primary measuring transducers that are in direct contact with the measurement object;

2) intermediate measuring transducers, which are located after the primary transducers. The primary measuring transducer is technically isolated; signals containing measuring information enter the measuring circuit from it. The primary measuring transducer is a sensor. Structurally, the sensor can be located quite far from the next intermediate measuring instrument, which should receive its signals.

Mandatory properties of the measuring transducer are normalized metrological properties and entry into the measurement circuit.

Measuring device is a means of measurement by means of which the value of a physical quantity belonging to a fixed range is obtained. The design of the device usually contains a device that converts the measured value with its indications into an optimally easy-to-understand form. To output measuring information, the design of the device uses, for example, a scale with an arrow or a digital indicator, through which the value of the measured value is recorded. In some cases, the measuring device is synchronized with a computer, and then the measurement information is output to the display.

In accordance with the method for determining the value of the measured quantity, the following are distinguished:

1) direct action measuring instruments;

2) measuring instruments for comparison.

Direct acting measuring instruments - these are devices by means of which it is possible to obtain the value of the measured quantity directly on the reading device.

Comparison measuring instrument is a device by means of which the value of a measured quantity is obtained by comparison with a known quantity corresponding to its measure.

Measuring instruments can display the measured value in different ways. Allocate:

1) indicating measuring instruments;

2) recording measuring devices.

The difference between them is that with the help of an indicating measuring device, it is only possible to read the values ​​of the measured value, and the design of the recording measuring device also allows recording the measurement results, for example, by means of a diagram or drawing on some information carrier.

Reading device - a structurally isolated part of the measuring instrument, which is intended for reading readings. The reading device can be represented by a scale, pointer, display, etc. Reading devices are divided into:

1) scale reading devices;

2) digital reading devices;

3) registering reading devices. Scale reading devices include a scale and a pointer.

Scale - this is a system of marks and their corresponding sequential numerical values ​​of the measured quantity. The main characteristics of the scale:

1) the number of divisions on the scale;

2) division length;

3) division price;

4) indication range;

5) measurement range;

6) measurement limits.

Scale division is the distance from one mark on the scale to the next mark.

Division length - this is the distance from one axial to the next along an imaginary line that passes through the centers of the smallest marks of this scale.

Scale division value is the difference between the values ​​of two neighboring values ​​on a given scale.

Dial Range - this is the range of values ​​of the scale, the lower limit of which is the initial value of the given scale, and the upper one is the final value of the given scale.

Measuring range - this is the range of values ​​within which the normalized maximum permissible error is established.

Measurement limits is the minimum and maximum value of the measuring range.

Almost uniform scale - this is a scale in which the division prices differ by no more than 13% and which has a fixed division price.

Significantly uneven scale is a scale in which the divisions are narrowed and for divisions of which the value of the output signal is half the sum of the limits of the measuring range.

There are the following types of scales of measuring instruments:

1) one-sided scale;

2) two-sided scale;

3) symmetrical scale;

4) zero-free scale.

One-sided scale is a scale with zero at the beginning.

double sided scale - this is a scale in which zero is not at the beginning of the scale.

Symmetric scale is a scale with zero in the center.

Measuring setup - this is a measuring instrument, which is a set of measures, IP, measuring instruments, etc., performing similar functions, used to measure a fixed number of physical quantities and collected in one place. If the measuring setup is used for product testing, it is a test stand.

Measuring system - this is a measuring instrument, which is a combination of measures, IP, measuring instruments, etc., performing similar functions, located in different parts of a certain space and intended to measure a certain number of physical quantities in this space.

According to the metrological purpose, measuring instruments are divided into:

1) working measuring instruments;

2) standards.

Working measuring instruments (RSI) are the measuring instruments used to carry out technical measurements. Working measuring instruments can be used in different conditions. Allocate:

1) laboratory measuring instruments that are used in scientific research;

2) production measuring instruments that are used in the control over the course of various technological processes and product quality;

3) field measuring instruments that are used during the operation of aircraft, vehicles and other technical devices.

Certain requirements are imposed on each individual type of working measuring instruments. The requirements for laboratory working measuring instruments are a high degree of accuracy and sensitivity, for industrial RSI - a high degree of resistance to vibrations, shocks, temperature changes, for field RSI - stability and proper operation in various temperature conditions, resistance to a high level of humidity.

Standards - these are measuring instruments with a high degree of accuracy used in metrological studies to transmit information about the size of a unit. More accurate means of measurement transmit information about the size of the unit, and so on, thus forming a kind of chain, in each next link of which the accuracy of this information is slightly less than in the previous one.

Information about the size of the unit is transmitted during the verification of measuring instruments. The verification of measuring instruments is carried out in order to approve their suitability.

11. Metrological characteristics of measuring instruments and their standardization

Metrological properties of measuring instruments - these are properties that have a direct impact on the results of measurements carried out by these means and on the error of these measurements.

Quantitative metrological properties are characterized by indicators of metrological properties, which are their metrological characteristics.

Metrological characteristics approved by ND are standardized metrological characteristics Metrological properties of measuring instruments are divided into:

1) properties that establish the scope of the measuring instruments:

2) properties that determine the precision and correctness of the obtained measurement results.

The properties that establish the scope of application of measuring instruments are determined by the following metrological characteristics:

1) measuring range;

2) threshold of sensitivity.

Measuring range - this is the range of values ​​of the quantity in which the limiting values ​​of errors are normalized. The lower and upper (right and left) limits of measurements are called the lower and upper limits of measurements.

Sensitivity threshold - this is the minimum value of the measured value that can cause a noticeable distortion of the received signal.

The properties that determine the precision and correctness of the obtained measurement results are determined by the following metrological characteristics:

1) the correctness of the results;

2) precision of results.

The accuracy of the results obtained by certain measuring instruments is determined by their error.

Error of measuring instruments - this is the difference between the result of measuring a quantity and the present (actual) value of this quantity. For a working measuring instrument, the real (valid) value of the measured quantity is the indication of the working standard of a lower level. Thus, the basis of comparison is the value shown by the measuring instrument, which is higher in the verification scheme than the tested measuring instrument.

∆Q_n =Q_n −Q₀,

where AQ_n - error of the tested measuring instrument;

Q_n - the value of a certain quantity obtained with the help of the tested measuring instrument;

Q₀ - the value of the same quantity, taken as the base of comparison (real value).

Rationing of metrological characteristics - this is the regulation of the limits of deviations of the values ​​of the real metrological characteristics of measuring instruments from their nominal values. The main goal of standardization of metrological characteristics is to ensure their interchangeability and uniformity of measurements. The values ​​of real metrological characteristics are established during the production of measuring instruments, in the future, during the operation of measuring instruments, these values ​​must be checked. In the event that one or more of the normalized metrological characteristics goes beyond the regulated limits, the measuring instrument must either be immediately adjusted or withdrawn from service.

The values ​​of metrological characteristics are regulated by the relevant standards of measuring instruments. Moreover, the metrological characteristics are normalized separately for normal and operating conditions for the use of measuring instruments. Normal conditions of use are conditions in which changes in metrological characteristics due to the influence of external factors (external magnetic fields, humidity, temperature) can be neglected. Operating conditions are conditions in which the change in influencing quantities has a wider range.

12. Metrological assurance, its basics

Metrological support, or MO for short, is the establishment and use of scientific and organizational foundations, as well as a number of technical means, norms and rules necessary to comply with the principle of unity and the required accuracy of measurements. To date, the development of MO is moving in the direction of transition from the existing narrow task of ensuring the unity and required accuracy of measurements to the new task of ensuring the quality of measurements. However, this term is also applicable in the form of the concept of "metrological support of the technological process (production, organization)", which implies the MO of measurements (tests or control) in this process, production, organization. The object of MO can be considered all stages of the life cycle (LC) of a product (product) or service, where the life cycle is perceived as a certain set of sequential interrelated processes of creating and changing the state of a product from the formulation of initial requirements for it to the end of operation or consumption. Often, at the stage of product development, in order to achieve a high quality product, the choice of controlled parameters, accuracy standards, tolerances, measuring instruments, control and testing is made. And in the process of developing MO, it is desirable to use a systematic approach, in which the specified support is considered as a certain set of interrelated processes united by one goal. This goal is to achieve the required measurement quality. In the scientific literature, as a rule, a number of such processes are distinguished:

1) establishing the range of measured parameters, as well as the most appropriate accuracy standards for product quality control and process control;

2) feasibility study and selection of measuring instruments, tests and control and establishment of their rational nomenclature;

3) standardization, unification and aggregation of the used control and measuring equipment;

4) development, implementation and certification of modern methods for performing measurement, testing and control (MVI);

5) verification, metrological certification and calibration of KIO or instrumentation, as well as test equipment used at the enterprise;

6) control over the production, condition, use and repair of KIO, as well as over the strict adherence to the rules of metrology and standards at the enterprise;

7) participation in the process of creating and implementing enterprise standards;

8) introduction of international, state, industry standards, as well as other regulatory documents of the State Standard;

9) carrying out metrological examination of projects of design, technological and regulatory documentation;

10) analysis of the state of measurements, development on its basis and implementation of various measures to improve the MO;

11) training of employees of relevant services and divisions of the enterprise to perform control and measuring operations.

The organization and holding of all events of the Moscow Region is the prerogative of the metrological services. Metrological support is based on four layers. Actually, they bear a similar name in the scientific literature - the foundations. So, these are the scientific, organizational, regulatory and technical foundations. I would like to pay special attention to the organizational foundations of metrological support. The organizational services of metrological support include the State Metrological Service and the Departmental Metrological Service.

The State Metrological Service, or GMS for short, is responsible for providing metrological measurements in Russia at the intersectoral level, and also carries out control and supervisory activities in the field of metrology. The HMS includes:

1) state scientific metrological centers (SSMC), metrological research institutes responsible according to the legislative framework for the application, storage and creation of state standards and the development of regulations on maintaining the uniformity of measurements in a fixed form of measurements;

2) bodies of the State Migration Service on the territory of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation, bodies of autonomous regions, bodies of autonomous districts, regions, territories, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The main activity of the HMS bodies is aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements in the country. It includes the creation of state and secondary standards, the development of systems for transferring the sizes of PV units to working measuring instruments, state supervision over the condition, use, production, and repair of measuring instruments, metrological examination of documentation and the most important types of products, and methodological guidance for MS of legal entities. The HMS is managed by Gosstandart.

A departmental metrological service, which, in accordance with the provisions of the Law "On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements", can be created at an enterprise to ensure MO. It should be headed by a representative of the administration with appropriate knowledge and authority. When carrying out activities in the areas provided for in Article 13 of this Law, the creation of a metrological service is mandatory. Such areas of activity include:

1) health care, veterinary medicine, environmental protection, maintenance of labor safety;

2) trading operations and mutual settlements between sellers and buyers, which include, as a rule, transactions using slot machines and other devices;

3) state accounting operations;

4) defense of the state;

5) geodetic and hydrometeorological works;

6) banking, customs, tax and postal operations;

7) production of products supplied under contracts for the needs of the state in accordance with the legislative framework of the Russian Federation;

8) control and testing of product quality to ensure compliance with the mandatory requirements of state standards of the Russian Federation;

9) certification of goods and services without fail;

10) measurements carried out on behalf of a number of government agencies: courts, arbitration, prosecutors, government authorities of the Russian Federation;

11) registration activities related to national or international records in the field of sports. The metrological service of the state governing body includes the following components:

1) structural subdivisions of the chief metrologist as part of the central office of the state body;

2) head and base organizations of metrological services in industries and sub-sectors, appointed by the governing body;

3) metrological service of enterprises, associations, organizations and institutions.

Another important section of IR is its scientific and methodological foundations. So, the main component of these foundations are the State Scientific Metrological Centers (SSMC), which are created from the enterprises and organizations or their structural subdivisions under the jurisdiction of the State Standard, performing various operations on the creation, storage, improvement, application and storage of state standards of units of quantities, and , in addition, developing normative rules for the purpose of ensuring the uniformity of measurements, having in its composition highly qualified personnel. The assignment of the status of the SSMC to any enterprise, as a rule, does not affect the form of its ownership and organizational and legal forms, but only means that they are included in the group of objects that have special forms of state support. The main functions of the SSMC are as follows:

1) creation, improvement, application and storage of state standards of units of quantities;

2) carrying out applied and fundamental research and development in the field of metrology, which can include the creation of various experimental installations, initial measures and scales to ensure the uniformity of measurements;

3) transfer from state standards of initial data on the size of units of quantities;

4) carrying out state tests of measuring instruments;

5) development of equipment required for HMS;

6) development and improvement of regulatory, organizational, economic and scientific foundations of activities aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements depending on specialization;

7) interaction with the metrological service of federal executive authorities, organizations and enterprises that have the status of a legal entity;

8) providing information on the uniformity of measurements of enterprises and organizations

9) organization of various events related to the activities of the GSVCH, GSSSD and GSSO;

10) conducting an examination of sections of the Ministry of Defense of federal and other programs;

11) organization of metrological examination and measurements at the request of a number of state bodies: court, arbitration, prosecutor's office or federal executive bodies;

12) training and retraining of highly qualified personnel;

13) participation in the comparison of state standards with national standards, available in a number of foreign countries, as well as participation in the development of international norms and rules.

The activities of the GNMC are regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 12.02.94, 100 No. XNUMX.

An important component of the basis of the MO are, as mentioned above, methodological instructions and guidance documents, which mean regulatory documents of methodological content, are developed by organizations subordinate to the State Standard of the Russian Federation. So, in the field of scientific and methodological foundations of metrological support, the State Standard of Russia organizes:

1) carrying out research activities and development work in the assigned areas of activity, and also establishes the rules for carrying out work on metrology, standardization, accreditation and certification, as well as state control and supervision in subordinate areas, provides methodological guidance for these works;

2) provides methodological guidance for training in the areas of metrology, certification and standardization, establishes requirements for the degree of qualification and competence of personnel. Organizes training, retraining and advanced training of specialists.

13. Measurement error

In the practice of using measurements, their accuracy becomes a very important indicator, which is the degree of closeness of the measurement results to some actual value, which is used for a qualitative comparison of measuring operations. And as a quantitative assessment, as a rule, the measurement error is used. Moreover, the smaller the error, the higher the accuracy is considered.

According to the law of the theory of errors, if it is necessary to increase the accuracy of the result (with the excluded systematic error) by 2 times, then the number of measurements must be increased by 4 times; if it is required to increase the accuracy by 3 times, then the number of measurements is increased by 9 times, etc.

The process of assessing the measurement error is considered one of the most important activities in ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Naturally, there are a huge number of factors that affect the measurement accuracy. Consequently, any classification of measurement errors is rather conditional, since often, depending on the conditions of the measurement process, errors can appear in different groups. In this case, according to the principle of dependence on the form, these expressions of the measurement error can be: absolute, relative and reduced.

In addition, on the basis of dependence on the nature of the manifestation, the causes of occurrence and the possibilities for eliminating measurement errors, they can be components. In this case, the following error components are distinguished: systematic and random.

The systematic component remains constant or changes with subsequent measurements of the same parameter.

The random component changes with repeated changes in the same parameter randomly. Both components of the measurement error (both random and systematic) appear simultaneously. Moreover, the value of the random error is not known in advance, since it may arise due to a number of unspecified factors. This type of error cannot be completely excluded, but their influence can be somewhat reduced by processing the measurement results.

The systematic error, and this is its peculiarity, when compared with a random error, which is detected regardless of its sources, is considered by components in connection with the sources of occurrence.

Components of the error can also be divided into: methodological, instrumental and subjective. Subjective systematic errors are associated with the individual characteristics of the operator. Such an error may occur due to errors in the reading of readings or the inexperience of the operator. Basically, systematic errors arise due to the methodological and instrumental components. The methodological component of the error is determined by the imperfection of the measurement method, the methods of using the SI, the incorrectness of the calculation formulas and the rounding of the results. The instrumental component appears due to the inherent error of the MI, determined by the accuracy class, the influence of the MI on the result, and the resolution of the MI. There is also such a thing as "gross errors or misses", which may appear due to erroneous actions of the operator, malfunction of the measuring instrument, or unforeseen changes in the measurement situation. Such errors, as a rule, are discovered in the process of reviewing the results of measurements using special criteria. An important element of this classification is the error prevention, understood as the most rational way to reduce the error, is to eliminate the influence of any factor.

14. Types of errors

There are the following types of errors:

1) absolute error;

2) relative error;

3) reduced error;

4) basic error;

5) additional error;

6) systematic error;

7) random error;

8) instrumental error;

9) methodological error;

10) personal error;

11) static error;

12) dynamic error.

Measurement errors are classified according to the following criteria.

According to the method of mathematical expression, the errors are divided into absolute errors and relative errors.

According to the interaction of changes in time and the input value, the errors are divided into static errors and dynamic errors.

According to the nature of the appearance of errors, they are divided into systematic errors and random errors.

According to the nature of the dependence of the error on the influencing quantities, the errors are divided into basic and additional.

By the nature of the dependence of the error on the input value, the errors are divided into additive and multiplicative.

Absolute error - this is the value calculated as the difference between the value of the quantity obtained in the measurement process and the real (actual) value of the given quantity.

The absolute error is calculated using the following formula:

∆Q_n =Q_n −Q₀,

where AQ_n - absolute error;

Q_n - the value of a certain quantity obtained in the process of measurement;

Q₀ - the value of the same quantity, taken as the base of comparison (real value).

Absolute error of measure - this is the value calculated as the difference between the number, which is the nominal value of the measure, and the real (real) value of the quantity reproduced by the measure.

Relative error is a number that reflects the degree of accuracy of the measurement.

The relative error is calculated using the following formula:

where ΔQ - absolute error;

Q₀ - present (actual) value of the measured value.

Relative error is expressed as a percentage.

Reduced error is the value calculated as the ratio of the absolute error value to the normalizing value.

The normalizing value is defined as follows:

1) for measuring instruments for which a nominal value is approved, this nominal value is taken as a normalizing value;

2) for measuring instruments, in which the zero value is located on the edge of the measurement scale or outside the scale, the normalizing value is taken equal to the final value from the measurement range. The exception is measuring instruments with a significantly uneven measurement scale;

3) for measuring instruments, in which the zero mark is located inside the measurement range, the normalizing value is taken equal to the sum of the final numerical values ​​of the measurement range;

4) for measuring instruments (measuring instruments), in which the scale is uneven, the normalizing value is taken equal to the entire length of the measurement scale or the length of that part of it that corresponds to the measurement range. The absolute error is then expressed in units of length.

Measurement error includes instrumental error, methodological error and reading error. Moreover, the reading error arises due to the inaccuracy in determining the division fractions of the measurement scale.

Instrumental error - this is the error arising from the errors made in the manufacturing process of the functional parts of the measuring instruments.

Methodological error is an error due to the following reasons:

1) inaccuracy in building a model of the physical process on which the measuring instrument is based;

2) incorrect use of measuring instruments.

Subjective error - this is an error arising due to the low degree of qualification of the operator of the measuring instrument, as well as due to the error of the human visual organs, i.e. the human factor is the cause of the subjective error.

Errors in the interaction of changes in time and the input value are divided into static and dynamic errors.

Static error - this is the error that occurs in the process of measuring a constant (not changing in time) value.

Dynamic error - this is an error, the numerical value of which is calculated as the difference between the error that occurs when measuring a non-constant (variable in time) quantity, and a static error (the error in the value of the measured quantity at a certain point in time).

According to the nature of the dependence of the error on the influencing quantities, the errors are divided into basic and additional.

Basic error is the error obtained under normal operating conditions of the measuring instrument (at normal values ​​of the influencing quantities).

Additional error - this is the error that occurs when the values ​​of the influencing quantities do not correspond to their normal values, or if the influencing quantity goes beyond the boundaries of the region of normal values.

Normal conditions - these are conditions in which all values ​​of the influencing quantities are normal or do not go beyond the boundaries of the range of normal values.

Working conditions - these are conditions in which the change in the influencing quantities has a wider range (the values ​​of the influencing ones do not go beyond the boundaries of the working range of values).

Working range of values ​​of the influencing quantity - this is the range of values ​​in which the normalization of the values ​​of the additional error is carried out.

By the nature of the dependence of the error on the input value, the errors are divided into additive and multiplicative.

Additive error - this is the error that occurs due to the summation of numerical values ​​​​and does not depend on the value of the measured quantity, taken modulo (absolute).

Multiplicative error - this is an error that changes with the change in the values ​​of the quantity being measured.

It should be noted that the value of the absolute additive error is not related to the value of the measured quantity and the sensitivity of the measuring instrument. Absolute additive errors are unchanged over the entire measurement range.

The value of the absolute additive error determines the minimum value of the quantity that can be measured by the measuring instrument.

The values ​​of multiplicative errors change in proportion to changes in the values ​​of the measured quantity. The values ​​of multiplicative errors are also proportional to the sensitivity of the measuring instrument. The multiplicative error arises due to the influence of influencing quantities on the parametric characteristics of the instrument elements.

Errors that may occur during the measurement process are classified according to the nature of their occurrence. Allocate:

1) systematic errors;

2) random errors.

Gross errors and misses may also appear in the measurement process.

Systematic error - this is an integral part of the entire error of the measurement result, which does not change or changes naturally with repeated measurements of the same value. Usually, a systematic error is tried to be eliminated by possible means (for example, by using measurement methods that reduce the likelihood of its occurrence), but if a systematic error cannot be excluded, then it is calculated before the start of measurements and appropriate corrections are made to the measurement result. In the process of normalizing the systematic error, the boundaries of its admissible values ​​are determined. The systematic error determines the correctness of measurements of measuring instruments (metrological property).

Systematic errors in some cases can be determined experimentally. The measurement result can then be refined by introducing a correction.

Methods for eliminating systematic errors are divided into four types:

1) elimination of causes and sources of errors before the start of measurements;

2) elimination of errors in the process of already begun measurement by methods of substitution, compensation of errors in sign, oppositions, symmetrical observations;

3) correction of the measurement results by making an amendment (elimination of the error by calculations);

4) determination of the limits of systematic error in case it cannot be eliminated.

Elimination of the causes and sources of errors before the start of measurements. This method is the best option, since its use simplifies the further course of measurements (there is no need to eliminate errors in the process of an already started measurement or to amend the result).

To eliminate systematic errors in the process of an already started measurement, various methods are used.

Amendment method is based on knowledge of the systematic error and the current patterns of its change. When using this method, the measurement result obtained with systematic errors is subject to corrections equal in magnitude to these errors, but opposite in sign.

substitution method consists in the fact that the measured quantity is replaced by a measure placed in the same conditions in which the object of measurement was located. The substitution method is used when measuring the following electrical parameters: resistance, capacitance and inductance.

Sign error compensation method consists in the fact that the measurements are performed twice in such a way that the error, unknown in magnitude, is included in the measurement results with the opposite sign.

Contrasting method similar to sign-based compensation. This method consists in that the measurements are performed twice in such a way that the source of the error in the first measurement has the opposite effect on the result of the second measurement.

random error - this is a component of the error of the measurement result, which changes randomly, irregularly when carrying out repeated measurements of the same value. The occurrence of a random error cannot be foreseen and predicted. Random error cannot be completely eliminated; it always distorts the final measurement results to some extent. But you can make the measurement result more accurate by taking repeated measurements. The cause of a random error can be, for example, a random change in external factors affecting the measurement process. A random error during multiple measurements with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy leads to scattering of the results.

Misses and blunders are errors that are much higher than the systematic and random errors expected under the given measurement conditions. Slips and gross errors may appear due to gross errors in the measurement process, a technical malfunction of the measuring instrument, and unexpected changes in external conditions.

15. Quality of measuring instruments

Meter quality - this is the level of compliance of the device with its intended purpose. Therefore, the quality of a measuring instrument is determined by the extent to which, when using a measuring instrument, the purpose of the measurement is achieved.

The main purpose of the measurement - this is the receipt of reliable and accurate information about the object of measurement.

In order to determine the quality of the device, it is necessary to consider the following characteristics:

1) device constant;

2) sensitivity of the device;

3) sensitivity threshold of the measuring device;

4) the accuracy of the measuring instrument.

Instrument constant - this is a certain number multiplied by the reading in order to obtain the desired value of the measured quantity, i.e., the reading of the device. The constant of the device in some cases is set as the value of the division of the scale, which is the value of the measured quantity corresponding to one division.

Instrument sensitivity - this is a number whose numerator is the value of the linear or angular movement of the pointer (if we are talking about a digital measuring device, then the numerator will be a change in the numerical value, and the denominator will be the change in the measured value that caused this movement (or change in the numerical value)) .

Sensitivity threshold of the measuring device - a number that is the minimum value of the measured quantity that the device can record.

Meter accuracy - this is a characteristic expressing the degree of compliance of the measurement results with the present value of the measured quantity. The accuracy of a measuring instrument is determined by setting lower and upper limits for the maximum possible error.

The division of devices into accuracy classes based on the value of the permissible error is practiced.

Accuracy class of measuring instruments - this is a generalizing characteristic of measuring instruments, which is determined by the boundaries of the main and additional permissible errors and other characteristics that determine accuracy. Accuracy classes of a certain type of measuring instruments are approved in the regulatory documentation. Moreover, for each individual accuracy class, certain requirements for metrological characteristics are approved. The combination of established metrological characteristics determines the degree of accuracy of a measuring instrument belonging to a given accuracy class.

The accuracy class of a measuring instrument is determined in the course of its development. Since the metrological characteristics usually deteriorate during operation, it is possible, based on the results of the calibration (verification) of the measuring instrument, to lower its accuracy class.

16. Errors of measuring instruments

The errors of measuring instruments are classified according to the following criteria:

1) according to the way of expression;

2) by the nature of the manifestation;

3) in relation to the conditions of use. According to the method of expression, absolute and relative errors are distinguished.

The absolute error is calculated by the formula:

∆Q_n =Q_n −Q₀,

where ∆Q _n - absolute error of the tested measuring instrument;

Q_n - the value of a certain quantity obtained with the help of the tested measuring instrument;

Q₀ - the value of the same quantity, taken as the base of comparison (real value).

Relative error is a number that reflects the degree of accuracy of a measuring instrument. The relative error is calculated using the following formula:

where ΔQ - absolute error;

Q ₀ - present (actual) value of the measured value.

Relative error is expressed as a percentage.

According to the nature of the manifestation of errors, they are divided into random and systematic.

In relation to the conditions of application, the errors are divided into basic and additional.

Basic error of measuring instruments - this is the error, which is determined if the measuring instruments are used under normal conditions.

Additional error of measuring instruments - this is an integral part of the error of the measuring instrument, which occurs additionally if any of the influencing quantities goes beyond its normal value.

17. Metrological support of measuring systems

Metrological support - this is the approval and use of scientific, technical and organizational foundations, technical instruments, norms and standards in order to ensure the unity and established accuracy of measurements. Metrological support in its scientific aspect is based on metrology.

The following goals of metrological support can be distinguished:

1) achieving higher product quality;

2) ensuring the greatest efficiency of the accounting system;

3) provision of preventive measures, diagnostics and treatment;

4) ensuring effective production management;

5) ensuring a high level of efficiency of scientific work and experiments;

6) ensuring a higher degree of automation in the field of transport management;

7) ensuring the effective functioning of the system of regulation and control of working and living conditions;

8) improving the quality of environmental supervision;

9) improving the quality and increasing the reliability of communications;

10) ensuring an effective system for evaluating various natural resources.

Metrological support of technical devices - this

a set of scientific and technical means, organizational measures and activities carried out by the relevant institutions in order to achieve unity and the required accuracy of measurements, as well as the established characteristics of technical instruments.

Measuring system - a measuring instrument, which is a combination of measures, IP, measuring instruments and others, performing similar functions, located in different parts of a certain space and intended to measure a certain number of physical quantities in this space.

Measuring systems are used for:

1) the technical characteristics of the measurement object, obtained by carrying out measurement transformations of a certain number of quantities dynamically changing in time and distributed in space;

2) automated processing of the obtained measurement results;

3) fixing the obtained measurement results and the results of their automated processing;

4) transfer of data to the output signals of the system. Metrological support of measuring systems implies:

1) definition and standardization of metrological characteristics for measuring channels;

2) verification of technical documentation for compliance with metrological characteristics;

3) carrying out tests of measuring systems to determine the type to which they belong;

4) carrying out tests to determine the conformity of the measuring system to the established type;

5) certification of measuring systems;

6) carrying out calibration (checking) of measuring systems;

7) ensuring metrological control over the production and use of measuring systems.

Measuring channel of the measuring system - this is a part of the measuring system, technically or functionally isolated, designed to perform a certain final function (for example, to perceive the measured value or to obtain a number or code that is the result of measurements of this value). Share:

1) simple measuring channels;

2) complex measuring channels.

Simple measuring channel is a channel that uses a direct measurement method, implemented through ordered measurement transformations.

In a complex measuring channel, a primary part and a secondary part are distinguished. In the primary part, a complex measuring channel is a combination of a certain number of simple measuring channels. Signals from the output of simple measuring channels of the primary part are used for indirect, cumulative or joint measurements or to obtain a signal proportional to the measurement result in the secondary part.

Measuring component of the measuring system - this is a measuring instrument with separately normalized metrological characteristics. An example of a measuring component of a measuring system is a measuring device. The measurement components of the measurement system also include analog computing devices (devices that perform measurement conversions). Analog computing devices belong to the group of devices with one or more inputs.

Measuring components of measuring systems are of the following types.

Connecting component - this is a technical device or an element of the environment used to exchange signals containing information about the measured value between the components of the measuring system with the least possible distortion. An example of a connecting component is a telephone line, a high-voltage power line, transitional devices.

Compute Component is a digital device (part of a digital device) designed to perform calculations, with installed software. The compute component is used to compute

merging the results of measurements (direct, indirect, joint, cumulative), which are a number or a corresponding code, the calculations are made on the basis of the results of primary transformations in the measuring system. The computing component also performs logical operations and coordination of the measuring system.

Complex component is an integral part of the measuring system, which is a technically or territorially united set of components. The complex component completes the measuring transformations, as well as computational and logical operations that are approved in the accepted algorithm for processing measurement results for other purposes.

Auxiliary Component - this is a technical device designed to ensure the normal functioning of the measuring system, but does not take part in the process of measuring transformations.

According to the relevant GOSTs, the metrological characteristics of the measuring system must be standardized for each measuring channel included in the measuring system, as well as for the complex and measuring components of the measuring system.

As a rule, the manufacturer of the measuring system determines the general standards for the metrological characteristics of the measuring channels of the measuring system.

The normalized metrological characteristics of the measuring channels of the measuring system are designed to:

1) ensure the determination of the measurement error using measuring channels under operating conditions;

2) to ensure effective control over the compliance of the measuring channel of the measuring system with the normalized metrological characteristics during the testing of the measuring system. If the determination or control over the metrological characteristics of the measuring channel of the measuring system cannot be carried out experimentally for the entire measuring channel, the normalization of the metrological characteristics is carried out for the constituent parts of the measuring channel. Moreover, the combination of these parts should be a whole measuring channel

It is possible to normalize the error characteristics as the metrological characteristics of the measuring channel of the measuring system both under normal conditions of use of the measuring components and under operating conditions, which are characterized by such a combination of influencing factors, in which the modulus of the numerical value of the measurement channel error characteristics has the maximum possible value. For greater efficiency, for intermediate combinations of influencing factors, the measurement channel error characteristics are also normalized. These characteristics of the error of the measuring channels of the measuring system must be checked by calculating them according to the metrological characteristics of the components of the measuring system, which constitute the measuring channel as a whole. Moreover, the calculated values ​​of the error characteristics of the measuring channels may not be verified experimentally. But nevertheless, it is mandatory to carry out control of metrological characteristics for all constituent parts (components) of the measuring system, the norms of which are the initial data in the calculation.

The normalized metrological characteristics of complex components and measuring components should:

1) ensure the determination of the error characteristics of the measuring channels of the measuring system under operating conditions of use using the normalized metrological characteristics of the components;

2) ensure that these components are effectively controlled during type testing and verification of compliance with standardized metrological characteristics. For the computing components of the measuring system, if their software was not taken into account in the process of normalizing the metrological characteristics, the calculation errors are normalized, the source of which is the functioning of the software (calculation algorithm, its software implementation). For the computing components of the measuring system, other characteristics can also be normalized, provided that the specifics of the computing component are taken into account, which can affect the characteristics of the constituent parts of the measurement channel error (characteristics of the error component), if the component error arises due to the use of this program for processing the measurement results.

The technical documentation for the operation of the measuring system must include a description of the algorithm and a program that operates in accordance with the described algorithm. This description should allow calculating the error characteristics of the measurement results using the error characteristics of the measuring channel component of the measuring system located in front of the computing component.

For connecting components of the measuring system, two types of characteristics are normalized:

1) characteristics that provide such a value of the error component of the measuring channel caused by the connecting component, which can be neglected;

2) characteristics that allow determining the value of the error component of the measuring channel caused by the connecting component.

18. Choice of measuring instruments

When choosing measuring instruments, first of all, the permissible error value for a given measurement, established in the relevant regulatory documents, should be taken into account.

If the permissible error is not provided for in the relevant regulatory documents, the maximum permissible measurement error should be regulated in the technical documentation for the product.

The choice of measuring instruments should also take into account:

1) tolerances;

2) measurement methods and control methods. The main criterion for choosing measuring instruments is the compliance of measuring instruments with the requirements of measurement reliability, obtaining real (real) values ​​of measured quantities with a given accuracy at minimal time and material costs.

For the optimal choice of measuring instruments, it is necessary to have the following initial data:

1) the nominal value of the measured quantity;

2) the value of the difference between the maximum and minimum value of the measured value, regulated in the regulatory documentation;

3) information about the conditions for carrying out measurements.

If it is necessary to choose a measuring system, guided by the criterion of accuracy, then its error must be calculated as the sum of the errors of all elements of the system (measures, measuring instruments, measuring transducers), in accordance with the law established for each system.

The preliminary selection of measuring instruments is made in accordance with the criterion of accuracy, and the final choice of measuring instruments should take into account the following requirements:

1) to the working area of ​​values ​​of quantities that affect the measurement process;

2) to the dimensions of the measuring instrument;

3) to the mass of the measuring instrument;

4) to the design of the measuring instrument.

When choosing measuring instruments, it is necessary to take into account the preference for standardized measuring instruments.

19. Methods for determining and accounting for errors

Methods for determining and accounting for measurement errors are used to:

1) based on the measurement results, obtain the real (real) value of the measured quantity;

2) determine the accuracy of the results, i.e., the degree of their compliance with the real (real) value.

In the process of determining and accounting for errors, the following are evaluated:

1) mathematical expectation;

2) standard deviation.

Point Parameter Estimation (mathematical expectation or standard deviation) is an estimate of a parameter that can be expressed as a single number. A point estimate is a function of the experimental data and, therefore, must itself be a random variable distributed according to a law that depends on the distribution law for the values ​​of the initial random variable. The distribution law for the values ​​of a point estimate will also depend on the estimated parameter and on the number of trials (experiments).

Point estimates are of the following types:

1) unbiased point estimate;

2) effective point estimate;

3) consistent point estimate.

Unbiased point estimate is an estimate of the error parameter, the mathematical expectation of which is equal to this parameter.

Efficient Point Estimation is a point estimate. whose variance is less than the variance of any other estimate of this parameter.

Consistent point estimate - this is an estimate that, with an increase in the number of tests, tends to the value of the parameter being evaluated.

The main methods for determining grades:

1) maximum likelihood method (Fisher method);

2) the method of least squares.

1. Maximum likelihood method is based on the idea that information about the actual value of the measured quantity and the dispersion of measurement results, obtained by multiple observations, is contained in a series of observations.

The maximum likelihood method consists in finding estimates for which the likelihood function passes through its maximum.

Maximum Likelihood Estimates are estimates of the standard deviation and estimates of the true value.

If random errors are distributed according to a normal distribution, then the maximum likelihood estimate for the true value is the arithmetic mean of the observations, and the variance estimate is the arithmetic mean of the squared deviations of the values ​​from the mathematical expectation.

The advantage of maximum likelihood estimates is that these estimates:

1) asymptotically unbiased;

2) asymptotically efficient;

3) are asymptotically distributed according to the normal law.

2. Least square method consists in the fact that from a certain class of estimates, the estimate with the minimum variance (the most efficient) is taken. Of all the linear estimates of the real value, where some constants are present, only the arithmetic mean reduces to the smallest value of the variance. In this regard, under the condition of the distribution of random error values ​​according to the normal distribution law, the estimates obtained using the least squares method are identical to the maximum likelihood estimates. Estimation of parameters using intervals is carried out by finding confidence intervals within which the real values ​​of the estimated parameters are located with given probabilities.

Confidence limit of random deviation is a number representing the length of the confidence interval divided in half.

With a sufficiently large number of trials, the confidence interval decreases significantly. If the number of trials increases, then it is permissible to increase the number of confidence intervals.

Gross error detection

gross errors are errors that are much higher than the systematic and random errors expected under the given measurement conditions. Slips and gross errors may appear due to gross errors in the measurement process, a technical malfunction of the measuring instrument, and unexpected changes in external conditions. In order to exclude gross errors, it is recommended to approximately determine the value of the measured quantity before the start of measurements.

If, during measurements, it turns out that the result of an individual observation is very different from other results obtained, it is necessary to establish the reasons for such a difference. Results obtained with a sharp difference can be discarded and this value re-measured. However, in some cases, discarding such results can cause a noticeable distortion of the scatter of a number of measurements. In this regard, it is recommended not to discard thoughtlessly different results, but to supplement them with the results of repeated measurements.

If it is necessary to exclude gross errors in the process of processing the results obtained, when it is no longer possible to correct the conditions for conducting measurements and conduct repeated measurements, then statistical methods are used.

The general method for testing statistical hypotheses makes it possible to find out whether there is a gross error in a given measurement result.

20. Processing and presentation of measurement results

Usually measurements are single. Under normal conditions, their accuracy is quite sufficient.

The result of a single measurement is presented in the following form:

Qi = Yi + Ωi,

where Y_i - value of the i -th indication;

Ωi - ​​correction.

The error of the result of a single measurement is determined when the measurement method is approved.

In the process of processing measurement results, various types of distribution law (normal distribution law, uniform distribution law, correlation distribution law) of the measured value are used (in this case, it is considered as random).

Processing the results of direct equal measurements Direct measurements - these are measurements by means of which the value of the measured quantity is directly obtained. Equivalent or equally scattered are called direct, mutually independent measurements of a certain quantity, and the results of these measurements can be considered as random and distributed according to one distribution law.

Usually, when processing the results of direct equal measurements, it is assumed that the results and measurement errors are distributed according to the normal distribution law.

After removing the calculations, the value of the mathematical expectation is calculated by the formula:

where x_i - the value of the measured value;

n is the number of measurements taken.

Then, if the systematic error is determined, its value is subtracted from the calculated value of the mathematical expectation.

Then the value of the standard deviation of the values ​​of the measured value from the mathematical expectation is calculated.

Algorithm for processing the results of multiple equally accurate measurements

If the systematic error is known, then it must be excluded from the measurement results.

Calculate the mathematical expectation of the measurement results. As a mathematical expectation, the arithmetic mean of the values ​​is usually taken.

Set the value of the random error (deviation from the arithmetic mean) of the result of a single measurement.

Calculate the variance of the random error. Calculate the standard deviation of the measurement result.

Check the assumption that the measurement results are distributed according to the normal law.

Find the value of the confidence interval and confidence error.

Determine the value of the entropy error and the entropy coefficient.

21. Verification and calibration of measuring instruments

Calibration of measuring instruments - this is a set of actions and operations that determine and confirm the real (actual) values ​​of metrological characteristics and (or) the suitability of measuring instruments that are not subject to state metrological control.

The suitability of a measuring instrument is a characteristic determined by the compliance of the metrological characteristics of the measuring instrument with the approved (in regulatory documents or by the customer) technical requirements. The calibration laboratory determines the suitability of the measuring instrument.

Calibration replaced the verification and metrological certification of measuring instruments, which were carried out only by the bodies of the state metrological service. Calibration, unlike verification and metrological certification of measuring instruments, can be carried out by any metrological service, provided that it has the ability to provide appropriate conditions for calibration. Calibration is carried out on a voluntary basis and can even be carried out by the metrological service of the enterprise.

Nevertheless, the metrological service of the enterprise is obliged to fulfill certain requirements. The main requirement for the metrological service is to ensure that the working measuring instrument complies with the state standard, that is, calibration is part of the national system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements.

There are four methods of verification (calibration) of measuring instruments:

1) method of direct comparison with the standard;

2) method of comparison using a computer;

3) method of direct measurements of the quantity;

4) method of indirect measurements of quantity.

Method of direct comparison with the standard facilities

measurements subjected to calibration, with the corresponding standard of a certain category, is practiced for various measuring instruments in such areas as electrical measurements, magnetic measurements, determination of voltage, frequency and current strength. This method is based on the implementation of measurements of the same physical quantity by a calibrated (verified) instrument and a reference instrument simultaneously. The error of the calibrated (verified) device is calculated as the difference between the readings of the calibrated device and the reference device (i.e., the readings of the reference device are taken as the real value of the measured physical quantity).

Advantages of the method of direct comparison with the standard:

1) simplicity;

2) visibility;

3) the possibility of automatic calibration (verification);

4) the possibility of calibration using a limited number of instruments and equipment.

Comparison method using a computer is carried out using a comparator - a special device, through which the comparison of the readings of the calibrated (verified) measuring instrument and the readings of the reference measuring instrument is carried out. The need to use a comparator is due to the impossibility of directly comparing the readings of measuring instruments that measure the same physical quantity. A comparator can be a measuring instrument that equally perceives the signals of the reference measuring instrument and the instrument being calibrated (verified). The advantage of this method is the sequence in time of comparison of values.

Method of direct measurements of quantity used in cases where it is possible to compare the calibrated measuring instrument with the reference one within the established measurement limits. The direct measurement method is based on the same principle as the direct comparison method. The difference between these methods is that using the method of direct measurements, a comparison is made on all numerical marks of each range (subrange).

Method of indirect measurements is used in cases where the real (real) values ​​of the measured physical quantities cannot be obtained through direct measurements or when indirect measurements are higher in accuracy than direct measurements. When using this method, to obtain the desired value, first they look for the values ​​of the quantities associated with the desired value by a known functional dependence. And then, based on this dependence, the desired value is calculated by calculation. The method of indirect measurements, as a rule, is used in automated calibration (verification) installations.

In order to transfer the dimensions of units of measurement to working instruments from standards of units of measurement without large errors, verification schemes are compiled and applied.

Verification charts - this is a regulatory document that approves the subordination of measuring instruments involved in the process of transferring the size of a unit of measurement of a physical quantity from a standard to working measuring instruments using certain methods and indicating an error. Verification schemes confirm the metrological subordination of the state standard, discharge standards and measuring instruments.

Verification schemes are divided into:

1) state verification schemes;

2) departmental verification schemes;

3) local verification schemes.

State verification schemes established and valid for all measuring instruments of a certain type used within the country.

Departmental verification schemes are established and act on measuring instruments of a given physical quantity subject to departmental verification. Departmental verification schemes should not conflict with state verification schemes if they are established for measuring instruments of the same physical quantities. Departmental verification schemes can be established in the absence of a state verification scheme. In departmental verification schemes, it is possible to directly indicate certain types of measuring instruments.

Local verification schemes are used by the metrological services of ministries and are also valid for measuring instruments of enterprises subordinate to them. A local verification scheme may apply to measuring instruments used at a particular enterprise. Local verification schemes must necessarily meet the subordination requirements approved by the state verification scheme. State verification schemes are drawn up by the research institutes of the State Standard of the Russian Federation. The research institutes of the State Standard are the owners of state standards.

Departmental verification schemes and local verification schemes are presented in the form of drawings.

State verification schemes are established by the State Standard of the Russian Federation, and local verification schemes are established by metrological services or heads of enterprises.

The verification scheme approves the procedure for transferring the size of units of measurement of one or more physical quantities from state standards to working measuring instruments. The verification scheme must contain at least two steps of transferring the size of units of measurement.

The drawings representing the verification scheme must contain:

1) names of measuring instruments;

2) names of verification methods;

3) nominal values ​​of physical quantities;

4) ranges of nominal values ​​of physical quantities;

5) permissible values ​​of errors of measuring instruments;

6) permissible values ​​of errors of verification methods.

22. Legal basis for metrological support. The main provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements"

Unity of measurements - this is a characteristic of the measurement process, which means that the measurement results are expressed in units of measurement established and accepted by law and the measurement accuracy assessment has an appropriate confidence level.

The main principles of the unity of measurements:

1) determination of physical quantities with the obligatory use of state standards;

2) the use of legally approved measuring instruments subject to state control and with unit sizes transferred directly from state standards;

3) the use of only legally approved units of measurement of physical quantities;

4) ensuring mandatory systematic control over the characteristics of the operated measuring instruments at certain intervals;

5) ensuring the necessary guaranteed accuracy of measurements when using calibrated (verified) measuring instruments and established methods for performing measurements;

6) the use of the obtained measurement results under the obligatory condition of estimating the error of these results with a specified probability;

7) ensuring control over the compliance of measuring instruments with metrological rules and characteristics;

8) ensuring state and departmental supervision of measuring instruments.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements" was adopted in 1993. Prior to the adoption of this Law, the norms in the field of metrology were not regulated by law. At the time of adoption, the Law contained many innovations, from approved terminology to licensing of metrological activities in the country. duties of state metrological control and state metrological supervision, new calibration rules have been established, the concept of voluntary certification of measuring instruments has been introduced.

Basic provisions.

The primary aims of the law are:

1) protection of the legitimate rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation, the rule of law and the economy of the Russian Federation from possible negative consequences caused by unreliable and inaccurate measurement results;

2) assistance in the development of science, technology and economics by regulating the use of state standards of units of quantities and the application of measurement results with guaranteed accuracy. Measurement results should be expressed in national units of measurement;

3) promoting the development and strengthening of international and inter-company relations and ties;

4) regulation of requirements for the manufacture, production, use, repair, sale and import of measuring instruments produced by legal entities and individuals;

5) integration of the measurement system of the Russian Federation into world practice.

Areas of application of the Law: trade; healthcare; environmental Protection; economic and foreign economic activity; some areas of production related to the calibration (verification) of measuring instruments by metrological services belonging to legal entities, carried out using standards subordinate to state measurement standards.

The Law legislates the following basic concepts:

1) unity of measurements;

2) measuring instrument;

3) the standard of the unit of magnitude;

4) the state standard of the unit of magnitude;

5) regulatory documents to ensure the uniformity of measurements;

6) metrological service;

7) metrological control;

8) metrological supervision;

9) calibration of measuring instruments;

10) calibration certificate.

All definitions approved in the Law are based on the official terminology of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML).

The main articles of the law regulate:

1) the structure of the organization of state management bodies to ensure the uniformity of measurements;

2) regulatory documents that ensure the uniformity of measurements;

3) established units of measurement of physical quantities and state standards of units of quantities;

4) measuring instruments;

5) measurement methods.

The law approves the State Metrological Service and other services involved in ensuring the uniformity of measurements, the metrological services of state governing bodies and the forms of implementation of state metrological control and supervision.

The Law contains articles regulating the calibration (verification) of measuring instruments and their certification.

The Law defines the types of liability for violations of the Law.

The Law approves the composition and powers of the State Metrological Service.

In accordance with the Law, an institution for licensing metrological activities has been established in order to protect the legal rights of consumers. Only the bodies of the State Metrological Service have the right to issue a license.

New types of state metrological supervision have been established:

1) for the quantity of alienated goods;

2) for the quantity of goods in the package in the process of their packaging and sale.

In accordance with the provisions of the Law, the area of ​​distribution of state metrological control is being increased. Banking operations, postal operations, tax operations, customs operations, and mandatory product certification were added to it.

In accordance with the Law, a system of certification of measuring instruments based on a voluntary principle is introduced, which checks measuring instruments for compliance with metrological rules and the requirements of the Russian system of calibration of measuring instruments.

23. Metrological service in Russia

The State Metrological Service of the Russian Federation (GMS) is an association of state metrological bodies and is engaged in coordinating activities to ensure the uniformity of measurements. There are the following metrological services:

1) State metrological service;

2) Public service of time and frequency and determining the parameters of the Earth's rotation;

3) State Service of Reference Materials for the Composition and Properties of Substances and Materials;

4) State Service for Standard Reference Data on Physical Constants and Properties of Substances and Materials;

5) metrological services of state government bodies of the Russian Federation;

6) metrological services of legal entities. All the above services are managed by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization and Metrology (Gosstandart of Russia).

State metrological service contains:

1) state scientific metrological centers (SSMC);

2) bodies of the State Migration Service on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The State Metrological Service also includes centers of state standards, specializing in various units of measurement of physical quantities.

The State Service for Time and Frequency and the Determination of the Parameters of the Earth's Rotation (GSVCH) is engaged in ensuring the unity of measurements of time, frequency and determination of the parameters of the Earth's rotation at the interregional and intersectoral levels. The measuring information of the GSVCH is used by the services for navigation and control of aircraft, ships and satellites, the Unified Energy System, etc.

The State Service of Reference Materials for the Composition and Properties of Substances and Materials (GSSO) is engaged in the creation and implementation of a system of reference materials for the composition and properties of substances and materials. The concept of materials includes:

1) metals and alloys;

2) petroleum products;

3) medicines, etc.

The GSSO is also developing instruments designed to compare the characteristics of reference materials and the characteristics of substances and materials produced by different types of enterprises (agricultural, industrial, etc.) in order to ensure control.

The State Service for Standard Reference Data on Physical Constants and Properties of Substances and Materials (GSSSD) develops accurate and reliable data on physical constants, properties of substances and materials (mineral raw materials, oil, gas, etc.). GSSSD measurement information is used by various organizations involved in the design of technical products with increased requirements for accuracy. GSSSD publishes reference data agreed with international metrological organizations.

Metrological services of state government bodies of the Russian Federation and metrological services of legal entities can be created in ministries, at enterprises, in institutions registered as a legal entity, in order to carry out various kinds of work to ensure the unity and proper accuracy of measurements, to ensure metrological control and supervision.

24. State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements

The state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements was created to ensure the uniformity of measurements within the country. The state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements is implemented, coordinated and managed by the State Standard of the Russian Federation. Gosstandart of the Russian Federation is the state executive body in the field of metrology.

The system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements performs the following tasks:

1) ensures the protection of the rights and legally enshrined interests of citizens;

2) ensure the protection of the approved legal order;

3) ensure the protection of the economy.

The system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements performs these tasks by eliminating the negative consequences of unreliable and inaccurate measurements in all spheres of human life and society using constitutional norms, regulations and decrees of the government of the Russian Federation.

The system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements operates in accordance with:

1) the Constitution of the Russian Federation;

2) Law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements";

3) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the organization of work on standardization, ensuring the uniformity of measurements, certification of products and services";

4) GOST R 8.000-2000 "State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements".

The state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements includes:

1) legal subsystem;

2) technical subsystem;

3) organizational subsystem.

The main tasks of the State System for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements are:

1) approval of effective ways to coordinate activities in the field of ensuring the uniformity of measurements;

2) ensuring research activities aimed at developing more accurate and advanced methods and methods for reproducing units of measurement of physical quantities and transferring their sizes from state standards to working measuring instruments;

3) approval of the system of units of measurement of physical quantities allowed for use;

4) establishment of measurement scales allowed for use;

5) approval of the fundamental concepts of metrology, regulation of the terms used;

6) approval of the system of state standards;

7) production and improvement of state standards;

8) approval of methods and rules for transferring the sizes of units of measurement of physical quantities from state standards to working measuring instruments;

9) carrying out calibration (verification) and certification of measuring instruments, which are not covered by the scope of state metrological control and supervision;

10) implementation of information coverage of the system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements;

11) improvement of the state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements.

Legal subsystem - this is a set of interconnected acts (approved by law and by-law) that have the same goals and approve mutually agreed requirements for certain interconnected objects of the system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements.

Technical subsystem is the collection:

1) international standards;

2) state standards;

3) standards of units of measurement of physical quantities;

4) measurement scale standards;

5) standard samples of the composition and properties of substances and materials;

6) standard reference data on physical constants and properties of substances and materials;

7) measuring instruments and other instruments used for metrological control;

8) buildings and premises designed specifically for high-precision measurements;

9) research laboratories;

10) calibration laboratories.

The organizational subsystem includes metrological services.

25. State metrological control and supervision

State metrological control and supervision (GMKiN) is provided by the State Metrological Service to verify compliance with the norms of legal metrology, approved by the Law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements", state standards and other regulatory documents.

State metrological control and supervision applies to:

1) measuring instruments;

2) measurement standards;

3) measurement methods;

4) the quality of goods and other objects approved by legal metrology.

The scope of the State metrological control and supervision extends to:

1) healthcare;

2) veterinary practice;

3) environmental protection;

4) trade;

5) settlements between economic agents;

6) accounting operations carried out by the state;

7) the defense capability of the state;

8) geodetic works;

9) hydrometeorological works;

10) banking operations;

11) tax transactions;

12) customs operations;

13) postal operations;

14) products, the supply of which is carried out under state contracts;

15) verification and quality control of products for compliance with the mandatory requirements of state standards of the Russian Federation;

16) measurements that are carried out at the request of the judiciary, the prosecutor's office and other state bodies;

17) registration of national and international sports records.

It should be noted that the inaccuracy and unreliability of measurements in non-industrial areas such as healthcare can lead to serious consequences and a threat to safety. The inaccuracy and unreliability of measurements in the sphere of trade and banking operations, for example, can cause huge financial losses for both individuals and the state.

The objects of the State metrological control and supervision may be, for example, the following measuring instruments:

1) devices for measuring blood pressure;

2) medical thermometers;

3) devices for determining the level of radiation;

4) devices for determining the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of vehicles;

5) measuring instruments designed to control the quality of goods.

The Law of the Russian Federation establishes three types of state metrological control and three types of state metrological supervision.

Types of state metrological control:

1) determination of the type of measuring instruments;

2) verification of measuring instruments;

3) licensing of legal entities and individuals involved in the production and repair of measuring instruments. Types of state metrological supervision:

1) for the manufacture, condition and operation of measuring instruments, certified methods for performing measurements, standards of units of physical quantities, compliance with metrological rules and norms;

2) for the quantity of goods that are alienated in the course of trading operations;

3) for the quantity of goods packaged in packages of any kind, in the process of their packaging and sale.

LECTURE No. 2. Technical regulation

1. Basic concepts of technical regulation

The main normative document defining and interpreting technical regulation is the Law "On Technical Regulation". Based on the definition given in this document, technical regulation means "legal regulation of relations in the field of establishing, applying and fulfilling mandatory requirements for products, production processes, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal, in the field of establishing and applying on a voluntary the basis of requirements for products, production processes, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal, performance or provision of services, as well as legal regulation of relations in the field of conformity assessment.

The same regulatory document provides a list of the basic concepts necessary for optimal technical regulation:

1) accreditation, which is an official recognition by the State body for accreditation of the competence of a legal or natural person with the ability to perform work in the field of conformity assessment;

2) the safety of goods, processes of production, storage, use, transportation, sale and disposal, which means such a state in which the risk of possible harm to the life and health of citizens, property of legal entities or individuals and property of municipal and State bodies, the environment is completely excluded. ecology, as well as the life and health of animals and plants;

3) veterinary and sanitary and phytosanitary measures, which mean mandatory procedures and requirements created to protect against the risks that are possible during the penetration, spread and establishment of harmful and pathogenic organisms, diseases and their vectors, including cases of their spread through plants or animals through contact with goods, cargo, vehicles and various materials, due to the presence of a variety of additives, toxins, other contaminants, weeds, pests, pathogens that may be found in feed and food, as well as procedures and requirements to protect against the spread of other possible harmful organisms;

4) declaration of conformity, which is a form of confirmation of product compliance with the requirements of technical regulations;

5) declaration of conformity, which is understood as a document certifying the compliance of the goods released into circulation with the requirements of various technical regulations;

6) the applicant, which is a certain natural or legal person who performs mandatory conformity assessment;

7) a sign of circulation on the market, which is understood as a designation that serves to supply consumers with information on the degree of compliance of the goods put on the market with the requirements of technical regulations;

8) conformity mark, which is a designation that serves to inform consumers of any product regarding its compliance with the requirements of the certification system or the national standard;

9) identification of products, which implies the identification of the characteristics of the identity of the goods to its essential features;

10) control (supervision) over compliance with the requirements of various technical regulations, which is a verification of the fulfillment by an entrepreneur or legal entity of the requirements of a technical regulation for manufactured products, as well as for the processes of production, storage, transportation, use, sale and disposal, including the adoption of adequate measures based on the results of the audit;

11) International Standard, which means a standard adopted by an international organization;

12) national standard, which means the standard adopted by the national standardization body;

13) a certification body, which is any entrepreneur or legal entity that has received accreditation in accordance with established rules for the purpose of carrying out various certification works;

14) conformity assessment, which is presented in the form of a direct or indirect determination of compliance with the requirements for the object;

15) confirmation of conformity, which implies a certain documentary certification of goods and other objects and processes of production, storage, sale, use, disposal, as well as services and works, confirming compliance with standards, technical regulations, terms of contractual obligations;

16) products as a result of activity, presented in a tangible form, the purpose of which is the subsequent use for other economic purposes;

17) risk as a possibility of causing harm to the life and health of people, as well as various property owned by any legal or natural persons or state and municipal entities. This also includes harm to the surrounding ecological atmosphere and the health or life of any animals and plants, with a reservation about the severity of this harm;

18) certification, which is a form of documentary confirmation carried out by the State certification body on the compliance of these objects with the provisions of technical regulations, standards or terms of contracts;

19) certificate of conformity, presented in the form of a document certifying the compliance of the object with the requirements of standards, technical regulations and terms of contracts;

20) the certification system, presented in the form of a set of rules for carrying out certification work, determining the participants in the certification process, as well as establishing the rules for the operation of the certification system as a whole;

21) a standard, which is a kind of document that establishes the characteristics of the product, the rules and characteristics of the processes of its production, storage, use, transportation, sale and disposal. The same list includes the provision of various services to the population and the performance of works. In addition, the standard may include requirements regarding packaging, marking, labels, terminology, as well as rules for their use;

22) standardization as an activity to develop those rules and characteristics that can be used many times and lead to streamlining in the field of trade and production, as well as to the development of competition in the market for goods, works or services;

23) technical regulation is understood as the legal regulation of all relations on the establishment and implementation of those mandatory requirements that regulate the quality of the goods, the production processes of this goods, as well as issues related to its storage, sale, transportation and disposal, including the performance of various works and services to the public. The second area of ​​application of legal regulation is relations on the issue of conformity assessment;

24) a technical regulation, presented in the form of a document that can be adopted either by an International Treaty of the Russian Federation, or by a Federal Law of the Russian Federation, or by a Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, or by a Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, formulates mandatory requirements for all for all possible objects of technical regulation, and these are: , various buildings and structures, processes of production, storage, use, transportation, sale and disposal;

25) form of confirmation of conformity as a certain procedure for documentary certification, which contains confirmation of the conformity of a product or any other object and process of production, storage, use, transportation, sale and disposal, including the performance of a number of works and services, with the mandatory requirements of state technical regulations, and standards and terms of contracts.

2. Basic principles of technical regulation

The RF Law "On Technical Regulation" also formulates the basic principles of technical regulation. These include the following:

1) the principle of using uniform rules and establishing requirements for goods, the processes of their production, storage, transportation, use, sale and disposal, including the performance of various works and the provision of services to the population. This principle can be considered one of the main conditions for introducing standardization requirements into technical regulations, which authorizes the harmonization of these requirements and their presentation in technical regulations and a number of other documents required in the field of standardization;

2) the principle of compliance of technical regulation with the degree of development of the national economy, as well as the degree of formation of the material and technical base and the development of science and technology;

3) the principle of independence from sellers, manufacturers, purchasers and performers. In other words, accreditation and certification bodies must be independent in administrative, organizational, financial, economic terms;

4) a uniform system of rules for obtaining accreditation should be established;

5) there should be a unified system of rules and methods for research, measurements and tests in the implementation of conformity assessment procedures;

6) the principle of unity of use of the requirements of various technical regulations should be implemented in conditions of independence, features and type of the transaction being carried out; that is, the technical regulation has the status of being mandatory for all legal entities and individuals on the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of the relationships that arise between them in the course of doing business. The main direction of the use of technical regulations are contractual relationships;

7) the principle of unacceptability of any restriction of competition when carrying out activities related to obtaining accreditation and certificates, which can be interpreted as maintaining healthy competition between applicants for accreditation as certification bodies, as well as as testing laboratories, and subsequently - and increasing their efficiency and productivity by increasing competitiveness in the provision of certification services;

8) the principle of inadmissibility of combining in one person the executor of the powers of the certification body and the supervisory or control State body;

9) the principle of impermissibility of combining by any one body of powers and accreditation body and certification body;

10) the principle of inadmissibility of extrabudgetary financing of the State body for control and supervision over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations. Speaking about the principles of technical regulation, one cannot fail to mention the mechanisms formulated in the Law "On Technical Regulation", which are aimed at resolving issues related to achieving the following goals:

a) elimination of various administrative obstacles in the field of doing business; and we are talking here about the reduction of excessive regulation, control and mandatory certification;

b) elimination of various kinds of restrictions for advancing along the path of technical progress and know-how;

c) an increase in the activity of entrepreneurs in the legislative sphere.

3. Legal basis

According to the provisions of the Law "On Technical Regulation", the legislation of the Russian Federation consists of this Federal Law, as well as a number of other regulatory acts,

adopted in accordance with the currently existing legislation of the Russian Federation on this issue. At the same time, the primacy of International laws over this Russian legislation is fixed in case of contradictions in the settlement of any issue. According to Art. 1 of the above Law of the Russian Federation, its legal norms help regulate relations that are emerging:

1) in the process of development, application, use, adoption on a voluntary basis of requirements for goods, processes for their production, storage, transportation, sale and disposal, including in the field of work and the provision of various services to the population;

2) in the process of conformity assessment.

Specifically stipulated are the areas of business that are not covered by the provisions of this Law. They do not affect State Educational Standards, standard provisions relating to accounting and issuance of securities and prospectuses of securities, as well as rules governing auditing. Further, this normative act introduces a system of basic terms and concepts necessary in the field of implementation of technical regulation, as well as standardization and certification.

Following this, the main principles of technical regulation are formulated, as well as its features in connection with defense products, work, services and products, information about which constitutes a state secret. The Law also describes the procedure for accreditation of certification bodies, formulates the possibilities for monitoring compliance with the requirements of technical regulations, as well as advice on their optimal development. A special place in the Law is given to issues related to standardization, its principles and goals. The powers of the National Standardization Body and technical committees for standardization are formulated, the rules for the development and approval of organizational and national standards are determined. In connection with the changes constantly taking place in the economic life of the new Russia, the old system of State standardization and mandatory certification fell into disrepair and required an early change and reform. And among the new processes in the economy, one can name such as the change of owners of most of the current organizations, enterprises and firms, the formation of a fairly free market in the field of commodity production, the use of new market principles for regulating production activities, the introduction of know-how, the entry of many enterprises into the world market. And as soon as the system of application of mandatory technical requirements covers all phases of the production of goods, including the phases of entry and circulation of goods on the market, the requirements of the legal norms of international law apply to it.

These legal norms, first of all, include multilateral trade agreements adopted within the framework of the activities of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Perhaps the main condition for Russia's entry into the WTO is compliance with the basic principles of technical regulation formulated in the following documents: "Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade", "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures" and "Code of Good Practice".

In addition to technical regulations, the main components of technical regulation are standards, conformity assessment procedures, accreditation, as well as supervisory and control functions. July 1.07.2003, 2010 is considered an important starting point for starting the process of developing new technical regulations, since it was then that the provisions of the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" came into force. The date of completion of this process is XNUMX.

The principles of interconnectedness, consistency and sufficiency, as well as the principle of consistency with the basic norms of the above agreements, became the basis for the future harmonious system of technical regulations, conformity assessment procedures and national standards. For example, the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade focuses on the formation of certain mechanisms that help overcome various obstacles in the trade process, which, as a rule, result from the provisions of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures. Thanks to the priority of International Standards, Guidelines and Recommendations regulated by this agreement, a number of issues of the emergence of unforeseen technical barriers to trade are removed, which corresponds to the implementation of the principle of harmonization.

To address the same issues of overcoming technical barriers, the Code of Good Practice is directed, formulating conformity assessment procedures and standards. importer. In this regard, the Federal legislation of the Russian Federation on technical regulation is aimed at creating a two-level system of regulatory documents. And these are, firstly, technical regulations, which indicate mandatory requirements for all, and, secondly, voluntary standards.

4. Provisions of the State system of technical regulation and standardization

The set of rules and regulations containing the procedure for carrying out work on the standardization of the Russian Federation and relating to virtually all the main sectors of the national economy of the country, regardless of the level of management, is called the State Standardization System or GSS. The main legal documents regulating this system are a number of Interstate and State charters, which contain the basic rules governing the organization and conduct of standardization work. For this purpose, a specialized body was organized called the "International Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification", the main tasks of which are determined by the following provisions:

1) submission of draft interstate standards for approval;

2) a selection of promising areas in the field of standardization;

3) consideration and adoption of the main directions in the field of standardization and metrology, the costs of their implementation.

Also, the bodies of the standardization service include organizations, institutions, associations and divisions, the main component of whose activities lies in the area of ​​directly carrying out standardization work or in the area of ​​performing certain standardization functions.

State standardization is designed to solve a number of the following issues and tasks:

1) develop State standards containing fundamental and general technical requirements, as well as requirements for regulating issues of labor safety, environmental protection, compatibility and interchangeability;

2) contribute to the fulfillment of the will of the customer;

3) review and approve State standards and a number of other normative acts, including: instructions, guidelines, etc.;

4) ensure the principles of unity and reliability of measurements in the state, as well as contribute to the strengthening and accelerated development of the State Metrological Service;

5) to carry out organizational work on the direct use of International, regional and national standards of other states as State standards;

6) engage in the publication and wide dissemination of State Standards in other regulatory documents;

7) engage in the preparation of works on international cooperation in the field of standardization, on the qualitative use of their results.

To organize the necessary work on standardization issues, special standardization services are created. There is also the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization and Metrology - Gosstandart of Russia, which is entrusted with the responsibility of conducting intersectoral coordination on metrology, standardization and certification. At the federal level, a body was also created - the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology. Its functions are determined by the leading role in the activities of the State Metrological Service, the State Service for Time, Frequency and Determining the Parameters of the Earth's Rotation, the State Service for Standard Reference Data on Physical Constants and Properties of Substances and Materials. The following research organizations are structurally subordinate to the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology: Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) "All-Russian Research Institute for Classification, Terminology and Information of Standardization and Quality" ("VNIIKI"), FSUE "All-Russian Scientific -Research Institute for Standardization" ("VNIIStandart"), JSC "All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Certification" ("VNIIS"), Federal State Unitary Enterprise "All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering" ("VNIIN-MASH"), Federal State Unitary Enterprise "All-Russian Research Institute of Metrological Service (VNIIMS), FSUE All-Russian Research Center for Standardization, Information and Certification of Raw Materials, Materials and Substances (VNITSSMV), FSUE All-Russian Research Institute of Optical and Physical Measurements ( "VNIIOFI"), Federal State Unitary Enterprise "All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology named after V.I. D. M. Mendeleev" ("VNIIM named after D. M. Mendeleev"), OJSC "Research Institute for Standardization and Certification of Agro-Industrial Products" ("NIISSagroproduct"), etc.

Also subordinate to the Federal Agency are territorial bodies for metrology and standardization, as well as the so-called laboratories of state supervision of standards and measuring equipment, standardization services in organizations and industries, standardization services in ministries, standardization services at enterprises, organizations and institutions, services standardization of the level of the national economy and enterprises.

5. Bodies and committees for standardization

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Technical Regulation" (Article 14) formulates the main activities of the National Body of the Russian Federation for Standardization:

1) approval of national standards;

2) adoption of a program for the development of national standards;

3) organization of expertise of draft national standards;

4) ensuring the consistency of the national standardization system with the needs of the national economy, as well as its dependence on the level of the state of the material and technical base and scientific and technological progress;

5) taking into account the rules of standardization, national standards, other recommendations and the regulatory framework in this area, as well as organizational work aimed at making the above documents available to all interested parties;

6) creation of technical committees for standardization and coordination of their activities;

7) organizing the publication and distribution channels of national standards;

8) active participation in the work on the creation of International Standards in accordance with the provisions of the charters of various International Organizations to ensure maximum benefits for the Russian Federation in case of their approval and use;

9) approval of the image of the sign of compliance with national standards;

10) representation of Russia and its interests in various international organizations working in the field of standardization.

According to the provisions of the aforementioned Law, the composition of technical committees to address standardization issues may include both representatives of scientific organizations and State federal executive bodies, as well as representatives of various public associations and other public organizations created by entrepreneurs or end users of goods and services. The procedure for the creation and operation of these technical committees must be approved by the National Standards Body. The state administration for standardization in the Russian Federation is implemented by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology. The Ministry of Construction of Russia is responsible for carrying out activities on the issues of standardization of construction. For the part of the standardization work allocated to him, the State Standard Research Institute is responsible, respectively.

VNIIS is responsible for developing "scientific, technical, legal and economic foundations for standardization of product quality management, state supervision over the implementation and compliance with standards, international cooperation in the field of standardization." In his own competence are questions of methodological management of enterprises. It develops VNIIS and issues of organizational, methodological, scientific, technical and legal problems that exist in the areas of standardization and certification, and also conducts scientific, technical and legal examination of standards, carries out work within the framework of ISO and some other International organizations.

VNIIMASH, in turn, is in charge of standardization issues in the machine-building industry and in the instrument-making industry, VNIIKI - in the field of scientific and technical terminology, information, metrology and product quality, GNITsVOK - in the field of strategic development and development of a uniform system for coding and classifying technical and economic information , in addition - in the development and implementation of unified documentation systems in automated control systems, GNITsVOK - in the field of the adoption and use of all-Russian classifications for information in the technical and economic direction, as well as unified documentation.

If necessary, special standardization services are formed in the ministries of the Russian Federation, as well as parent organizations for standardization, which help to solve a number of organizational and coordinating tasks. Similar services can also arise directly at the enterprise. Their functions in this case are research, development and a number of other works on standardization issues, as well as assistance in performing similar work to other departments of the enterprise and the creation of an organizational, methodological and scientific and technical base for the optimal activity of the enterprise in the field of standardization. works of standardization services laid down recommendations for standardization services. In addition, standardization services carry out close interaction with various public organizations of consumers, the main task of contact with which is considered to be the most optimal correspondence to the interests of consumers.

As part of this cooperation, representatives of the above-mentioned public organizations are involved in resolving issues related to the formation of quality, nomenclature and methods for evaluating goods, as well as the formation of packages of proposals for the development and updating of standards.

6. Technical regulations: concept and essence. Application of technical regulations

The technical regulation is a complete list of the main requirements for one of the objects of standardization. Documents capable of changing the data of this list can only be its changes and additions. In addition, it is worth noting that not any document containing some mandatory requirements can be considered a technical regulation. For the adoption of technical regulations, there is a certain specially created procedure. And also the document itself must be created in a special way. The technical regulation must necessarily include: firstly, a list of those goods, the processes of their production, storage, transportation, use, sale and disposal, in connection with the presence and processing of which, in fact, its requirements are formed. Secondly, the technical regulation must contain the very requirements for the objects of technical regulation that are necessary for fulfillment. The main focus of these requirements of the technical regulation, according to the Law "On Technical Regulation" (Chapter 2), should be to ensure:

1) unity of measurements;

2) electromagnetic compatibility in the implementation of safety tasks for the operation of instruments and equipment;

3) radiation safety;

4) explosion safety;

5) biological, fire, thermal, mechanical, industrial, chemical, electrical, nuclear and radiation safety.

Also, some other requirements, rules and forms may be included in the technical regulation. For example, the first requirements include:

1) providing the previously mentioned types of security;

2) contributing to the maintenance of the principle of uniformity of measurements;

3) special requirements for terminology, packaging, labels and markings, as well as the rules for their application. Among the latter, it is necessary, first of all, to name the rules that identify the object of regulation, as well as the forms and rules for assessing conformity. The formulation of "deadlines for assessing the conformity of each object of regulation" can be attributed to the same category of requirements.

According to the Law "On Technical Regulation", the requirements for goods, processes of their production, storage, transportation, use, sale and disposal, which are not included in the technical regulation, are not mandatory. The following main objectives of the adoption of technical regulations follow from the provisions of the above-mentioned Law:

1) protection of the life or health of people, as well as the property of legal entities and individuals or property that is in municipal and state ownership;

2) protection of the environment, health and life of animals and plants;

3) prevention of actions that mislead purchasers.

There should be no other purposes for the adoption of technical regulations.

But in terms of explaining the concept and essence of a technical regulation, Article 8 of the Law "On Technical Regulation" defines two types of technical regulations, general and special. Thus, the requirements of the general technical regulation apply without fail to any type of goods and services, including in the process of creation, storage, transportation, use, sale and disposal. And, accordingly, the requirements of a special technical regulation take into account the technological features of a number of groups of goods, as well as, accordingly, the processes of their creation, storage, transportation, sale, disposal or use. In addition, special technical regulations may establish their own requirements only for certain types of goods, as well as the processes of their creation, storage, transportation, consumption, sale or disposal, in respect of which the requirements of generally binding technical regulations are not met. It should also be noted that among the special technical regulations, a special variety is often singled out - macro-industry special technical regulations, covering, as a rule, several groups of homogeneous objects. So, for example, there is a macro-industry regulation that formulates the basic requirements for food additives or dyes for food products. However, many researchers believe that this type of technical regulation cannot be called a special regulation. As a rule, it is customary to divide the subjects of technical regulation into several separate categories:

1) business, the main point of the participants of which are clearly defined rules of state control and games in the market;

2) consumers, the main indicator for which is the indicator of the protection of their interests and rights;

3) government bodies whose tasks are the formation of tactics and strategies for the entire economic development of the country in the future. At the same time, they use technical norms as a kind of leverage for influencing economic processes both within the country and abroad;

4) regulatory authorities, without any benefits or interests of their own.

The main activity for them should be to ensure the safety and protection of the rights of consumers in the matter of their environmental safety and protection from any man-made disasters. To ensure the optimal solution of the tasks set for the state, the Economic Department of the President of the Russian Federation formed Expert Councils involved in the development of general and special technical regulations. According to the form, the content of the technical regulation should include such information as: a list of goods, the processes of their creation, storage, transportation, use, sale and disposal, in respect of which the above requirements are developed; in addition, general rules for the identification of all objects subject to technical regulation are formulated to address issues of application of technical regulations.

Other information may also be included in the technical regulation, for example:

1) rules and forms of conformity assessment, determined taking into account the degree of risk;

2) deadlines for conformity assessment for each object of technical regulation;

3) mandatory requirements for packaging, marking and labels, terminology, as well as the necessary rules for their application.

According to the Law "On Technical Regulation", requirements not included in technical regulations are not mandatory. Also, the technical regulation may include requirements for the characteristics of goods, the processes of their production, use, storage, transportation, sale and disposal, but may not include any requirements regarding the design features of the goods, except for situations where, due to the absence of such design requirements there is a risk of harm. Based on this provision, technical regulations may include in the list of requirements special requirements for marking, labels, packaging and terminology, as well as the rules for their application, which in the future will help increase the degree of protection for certain groups of citizens, such as: children, minors, pregnant women women, breastfeeding mothers, the disabled, pensioners.

In addition, the technical regulations may establish the minimum necessary measures in the field of veterinary and phytosanitary in relation to goods imported from hazardous areas or countries with restrictions on imports with our country. These measures of veterinary and phytosanitary safety are developed taking into account the received scientific data, as well as when considering other documents provided by international organizations.

First of all, we are talking about international standards, recommendations, etc. As an assessment criterion for risk issues, assessment criteria of international standards, as well as recommendations of international organizations, which include Russian representatives, the prevalence of diseases and pests used pest and disease control measures, environmental conditions, macroeconomic impacts associated with the potential for harm, and the extent of spending needed to prevent harm. International and (or) national standards can serve as a basis for creating draft technical regulations.

7. Procedure for the development and adoption of technical regulations. Amendment and cancellation of technical regulations

The procedure for developing, adopting, amending and canceling technical regulations is discussed in detail in Art. 9 chapter 2 of the Law "On technical regulation". Before creating a draft technical regulation, the following concepts should be clearly formulated:

1) the object for which, in fact, the technical regulation will be created;

2) the objectives of the development of this regulation;

3) a list of basic requirements for the object;

4) a list of mandatory requirements for the facility established on the territory of the Russian Federation;

5) a list of International standards that present their requirements for the object.

Further, the above-mentioned normative act very clearly formulates the main points of the development of a draft technical regulation. So, any person can act as a developer of a draft technical regulation: an individual and a legal entity.

The stages of development of technical regulations are formulated, which include:

1 stage: collection of applications for the development of technical regulations. Applicants can be government agencies, organizations, various public associations, scientific and technical societies, companies and firms, and private entrepreneurs;

2 stage: the organizational stage, at which all work on the organization of the project is carried out by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology;

3 stage: the draft technical regulation in the first edition must be brought into line with the current legal framework, as well as with international rules and regulations and national standards of foreign countries;

4 stage: there is a publication of a notice on the development of a technical regulation in one of the printed publications of the Federal Executive Body for Technical Regulation, as well as in an information source of the so-called "public use", as a rule, in electronic digital form. There are special recommendations on the content of the notice of the work on the creation of a draft technical regulation.

Thus, this notification should include information on the following issues:

1) for which product, processes of production, storage, transportation, use, sale and disposal requirements are being developed;

2) for what purpose this regulation is being developed;

3) a direct statement of the necessary requirements, which are not a repetition of already existing requirements set out in any international regulations or national standards;

4) information about how familiarization with the created document will take place in the future;

5) the name of the organization or the initials of the person developing this draft regulation, its postal and electronic coordinates, with the use of which the comments of interested persons are received;

5 stage: public discussion of the project;

6 stage: getting feedback on the project;

7 stage: analysis of received feedback;

8 stage: finalization of the project with the introduction of changes that take into account the received written comments from interested parties;

9 stage: holding a public discussion of the draft technical regulation;

10 stage: adoption of the draft in the first reading;

11 stage: compiling a list of received written comments with a mandatory summary of the essence of these comments, as well as the results of their discussion;

12 stage: conducting an examination of the finished draft technical regulation in a commission of experts on technical regulation, which may include representatives of various federal executive authorities, as well as representatives of scientific institutions, public organizations, various funds and institutions of consumers and entrepreneurs;

13 stage: adoption of the finished and revised draft in the second reading. It also provides for the procedure for the adoption and consideration of the draft Law of the Russian Federation "On technical regulations" in the State Duma and, further, in the government of the Russian Federation. The draft Law of the Russian Federation "On Technical Regulations" sent from the State Duma to the Government of the Russian Federation is considered within a calendar month, during which a review must be sent to the State Duma, created taking into account the provisions of the opinion issued by the expert commission on technical regulation. The draft Law of the Russian Federation "On Technical Regulations" prepared in this way is sent by the State Duma to the Government of the Russian Federation for the second reading, but not later than one month before the consideration of the above draft in the State Duma, also in the second reading. The government of the Russian Federation is also obliged to send its opinion to the State Duma on this project within a month, which also takes into account the conclusions received from the expert commission on technical regulation. Amendments and amendments to the technical regulation adopted in this way or its cancellation shall take place in the same manner.

LECTURE No. 3. Basics of standardization

1. History of the development of standardization

Man has come a long way in the development of labor from crude stone axes and flint arrowheads to microcircuits and the information society. For a very long time, human labor activity has been improved, tools of labor have become more complex. For more efficient development, the most successful results of human activity were subsequently used as a standard.

Standardization was most widespread during the Renaissance, when ties between different countries began to develop and strengthen. The most ambitious achievements of standardization during the transition from manual labor to machine production include, for example, Leblanc's weapon locks, proposed by him in 1785. These locks were suitable for all guns produced at that time. In Germany, a standard caliber of 13,9 mm guns and a standard railway gauge were adopted, and in England, a fastening thread system.

One of the fundamental and milestone events in the history of standardization is the founding of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, as well as the International Metric Convention, signed in 1895 by the ambassadors of 19 states.

In Russia, one of the first standards can be called a circle, that is, calibers for cannonballs, approved by Ivan the Terrible. Peter I paid a lot of attention to issues related to foreign trade. He sought to raise the authority of Russia as an exporter of high quality goods. The requirements for the quality of exported goods became tougher, and special commissions called rejection commissions were created to control the implementation of these requirements.

The first state body responsible for standardization, the Committee for Standardization under the Council of Labor and Defense, was created in 1925. The Committee directed the departments involved in standardization, and also introduced approved standards into circulation. The main category of standards was the All-Union Standard - OST. The Committee adopted standards for rolled products from ferrous metals and some varieties of wheat, as well as for consumer goods.

But in 1940, the procedure for developing standards was changed: instead of People's Commissariats, the All-Union Committee for Standardization was organized, and OSTs were replaced by GOSTs - State All-Union Standards. But after some time, the All-Union Committee for Standardization was disbanded. And instead of it, the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

In 1968, a rather significant event took place in the history of standardization - the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On improving standardization work in the country" was adopted. On the basis of this Decree, the State Standardization System (SSS) appeared for the first time, which is a set of State standards. In total, 4 categories of standards were approved:

1) GOST - State Standard of the USSR;

2) PCT - republican standard;

3) OST - industry standard;

4) STP - enterprise standard.

In 1985, the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the organization of work on standardization" was issued, which defined the main task of standardization - the creation of a certain set of regulatory and technical documentation in order to clearly identify a set of standards for product quality, its production and use.

In 1990, the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On improving the organization of work on standardization" was issued, which was supposed to meet the requirements of a transitional economy. The main task of standardization was defined as establishing correspondence between the system of standards of the USSR and the International system of standards. Mandatory requirements for the quality of goods and services, according to the Decree, were the requirements that determine the safety, environmental friendliness, interchangeability and compatibility of products; Instead of State Standards, it became possible to use the International Standards of foreign countries, if they were more suitable for meeting the needs of the national economy. The collapse of the USSR set a new task for standardization, namely: harmonization of the standardization policy in the CIS. On March 13, 1992, the CIS countries signed the Agreement on Conducting a Coordinated Policy in the Field of Standardization, Metrology and Certification. To implement this Agreement, the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification was organized, designed to lead the adoption of standards at the interstate level.

Another noteworthy event is the adoption in 1993 of the RF Law "On Standardization". This Law approves regulatory documents as a means of state protection of consumer rights. This Law made possible not only mandatory standards approved in the USSR, but also standards that include not only mandatory but also recommended requirements.

In 1992-2001 the direction of development of standardization was determined in accordance with the Agreement adopted in 1992. Mastering the world market and preparing for entry into the WTO provided that the requirements of national standards corresponded to the requirements of international standards, therefore, work in this direction was intensified.

In 2002-2003, the direction of work on standardization was determined by the Law "On Technical Regulation", which served as the beginning of the transformation of the system of Russian standards necessary for Russia's full participation in international trade and entry into the WTO.

2. Standardization: essence, tasks, elements

The essence of standardization consists in drawing up and approving both recommended and mandatory norms and characteristics for repeated use, aimed at ensuring the proper quality of goods and services, increasing their competitiveness in the areas of product circulation, as well as ensuring labor safety. Standardization establishes the optimal degree of order in certain areas of production and circulation of products with the help of approved norms and regulations. As a result of standardization, the product should correspond to its intended purpose as much as possible, the mechanism of commodity exchange on the world market should be simplified (because national standards must comply with International ones); standardization also contributes to scientific and technological progress. The main tasks of standardization are:

1) ensuring the compliance of goods and services with the norms and rules of safety for the life and health of the consumer, the property of individuals, legal entities, state property, ecology, the environment, in particular, the safety of animals and plants;

2) ensuring the safety of facilities for which there is a possibility of various types of emergencies;

3) promotion of scientific and technological progress;

4) ensuring the competitiveness of products and services;

5) economical use of all types of resources;

6) compatibility and interchangeability of products;

7) unified measurement system.

The result of standardization is, first of all, a normative document.

Normative document - a document that approves general norms, rules and characteristics for products, works or services.

Standard - a normative document approved by the relevant body, which approves the general principles, norms and characteristics for products, works or services, and these rules are established for voluntary multiple use.

specifications - a document that approves the basic technical requirements for products, works and services. In form, specifications can be a standard, or part of it, or even a separate document.

area of ​​standardization called a system of interconnected objects of standardization.

Standards body - a body recognized as authorized to develop and approve standards at the regional or international level.

In practice, there are 4 main stages of standardization.

1. Selection of products, works or services for which standardization will be carried out.

2. Creation of a model for standardized products, works or services.

3. Approval of the optimal quality of the created model

4. Approval of standards for the created model, standardization.

3. Principles and methods of standardization

We list the basic principles of standardization.

1. The principle of voluntary standards is implemented in the process of making a decision on the application of the standard. If it was decided to apply any standard, then the economic entity is obliged to carry out its activities in such a way that it fully complies with the adopted standard.

2. When developing and approving standards, the legitimate interests of interested parties must be taken into account.

3. National standards should be based on International standards. This principle may not be fulfilled if the application of International Standards as the basis of national standards is recognized as impossible.

4. Standardization should not interfere with the normal circulation of goods more than is necessary for its implementation.

5. All elements of a standardized system must be compatible.

6. All adopted standards should be as dynamic as possible, that is, they should adapt in a timely manner to the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

7. Standardization must be effective, i.e., standardization must have either an economic or a social effect.

8. Standards should not contradict each other or technical regulations, should not create barriers in international trade.

9. All standards must be clearly articulated and must not be open to ambiguity.

10. Standards for finished products should be directly related to the standards of the constituent parts or raw materials from which this product was made.

11. Standardization should be carried out in such a way that the implementation of the established standards can be objectively verified in the future.

The main methods of standardization are:

1) ordering of standardization objects;

2) parametric standardization;

3) advanced standardization;

4) product specification;

5) comprehensive standardization;

6) aggregation.

For more details on these standardization methods, see clause 10.

4. Objects and subjects of standardization

The product or service for which standards are developed and set is called object (subject) of standardization.

Subjects of standardization are: The central executive body in the field of standardization, the council for standardization, technical committees for standardization or other entities involved in standardization.

Standardization can be carried out at the regional, national or international levels.

If the relevant body of any country can act as the subject of standardization, then standardization is international.

If the subject of standardization are the relevant authorities of the states of one geographical, economic or political region of the world, then this is regional standardization.

Standardization is national if it is carried out within one state by the relevant authorities.

5. Normative documents on standardization, their categories

Regulatory documents on standardization in the Russian Federation are:

1) State standards (GOST R);

2) industry standards;

3) enterprise standards;

4) all-Russian classifiers;

5) scientific and technical standards, standards of engineering societies and other public associations. Let us give a general description of these categories of standards.

State Standard of the Russian Federation (GOST R) - a normative document, which is a national standard, approved by the Central Executive Authority for Standardization - Gosstandart of Russia. State standards contain both mandatory and recommended requirements, and apply to products, works and services of intersectoral significance or application.

Mandatory requirements for product quality, included in the State Standards, ensure the safety of this product, product or service for the life and health of the consumer, the environment, the environment, property of individuals and legal entities, as well as the safety and comfort of work; compatibility and interchangeability objective methods of control over compliance; the unity of the marking, which makes it possible to verify that the mandatory requirements are met.

Industry Standards (OST) - standards that are developed by State authorities (ministries, for example) for products, works and services of a particular industry. Mandatory requirements of State standards, sanitary norms and safety rules for a given industry must be strictly observed when drawing up industry standards. The subjects of industry standardization are responsible for the compliance of industry standards with the mandatory requirements of the State Standards.

The role of objects of industry standardization can be: products, works and services of industry significance; organizational, technical and general technical objects of branch significance.

Enterprises that are under the authority of the State Administration that approved this standard must comply with this standard. Other entities may apply this standard on a voluntary basis. The state body that approved the industry standard must monitor compliance with the mandatory requirements of the standard.

Enterprise Standards (STP) - a regulatory document approved by the head of the enterprise, the object of which is the products, works and services produced or used by the enterprise, or components of the organization and production management. Enterprise standards can also be set for the tools and techniques for producing a given product.

With the help of STP, State and International standards can be mastered and certain requirements for the quality of components of manufactured products that are supplied by other enterprises can be established.

Standards of public associations (STO) (public associations can be understood as scientific and technical or engineering societies) are regulatory documents developed for various innovative types of products, works and services; non-traditional research methods, examination tests; new production management strategies. The purpose of public associations that develop these standards is the wide dissemination of world scientific and technological achievements and the results of advanced research. CTOs perform a very important function - they supply interested enterprises with the necessary information about advanced scientific achievements and can be voluntarily accepted by an enterprise for full or partial use in the development of enterprise standards.

STO should not conflict with the current State standards. In the event that service stations pose a threat to the safety of people's health, property of individuals and legal entities or the environment, they must be agreed with the State supervisory authorities without fail. Those enterprises that use service stations must organize control over compliance with the above standards.

All-Russian classifiers of technical, economic and social information - regulatory documents regulating the distribution of information according to the established classification. The use of this type of regulatory documents is mandatory for the creation

State information systems and information resources.

6. Types of standards

There are several types of standards. The application of a particular standard in a particular situation is determined by the characteristics and specifics of the object of standardization.

Fundamental Standards - regulatory documents approved for certain areas of science, technology and production, containing general provisions, principles, rules and norms for these areas. This type of standards should promote effective interaction between various branches of science, technology and production, as well as establish general norms and principles for conducting work in a particular area. The main goal of approving the fundamental standards is to ensure that, during the development and operation of the product, the obligatory requirements and general technical norms provided for by the State Standards are met, such as the safety of the product for the life and health of the consumer, property and the environment.

Fundamental standards may also define the technical and scientific terminology used in certain areas; regulate symbols; contain the basic requirements for the design of documentation for a particular area.

Standards for products (services) - normative documents that approve the requirements either for a certain type of product (service) or for groups of homogeneous products (services). There are two types of this normative document:

1) standards of general technical conditions applicable to groups of homogeneous products (services);

2) technical specifications standards applicable to specific types of products (services). General Specification Standard includes classification, basic parameters (dimensions), quality requirements, packaging, labeling, transportation, operating rules and mandatory requirements for the safety of life and health of the consumer, the environment, disposal rules.

These sections are not always present in full (with the exception of security requirements), the content of this standard depends on the specifics of the product (service).

Specification Standard contains more specific requirements, since it already applies directly to specific types of products (services). However, the requirements of the specification standard must not conflict with the requirements of the general specification standard. The standard under consideration also contains information about the trademark and whether the product has a certificate. If the subject of the standard is a service, the standard may include guidance on the range of services to be provided.

Work standards (process) - regulatory documents that approve the norms and rules for various types of work that are carried out at certain stages of the product life cycle (development, manufacture, consumption, storage, transportation, repair and disposal).

Mandatory requirements included in this type of standards are safety requirements for the life and health of people and the environment during technological operations.

Standards for control methods (tests, measurements, analysis) should provide full control over the implementation of mandatory requirements for product quality, defined by accepted standards. In this type of standards, the most objective control methods that give reproducible and comparable results should be approved. The basis of standardized control methods are International Standards. The standard must contain information about the possible permissible measurement error.

For a more effective assessment of the product quality indicator, the standard, as a rule, offers several control methods. The standard for each control method should approve the tools and devices with which tests should be carried out, the stages of test preparation, the test algorithm, instructions on the procedure for processing test results, requirements for the presentation of test results, and the permissible error of the test.

7. All-Russian classifiers

A lot of attention should be paid to the methods of classifying information in the modern conditions of building an information society and integrating the Russian Federation into the world economy. In this regard, Russia adopted the State Program for the Transition of the Russian Federation to the System of Accounting and Statistics Accepted in International Practice.

All-Russian classifiers are the main way to harmonize various types of information used by different departments. It is also very important that the classifiers of the Federal authorities and international organizations, international and regional information systems can be freely comparable. To this end, Russia is developing a Unified System for the Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK), the components of which are the all-Russian classifiers of technical, economic and social information, as well as regulatory documents for their development, maintenance and application.

ESCC classifies and codes: statistical data, financial and legal activities, banking, certification, standardization, trade and accounting activities.

The current all-Russian classifiers are adopted by the State Standard.

1. All-Russian classifier of organizational and legal forms (OKOPF)

The All-Russian Classifier of Organizational and Legal Forms (OKOPF) is included in the Unified System for Classifying and Coding Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation.

This all-Russian classifier complies with the requirements of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Federal Laws. It was used in its development

Classifier of organizational and legal forms (KOPF), approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated April 20, 1993 No. 47.

OKOPF is used for:

1) creation of various information resources of regions, registers and cadastres that provide information about business entities;

2) ensuring efficiency in solving problems of an analytical nature in the field of statistical research, the field of tariffication and taxation. OKOPF is also used in other economic sectors in which activities are related to the distribution of benefits, disposal of property and management;

3) comparability of information resources;

4) automation of processing and classification of technical, economic and social information;

5) conducting a comprehensive analysis and making forecasts of the processes taking place in the socio-economic sphere;

6) drawing up and approval of recommended norms in the field of economic regulation and management.

OKOPF is designed to classify the organizational and legal forms of business entities provided for and approved by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

In this classifier, business entities include legal entities, various organizations that do not resort to the formation and registration of a legal entity in the course of their activities, and individuals engaged in individual entrepreneurial activities.

The concept of an organizational and legal form means a certain form of ownership and disposal of the property of a business entity and the rights of the entity determined by this form, the goals of its economic activity and ways of distributing the results of entrepreneurial activity.

The goals of the entrepreneurial activity of a subject, which is registered as a legal entity, underlie the division of organizations into commercial and non-commercial.

Commercial organizations are those whose purpose is to obtain and maximize profits.

Non-profit organizations are organizations whose purpose is not to make a profit, and therefore do not distribute profits.

2. All-Russian classifier of public authorities and administration (OKOGU)

The All-Russian Classifier of State Authorities and Administration (OKOGU) is included in the Unified System for Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation.

This classifier is designed to solve the following problems:

1) systematization and classification of bodies and institutions of state power and administration;

2) determining departmental affiliation, as well as administrative and organizational subordination of subjects for their identification in the Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations;

3) statistical accounting, implementation of state statistical observations.

OKOGU is designed to classify the following objects:

1) federal-level bodies with representative (legislative), executive and judicial power;

2) bodies representing state power on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

3) bodies exercising local self-government;

4) objects that play a large economic role in the national economy and represent a complex of organizations.

The classifier also contains the following objects - voluntary associations (associations) of relations between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and institutions of local self-government in the field of economic activity; organizations of a religious nature, various public organizations, as well as approved and operating on the territory of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) interstate management bodies. These objects do not belong directly to the government bodies of the Russian Federation. They are included in the classifier because they can significantly affect the economic situation and, along with public authorities, are widely used in the field of information processing and classification.

The classifier is based on an object classification system based on a rigid hierarchy.

The basis for the classification of public authorities and administration is the Constitution of the Russian Federation; decrees of the President of the Russian Federation; federal laws; resolutions adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation.

3. All-Russian classifier of fixed assets (OKOF)

The All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OKOF) is an integral part of the Unified System for Classifying and Coding Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation.

When developing the OKOF, the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of all types of economic activity, the international Classification of main products (CPC), the United Nations standards for the international System of National Accounts (SNA), the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation, as well as the All-Russian classifier of economic activities, products and services (OKDP).

This classifier was compiled and approved in the course of the State Program for the Transition of the Russian Federation to Methods of Analysis and Statistics Used in International Practice. The transition is driven by the needs of an emerging market economy.

OKOF is used in various forms of organizations and enterprises.

OKOF is used in solving the following problems:

1) the implementation of the determination and assessment of the volume of the structure of fixed assets;

2) application of a set of accounting functions to fixed assets in the implementation of state statistical research;

3) comparability of the composition and condition of fixed assets at the interstate level;

4) calculation of capital intensity, capital productivity and other indicators of an economic nature;

5) approval of norms and recommendations for the renewal and repair of fixed assets.

Fixed assets are reusable assets that serve for a certain period of time (at least 1 year) to produce goods and services. Fixed assets can be tangible and intangible.

Tangible fixed assets include production facilities, buildings, equipment, tools, etc.

Intangible fixed assets include copyrighted software products; intellectual property (literature, art, high technology, etc.), etc.

According to the reporting standards in the territory of the Russian Federation, fixed assets are not:

1) tangible and intangible objects, the period of use of which is not more than 1 year. In this case, their cost is not taken into account;

2) objects whose value is low, i.e. below the mark approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. In this case, their service life is not taken into account. The exception is agricultural implements. construction equipment, since these objects are fixed assets in any case;

3) fishing gear; service life is not taken into account;

4) roads for a season; temporary branches extending from logging roads; various temporary structures with a useful life of up to 2 years;

5) equipment and tools that have a special purpose (individual order, serial or mass production of certain products), in this case their cost is not taken into account; interchangeable tools; equipment attached to fixed assets and repeatedly used, etc. without cost;

6) work clothes, work shoes, determined by specific working conditions; bed sheets

In this case, the service life and cost are not taken into account;

7) premises temporarily used; tools and devices, if the costs for them are included in the cost of work specified in overhead costs;

8) packaging in which goods and other material objects are stored in warehouses, as well as containers used during technological processing, if its value is within the limits approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation;

9) items that are rented. In this case, their cost is not taken into account;

10) in agriculture - young animals, fattening animals, poultry, etc., including dogs and animals on which experiments are carried out;

11) perennial plantings, which are later used as planting material.

4. All-Russian classifier of currencies (OKB)

The All-Russian Classifier of Currencies (OKV) is an integral part of the Unified Classification and Coding System for Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation.

The basis of this classifier is the International Standard.

OKV is used in the preparation of forecasts of foreign economic relations, foreign exchange earnings, accounting of payments, accounting and statistical accounting, reporting on transactions with interstate settlements, exercising objective control over the fulfillment of contractual and payment requirements.

OKW classifies national currencies.

The All-Russian Classifier of Currencies lists currency codes, corresponding denominations, as well as names of countries and territories.

5. All-Russian classifier of economic regions (OKER)

This classifier contains an ordered list of associations of objects of the administrative-territorial division of Russia in the regions on an economic basis.

OKER is an integral part of the Unified Classification and Coding System for Technical, Economic and Social Information of the Russian Federation (ESKK) and was compiled and approved in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on measures to implement the State Program for the Transition of the Russian Federation to an internationally accepted system of accounting and statistics in accordance with the requirements of the development of a market economy.

OKER is intended to provide information to public authorities and administration of the Russian Federation, local governments, interregional associations, scientific, engineering and other public organizations, as well as all organizational and legal forms of enterprises and organizations for the effective solution of the following tasks:

1) implementation of a comprehensive analysis, compilation of forecasts and regulation of the territorial distribution of the country's productive forces, interaction in the economic sphere of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with state authorities of a federal scale and among themselves, establishing an effective course of socio-economic development, improving regional socio-economic policy;

2) assessment and systematization of links and relations between regions in the economic sphere, implementation of the coordination of socio-economic interests and directions of development between different regions of the Russian Federation;

3) coordination of financial and economic activities and cultural development on the territory of the Russian Federation.

OKER is designed to classify economic regions, i.e. they are objects of classification.

An economic region is an association of objects of the administrative-territorial division of a country. Moreover, the combined objects must have some common features of a natural and economic nature.

The association of objects of administrative-territorial division into economic regions can be carried out according to the following criteria:

1) by the similarity of the basic conditions for the implementation of economic activities in a certain territory;

2) by the similarity of the main goals of drawing up and implementing development programs in the socio-economic sphere within the region. Compilation and implementation is carried out by the subjects of the Russian Federation, united on a voluntary basis;

3) according to the requirements and standards for the study and objective control over various conditions of a given area (natural-climatic, environmental);

4) according to the norms, requirements and rules of technical control over construction work and the operation of fixed tangible and intangible assets. Control can also be carried out in accordance with the requirements of radiation and technical safety;

5) on the norms, requirements and rules for exercising customs supervision over operations in foreign markets;

6) according to specific environmental conditions, for example, in the territories where the small peoples of Russia live.

Based on the similarity of the conditions of economic activity, macrozones, economic zones and economic regions can be distinguished.

6. All-Russian product classifier (OKP)

The All-Russian Product Classifier (OKP) is an integral part of the Unified Classification and Coding System for Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation.

OKP is used to ensure comparability, reliability and automation of the systematization of information about products in the field of standardization, statistics, economics, etc.

OKP is an ordered set of codes and nomenclature of product groups based on a hierarchical classification system.

This classifier is used in solving problems of cataloging products (development of catalogs and ordering products in them in accordance with the main technical and economic features); when certifying and licensing products by groups of products that are homogeneous in some respects, and the considered groups according to

built on the basis of OKP groupings; when conducting a statistical analysis of the manufacture, sale and operation of products at the international, national and industry levels to systematize industrial and economic information about the types of products manufactured by enterprises and various organizations, to conduct various types of research and supply and marketing operations

7. All-Russian classifier of economic activities, products and services (OKDP)

It is an integral part of the Unified system of classification and coding of technical, economic and social information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation.

When compiling and approving the All-Russian Classification of Economic Activities, Products and Services, the recommendations of the UN Statistical Commission were taken into account. The basis of the OKDP is the International Standard Industrial Classification and the International Classification of Basic Products.

The classifier consists of an introduction and four components. The introduction reveals the purpose of this classifier, lists the tasks solved with it, defines the objects of classification, construction principles and coding systems.

8. All-Russian classifier of objects of administrative-territorial division (OKATO)

The All-Russian classifier of objects of administrative-territorial division (OKATO) is an integral part of the Unified Classification and Coding System for Technical, Economic and Social Information of the Russian Federation (ESKK).

OKATO is designed to ensure that economic and statistical information about the objects of administrative-territorial division is reliable, consistent, comparable and can be processed automatically.

OKATO is designed to classify the following objects: republics; the edges; areas; cities of federal significance; autonomous regions; autonomous regions; districts; cities; intracity districts, districts of the city; urban-type settlements; village councils; rural settlements.

The classifier adopts a hierarchical classification system.

Objects of administrative-territorial division are distributed into certain groups on a territorial basis. Since the classifier has a hierarchical structure, this distribution has three levels of classification, i.e., groups are distributed over three levels. Which level a particular group will occupy depends on the administrative subordination. Each next level includes objects that are subordinate to the objects of the previous level.

The first level of classification includes:

1) republics;

2) edges;

3) regions;

4) cities of federal significance;

5) autonomous regions;

6) autonomous okrugs that are part of the Russian Federation.

All of the above objects are objects of federal significance.

The second level of classification includes:

1) autonomous okrugs that are part of a krai or oblast;

2) districts of a republic, region, autonomous region, which is part of the Russian Federation, districts, districts of a city of federal significance;

3) cities that are under republican, regional or regional subordination;

4) urban-type settlements (urban-type settlements) - they can be workers, resort or summer cottages that are in regional or regional subordination.

The third level includes:

1) districts, districts of the city, which is in republican, regional or regional subordination;

2) cities under district subordination;

3) urban settlements that are under the jurisdiction of the district;

4) rural district.

Within the groupings of the third level of the classification, rural settlements are coded.

9. All-Russian classifier of occupations (OKZ)

The All-Russian Classification of Occupations (OKZ) was compiled and approved in accordance with the State Program for the Transition of the Russian Federation to the System of Accounting and Statistics Accepted in International Practice. The need to adopt this program and maintain this classifier was due to the needs of the developing economy and the integration of the Russian Federation into the international market space.

This classifier contains an ordered and systematized list of types and forms of labor activity. OKZ is designed to streamline their names and carry out statistical research, comprehensive analysis and accounting. This classifier also allows for an effective employment policy.

The classifier uses a hierarchical system. The ordering of the types and forms of labor activity makes it possible to distribute them into four levels. The structure of the classifier generally follows the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO).

OKZ is used to solve the following tasks:

1) implementation of the regulation of labor and social relations;

2) ensuring an effective assessment of the workforce, its condition and structure;

3) ensuring effective analysis and forecasting of the dynamics of population employment indicators. The object of the OKZ classification is the types and forms of labor activity, professions of workers and positions, which are based on the received professional education and qualifications and are combined into groups that are homogeneous in terms of the content of work. The object of classification of the OKZ can also be an occupation that differs from a profession in that it does not require the presence of a professional specialization, but is, in fact, any type of activity that brings profit or earnings.

10. All-Russian classifier of primary vocational education (OKNPO)

This All-Russian Classifier of Primary Vocational Education (OKNPO) is included in the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation.

This classifier is an integral functional part of the language - an intermediary, designed to implement effective interaction between all government bodies in the field of the economy of the Russian Federation, as well as state and non-state educational institutions, achieved by automating the processing and exchange of information.

OKZ is used to solve the following tasks:

1) implementation of the planned admission and graduation of specialists in primary vocational education;

2) implementation of an objective accounting of accepted, trained and employed specialists of primary vocational education;

3) compliance with the requirements and norms for the training of specialists in primary vocational education of the Russian Federation with international educational standards;

4) implementation of International Statistical Comparisons.

OKNPO classifies professions and specialties of initial vocational education, homogeneous groups of professions and specialties of initial vocational education, as well as obtained qualification levels.

Group of professions and specialties - this is an association of objects of classification belonging to a certain field of activity indicated in the name of the group of professions and specialties of primary vocational education.

Profession - this is a type of labor activity of a permanent nature, based on the received professional training and qualifications. Specialty of primary vocational education - this is a complex of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the process of initial vocational training, which require further application in a certain type of labor activity, correlated with the received profession.

The All-Russian classifier of primary vocational education is built on a hierarchical principle. Its structure consists of three levels.

11. All-Russian classifier of management documentation (OKUD)

The All-Russian Classifier of Management Documents (OKUD) is included in the Unified System for Classifying and Coding Technical, Economic and Social Information.

OKUD is used to solve the following tasks:

1) registration of forms of documents;

2) systematization and classification of information and information flows in the field of the national economy;

3) reducing the number of accepted forms to an optimal minimum;

4) control over the use of appropriate forms of documents and timely withdrawal from circulation of those forms of documents that are not unified;

5) implementation of registration and streamlining of those forms of documents that are unified;

6) accounting for the forms of documents and actions that help to avoid duplication of information in the field of management;

7) ensuring objective control over the circulation of forms of documents that are unified. The All-Russian classifier of management documentation classifies all-Russian forms of documents that are unified and used in intersectoral and interdepartmental areas. Compilation and approval of unified forms of documents in the Russian Federation are carried out by the relevant ministries - developers of unified documentation systems (UCD).

The OKUD contains the names and their corresponding code designations of the unified forms of documents that are part of the UKD.

12. All-Russian classifier of information on social protection of the population (OKISZN)

The All-Russian Classification of Information on Social Protection of the Population (OKISZN) is included in the Unified System for Classifying and Coding Technical, Economic and Social Information of the Russian Federation.

The classifier solves problems in the field of effective organization of pension provision for citizens, as well as the following tasks:

1) determination of types of pensions;

2) classification of persons entitled to an old-age pension, to an old-age pension in connection with especially harmful working conditions for health, to a seniority pension;

3) determination of the categories of labor activity that are taken into account in the total length of service for the purpose of assigning a pension;

4) determination of evidence of work experience;

5) determination of earnings, on the basis of which a pension is assigned and accrued;

6) establishment of types of supplements to pensions and increase in pensions;

7) setting the size of pensions;

8) ensuring social protection of citizens affected by radiation after the Chernobyl disaster.

13. All-Russian classifier of services to the population (OKUN)

The All-Russian Classifier of Services to the Population (OKUN) is included in the Unified System for Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK TEI).

This classifier solves the following tasks:

1) increasing the efficiency of standardization of services to the population;

2) certification and licensing of services to meet the mandatory requirements for the safety of life and health of people, property of individuals and legal entities, state municipal property and the environment;

3) ensuring the effective use of computer technology;

4) approval of the required volume of services to the population;

5) analysis of the demand for services presented by the population;

6) providing the population with the services of enterprises and organizations in various organizational and legal forms;

7) ensuring the compliance of services with the new socio-economic conditions of the Russian Federation.

The All-Russian classifier of services to the population is designed to classify services provided to the population by various organizations and individuals. Various methods and methods of service can be used to provide services.

The classifier has a hierarchical structure. All objects of classification are divided into homogeneous groups.

14. All-Russian classifier of standards (OKS)

This classifier is included in the Unified system of classification and coding of technical, economic and social information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation. This classifier corresponds to the International Classifier of Standards (ISS) and the Interstate Classifier of Standards.

OKS is used to develop catalogs, indexes, lists, bibliographies, compiling databases of international, interstate and national standards and other normative documents from the field of standardization. This classifier ensures the distribution of these documents on a regional and international scale.

The objects of classification of the OKS are standards and other normative and technical documents on standardization.

15. All-Russian classifier of professions of workers, positions of employees and wage categories (OKPDTR)

The All-Russian Classifier of Occupations of Workers, Positions of Employees and Wage Levels (OKPDTR), which is part of the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation, was compiled and approved in accordance with the State Program for the Transition of the Russian Federation to the system of accounting and statistics accepted in international practice.

The classifier is designed to solve the following problems:

1) ensuring an effective assessment of the number of workers and employees;

2) accounting and analysis of the structure of personnel in terms of qualifications and working conditions;

3) solving the problem of employment;

4) determining the wages of workers and employees;

5) timely satisfaction of needs for personnel.

The All-Russian classifier of professions of workers, positions of employees and wage categories is designed to classify the professions of workers and positions of employees.

OKPDTR includes two sections:

1) a section on the classification of workers' professions, containing professions in accordance with the Unified Tariff and Qualification Directory of Works and Occupations of Workers (ETKS);

2) the section of classification of positions of employees is based on the Unified nomenclature of positions of employees and the Qualification directory of positions of managers, specialists and employees.

16. All-Russian classifier of units of measurement (OKEI)

The All-Russian Classifier of Units of Measurement (OKEI) is part of the Unified System for Classifying and Coding Technical, Economic and Social Information of the Russian Federation (ESKK).

OKEI is based on the International Classification of Units of Measurement of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe "Codes of Units of Measurement Used in International Trade" and on the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity.

This classifier is used in the quantitative assessment of technical, economic and social indicators for accounting and reporting, analysis and forecasting of the further development of the economy, to ensure the comparison of statistical data from different countries at the interstate level, for the needs of domestic and foreign trade, the implementation of state regulation of foreign economic activity and implementation of objective customs control. The All-Russian classifier of units of measurement is designed to classify units of measurement used in various fields of activity.

Units of measurement in OKEI are divided into seven groups:

1) length units;

2) area units;

3) volume units;

4) units of measurement of mass;

5) technical units;

6) time units;

7) economic units.

However, due to the specifics of state accounting and socio-economic reporting in some countries, there is a set of national units of measurement that is not included in the International Classification.

17. All-Russian classifier of specialties of the highest scientific classification (OKSBNK)

The All-Russian Classifier of Specialties of Highest Scientific Qualification (OKSVNK) is included in the Unified System for Classification and Coding of Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation. OKSVNK is drawn up and approved in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation on measures to implement the State Program for the Transition of the Russian Federation to an internationally accepted system of accounting and statistics in accordance with the requirements for the development of a market economy.

This classifier is a functional part of a single intermediary language created to automate processing and information interaction at all levels of government, covering public and non-state systems of higher education. OKSVNK is used to solve the following tasks:

1) implementation of the planned admission and graduation of qualified specialists for postgraduate and doctoral studies;

2) accounting for the admission, graduation and employment of specialists of the highest scientific qualification;

3) compliance of the system of training specialists of the highest scientific qualification of the Russian Federation with the International Educational Standards;

4) implementation of International Statistical Comparisons.

The All-Russian Classifier of Specialties of Higher Scientific Qualification is designed to systematize specialties of higher scientific qualification in various fields of science.

8. Requirements and procedure for developing standards

The standard should contain: title page; foreword; content; introduction; Name; application area; Normative references; necessary definitions; designations and abbreviations used; requirements, norms, rules and characteristics; applications; bibliographic data.

A sample of the design of the title page is contained in Annexes A, B, C, G GOST 1.5-92.

The preface of the standard should contain information about the developer; about the industry standard; about the standard (International, regional or other country), which is the basis of the State; about the standard, the object of which is the licensed product; about the innovations used in the standard; about normative documents instead of which the standard is approved; on the legislative norms of the law, if any, are present in the standard.

The content should include: numbering, titles and page numbers of sections and applications, as well as graphic material, if it is included in the standard.

The introduction substantiates the relevance and indicates the reasons for the approval of this standard.

The characteristics of the product, process or service to be standardized that are necessary for the classification of the standard are contained in the title.

The scope lists the objects covered by this standard.

Normative references should indicate the designations and names of the standards to which developers refer in this standard. Moreover, the names should be indicated in ascending order of the registration numbers of the designations, the State Standards of the Russian Federation should be listed first, and then the industry standards.

The definitions should accurately and clearly define the concepts and terms used in the standard.

In designations and abbreviations, all designations and abbreviations used in this standard should be deciphered with the necessary explanations. Moreover, designations and abbreviations must be written in the order in which they are used in the standard.

Requirements can be approved in fundamental standards, standards for products (services), standards for control methods. The choice of the type of standard depends on the characteristic features and characteristics of the object of standardization.

All additional material (for example, tables, graphs, calculations) is placed in the appendices.

Bibliographic data of the State Standards of the Russian Federation include: designation affixed by the State Standard of Russia; code of the All-Russian classifier of standards; classifier code of State standards; code of the All-Union classifier of standards and specifications.

The procedure for the development and approval of the standard

The development of a standard begins with applications for development. The following entities can apply for the development of a standard in accordance with the objects of standardization subordinate to them: State bodies and organizations; scientific, technical, engineering and other public associations and various enterprises.

In order for the State Standard of the Russian Federation to take into account the application when drawing up the annual standardization plan, it is necessary that the application clearly justifies the relevance of establishing such a standard. Moreover, applicants have the opportunity to propose their own version of this standard.

Then, an agreement is concluded between the applicant and the developer, which regulates the development of the standard in the following stages: writing the terms of reference; work on the draft standard; sending the developed version of the standard for consideration to the State Standard; changing the standard if necessary; revision and cancellation of the standard.

The terms of reference are the basis for all further work on the standard. It outlines the deadlines for each stage of development, outlines the standard being developed, forms a complete set of requirements, rules and norms for the standard, indicates the intended scope of the standard. When developing a standard, feedback about the standard from subjects from its scope can be taken into account.

The development of the project includes two stages.

1. First edition. At this stage, it should be checked whether the project has any contradictions with the current laws of the Russian Federation and whether it complies with International standards. At this stage, the project is discussed by a special group, which must decide whether it satisfies the terms of the contract, the drafted terms of reference and the provisions of the State Standardization System. Then applicants and subjects from the scope of the standard should familiarize themselves with its first edition.

2. Second, or final, edition. At this stage, the received feedback is collected, adjustments are made on their basis, and the final version of the document is prepared. For a document to be recommended for adoption, it must be positively evaluated by at least two-thirds of the technical standardization committee that developed it. The final version of the document is sent to the State Standard of the Russian Federation and its customer.

The adoption of the standard occurs only after its mandatory verification, which should determine whether this draft contains contradictions with the current laws of the Russian Federation, established rules and regulations and general requirements for the design of standards. After that, the standard can be adopted by the State Standard of the Russian Federation, indicating the date of its entry into force and, possibly (optionally), the validity period. The adopted standard must be registered and published in the Information Index.

For dynamic development and effective use of advanced achievements of science and technology, it is necessary that the adopted standards be updated in a timely manner. Updating of standards is also necessary in order for standardization objects to fully meet the needs of the population and the economy of the country. The updating and analysis of existing standards is carried out by technical committees for standardization with the assistance of interested parties.

If it is required to update the standard, the technical committee must submit a draft change, a draft updated standard for consideration to Gosstandart, or propose to cancel this standard. The need to update standards is usually due to new achievements in scientific and technological progress. But the products that are produced under the updated standard must be compatible with the products that will be produced according to the updated standard.

A revision of the State Standard is necessary if the main indicators of product quality change significantly and the changes made relate to its compatibility and interchangeability. In this case, instead of the existing State standard, a new one should be developed.

The cancellation of the standard occurs, as a rule, if the object of standardization is no longer produced, or if a new standard with higher requirements and norms is approved. The canceled standard may not be replaced by a new one.

All decisions on the revision, updating and cancellation of standards are made by the State Standard of the Russian Federation. Information about the decisions taken is published in the Information Index.

If it is an industry standard, then these decisions are made by the State Administration that established the standard.

Enterprise standards are administered by the management of the enterprises. It can cancel and update the standards of the enterprise at its own discretion, but on condition that the changes in the standards do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and the mandatory requirements of the State Standards.

Changes in the standards of scientific, technical, engineering and other public associations are determined by new achievements in science and technical progress, the latest scientific discoveries.

The subjects of standardization must timely submit information about all changes and cancellation of standards to the State Standard of the Russian Federation.

9. Classification of accommodation facilities

Tourist accommodation facilities - any object intended for tourists (hotel, hotel, tourist base, etc.)

Accommodation facilities, according to the Decree of the State Standard of the Russian Federation of July 9, 1998, are divided into collective and individual.

Collective accommodation facilities are hotels (including apartment type), motels, clubs with accommodation, boarding houses, furnished rooms, hostels, specialized accommodation facilities: sanatoriums, dispensaries, hunter's (fisherman's) houses, congress centers,

public means of transport (trains, cruise ships, yachts), land and water transport converted into overnight accommodation facilities, campsites (camping sites, caravans).

Individual accommodation facilities include apartments, rooms in apartments, houses, cottages for rent.

General requirements for accommodation facilities, according to the Decree of the State Standard.

1. Public means of transport must comply with the requirements set by industry standards.

For collective accommodation facilities

2. Accommodation facilities must have convenient entrances with the necessary road signs.

3. The area adjacent to the accommodation facilities should be illuminated in the evening, landscaped, should have a hard surface area for short-term parking of vehicles and the necessary reference and information signs.

4. Accommodation facilities must have:

1) lighting in residential and public premises - natural and artificial, corridors must be lit around the clock naturally and artificially;

2) cold and hot water supply, sewerage. In areas with possible interruptions in water supply, the management is obliged to provide residents with a minimum supply of water, which should be enough for at least a day and provide water heating.

3) heating, maintaining the optimum temperature in the premises;

4) ventilation providing air circulation;

5) telephone communication;

6) Passenger elevator if needed. For individual accommodation facilities

5. The minimum area of ​​a living room must be at least 9 square meters. m.

6. In the living room, which is an individual means of accommodation, there must be: furniture, inventory and bed linen (the number of sets required by the number of residents); thick curtains or blinds, broadcasting network (connection to all living rooms); ceiling and bedside lamps, electrical outlets with voltage indication; door locks with internal fuse.

7. The bathroom must be equipped with a washbasin, toilet bowl, bathtub or shower.

8. In the collective accommodation facilities for tourists must be present:

1) household self-service room;

2) a room that meets sanitary and fire safety standards for daily meals and / or a kitchen for self-cooking;

3) a room (part of the room) that meets the standards of sanitary and fire safety for leisure activities (various events, cultural programs, watching TV programs and other events);

4) storage room;

5) devices that provide the necessary amenities for people with limited legal capacity and the disabled.

10. Standardization methods

Standardization Method is a set of means to achieve the goals of standardization.

Consider the main methods of standardization.

1. Ordering of standardization objects is a universal method of standardization of goods, works and services. This method systematizes the variety of products. The result of applying this method are lists of products, descriptions of typical designs, sample forms of various documentation. Ordering includes systematization, simplification, selection, typing, and optimization.

Systematization of standardization objects is a consistent, scientifically based classification and ranking of specific objects of standardization. Examples of systematization are various types of all-Russian classifiers.

Selection of standardization objects - this is the selection of objects of standardization that are suitable for further production and use.

Simplification - activities that identify objects of standardization that are inappropriate to use for production. Simplification limits the list of products used in production to the optimal quantity that meets the needs.

Typification of standardization objects is the development and approval of standard objects or samples. Designs, technological norms and documentation rules are typified. Typification is carried out in order to highlight a common feature for a set of homogeneous objects.

Optimization of standardization objects - activities that determine the optimal main parameters and values ​​of other indicators required for a given quality level. As a result of optimization, the optimal degree of ordering and efficiency should be achieved according to the selected criterion.

2. Parametric standardization - standardization aimed at fixing the optimal numerical values ​​of parameters determined by a strict mathematical pattern.

A product parameter is a quantitative characteristic of product properties. Parameters are main and basic.

The main parameters characterize the technological and operational properties of products and processes.

The main parameters do not change their value with technology improvements, changes in the materials used. This type of parameters best defines the properties of products and processes. There may be several main parameters.

Each specific type of product has its own set of parameters, which is called iPart. An example of a parametric series can be a dimension series.

Parametric standardization, i.e., standardization of parametric series, is the definition of numerical values ​​and nomenclature of the series parameters.

When standardizing a parametric series, it is necessary to take into account the interests of both consumers and manufacturers. If, for example, the frequency of the series is set too high, the consumers will be completely satisfied, and the producers will suffer from very high production costs.

3. Product unification - rational reduction to the optimal level of the number of types of objects of one functional purpose. Unification includes: classification and ranking, selection and simplification, typing and optimization of standardization objects.

Unification is carried out in the following areas:

1) determination of parametric and dimensional ranges for products, machines, parts and devices;

2) creation of types (samples) of products for the subsequent unification of aggregates of homogeneous products;

3) unification of technological processes;

4) reduction to the optimal minimum range of products and materials used.

According to the area of ​​implementation, unification is divided into intersectoral, sectoral and factory. According to the principles of implementation - into intraspecific and interspecific. An indicator of the level of unification is the level of unification of products. It reflects the content of unified components in the product.

One of the indicators of unification is the coefficient of applicability:

where n₀ - the number of original parts, n - the total number of parts.

This coefficient can be applied to one product or to a set of products, as well as for a unified series.

4. Aggregation. This method consists in the construction of machines and devices from a certain number of unified parts that are functionally and geometrically interconnected.

When using this method, the entire design of a device or machine is considered as a set of independent components (assemblies), each of which is assigned a specific function in the overall mechanism. The purpose of aggregation is to increase the capacity of enterprises without extra costs for the development of each machine or device separately.

5. Comprehensive standardization. With this method of standardization, a set of interrelated requirements for the object of standardization and its components is purposefully and systematically approved and used to obtain an optimal solution to the problem. If the object of complex standardization is products, then the requirements are approved and applied to its quality, the quality of the raw materials and materials used, operation and storage. The main objectives of the development of integrated standardization are:

1) high level of scientific and technical requirements of standards;

2) taking into account the requirements of production and markets in standards;

3) ensuring the relationship of requirements, norms and rules contained in the standards;

4) approval of the procedure for the implementation of programs of this standardization method.

6. Advanced standardization is to establish progressive in relation to the achieved level of requirements, which, according to forecasts, will be optimal in the future.

Advanced standardization allows you to remove obstacles to technical progress that may arise due to the static nature and rapid obsolescence of standards.

11. Methods for determining quality indicators

Product quality indicators are the numerical characteristics of one or many product properties that determine its quality, and taken under the established conditions of its manufacture and operation.

The following indicators of product quality are distinguished:

1) single (for one of the properties of the product);

2) complex (for several properties);

3) defining (in connection with its value, further actions are determined);

4) integral.

The criterion for separating the methods for determining the values ​​of product quality indicators is the methods and sources of the information obtained about the quality of the products we are interested in.

According to this criterion, methods for determining the values ​​of product quality indicators are divided into:

1) measuring methods;

2) registration methods;

3) organoleptic methods;

4) calculation methods.

measuring method. When using this method of determining the values ​​of quality indicators, information about the products of interest to us is obtained using direct measurements by various technical measuring instruments. The results obtained, as a rule, must be converted using appropriate conversions to normal or standard conditions.

Basis registration method are information obtained by counting the number of certain events or costs, for example, the number of product failures during testing. Using this method, for example, indicators of unification are determined.

Organoleptic method is based on the use of the results of the analysis of the perception of products by sight, touch, smell, hearing, touch and taste. The values ​​of the indicators are expressed in points, which are found by analyzing the results obtained on the basis of experience. When using this method, it is permissible to use such technical means as a magnifying glass, a microscope, etc. The organoleptic method is used to determine the quality indicators of products that have an emotional impact on the consumer (perfumes, cosmetics, tobacco, etc.)

Calculation method is based on data obtained with the help of empirical and theoretical dependencies. This method is used in the development of products for which it is not yet possible to conduct tests and experimental studies.

Methods for determining quality indicators are divided into expert, traditional and sociological, depending on the source of information used.

The traditional method determination of the values ​​of the product quality indicator is carried out by authorized officials of special experimental departments (laboratories, testing stations, test sites, etc.) and calculation departments (design departments, computer centers, reliability services, etc.) of enterprises and organizations.

expert method determination of the values ​​of product quality indicators is carried out by experts and specialists

(merchandisers, tasters, etc.). This method is used to determine such quality indicators that cannot be determined by more efficient methods.

sociological method determination of product quality indicators is carried out by direct or potential consumers of this product. The collection of information necessary for this method is carried out by conducting sociological surveys, distributing special questionnaires and organizing various kinds of tastings.

In order to achieve the greatest efficiency, it is permissible to use several methods for determining the values ​​of product quality indicators simultaneously.

12. Fundamental State standards

The Russian Federation has a State Standardization System (SSS). All organizational and practical issues of standardization are solved with the help of the Fundamental Standards of the State Standardization System of the Russian Federation. The set of State Fundamental Standards includes:

1) GOST R 1.0-92 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Basic provisions". This standard regulates the main goals and objectives of standardization, norms and rules of standardization work, types and requirements for the execution of regulatory documents, varieties of standards, conditions for cooperation with other countries in the field of standardization, the use of regulatory documents and specifications, as well as methods for monitoring compliance with mandatory requirements of State standards;

2) GOST R 1.2-92 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Procedure for the development of State standards". This standard regulates the basic norms and rules for the development, approval, adoption, registration, publication, application, modification, revision and cancellation of RF standards;

3) GOST R 1.4-93 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Industry standards, standards of enterprises, scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations. General provisions".

This standard regulates the basic requirements for the development, approval, registration, publication, application, supervision of compliance with mandatory requirements, updating, revision and cancellation of industry standards The objects of standardization and the basic principles for the development and use of standards for enterprises, scientific and technical societies, engineering societies and other public associations;

4) GOST R 1.5-92 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards". The requirements of this standard apply only to federal level standards. For standards of a lower level, only the requirements for the designation of standards are established. The provisions of this standard may be applied to lower level standards on a voluntary basis. That is, this standard can be used in the development of standards for standardization objects of different levels;

5) GOST R 1.8-2002 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Interstate standards. Rules for the development, application, updating and termination of application in terms of work carried out in the Russian Federation." This standard regulates the stages of development of Interstate standards; the principles by which the relevant secretariats should be guided when considering draft Interstate Standards; conditions for the adoption of these standards; the procedure for updating the existing Interstate Standards and their cancellation in the Russian Federation;

6) GOST R 1.9-95 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. The procedure for marking products and services with the sign of compliance with State standards". This standard establishes the basic rules and norms for labeling products and services and the conditions for obtaining licenses that give the right to label products and services with a mark of compliance with State standards;

7) GOST R 1.10-95 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. The procedure for the development, adoption, registration of rules and recommendations for standardization, metrology, certification, accreditation and information about them." This standard regulates the procedure for developing, agreeing, using, approving, registering, publishing, updating, changing and canceling rules, norms and recommendations in the field of standardization, metrology, certification and accreditation. It also establishes requirements for information about the rules and recommendations and for the forms of their presentation;

8) GOST R 1.11-99 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Metrological examination of projects of State standards". This standard approves the procedure for the implementation of metrological studies of draft State standards;

9) GOST R 1.12-99 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. Standardization and related fields of activity. Terms and definitions";

10) GOST 1.13-2001 "State system of standardization of the Russian Federation. The procedure for preparing notifications on draft regulatory documents";

11) PR 50.1.002-94 Rules for standardization. "The procedure for submitting to the State Standard of the Russian Federation information on the adopted standards of industries, standards of scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations";

12) PR 50.1.008-95 Rules for standardization. "Organization and implementation of work on international standardization in the Russian Federation";

13) PR 50.74-94 Rules for standardization. "Preparation of draft State standards of the Russian Federation and draft amendments to them for adoption, State registration and publication";

14) PR 50-688-92 Rules for standardization. "Temporary model provisions on the technical committee for standardization";

15) PR 50-718-99 Rules for standardization. "Rules for filling out and submitting catalog sheets of products";

16) PR 50-734-93 Rules for standardization. "Procedure for the development of all-Russian classifiers of technical, economic and social information".

LECTURE No. 4. Basics of certification and licensing

1. General concepts of certification, objects and purposes of certification

The certification procedure is aimed at confirming the compliance of the object of certification with the norms and requirements imposed on it.

As a result of laboratory research and testing, an act is drawn up on the compliance or non-compliance of the research object with the necessary requirements of the standard or technical specifications. In case of compliance of the object of certification on the basis of the act, a certificate of conformity of the object under study with the required quality parameters is issued.

Certification is carried out both on a voluntary basis and on a voluntary basis. Three parties are involved in the certification procedure.

The first party is the manufacturer or seller of the product The second party is the buyer or consumer of the product.

The third party is an independent body from the first and second parties.

The objects of certification are: consumer goods, services, processes, jobs, quality system personnel, etc.

In a market economy, the manufacturer is fighting for the competitiveness of their products. In pursuit of quick profits, unscrupulous manufacturers offer products that can harm human health and the environment.

The state, represented by the legislature, establishes legal, administrative and civil liability for putting low-quality products into circulation, and also determines the basic mandatory requirements for the characteristics of the product as a whole and its individual parameters.

The main objectives of certification of products, including imported ones, are as follows.

1. Ensuring consumer confidence in the quality of goods and services.

2. Facilitating the choice of necessary goods and services for the consumer.

3. Providing the consumer with reliable information about the quality of goods and services.

4. Ensuring protection in competition with non-certified goods and services.

5. Prevention of access to low-quality imported products.

6. Influence on the development of the scientific and technical process.

7. Promoting the growth of the organizational and technical process.

All work on certification is carried out by the certification system, headed by the State Standard of the Russian Federation on the basis of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services".

A special role in the certification work is given to the development of enterprise quality systems and environmental protection systems in accordance with the international standards of the ISO 9000 and ISO 14 series.

Certification of goods and services is carried out at the international, state (national) and regional levels.

2. Conditions for certification

When carrying out the certification procedure, the following conditions must be met.

1. Certification works are carried out on the basis of the legislative framework (Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services", Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights" and other regulations).

2. Enterprises, organizations, institutions participate in the certification work; the form of ownership of organizations does not matter.

3. Harmonization of recommendations and rules for certification with international rules, norms and recommendations. Harmonization ensures recognition of marks of conformity and certificates outside of Russia and interaction with national, regional and international certification systems of other countries.

4. Openness of information: when carrying out certification, it is necessary to ensure that all parties involved in the procedure - the manufacturer or producer, consumer, enterprise, public organizations and other legal and natural persons interested in the certification result are informed.

5. Secrecy of information: when conducting certification, it is necessary to ensure the confidentiality of information that is a commercial secret.

3. Rules and procedures for certification

Rules and procedures for certification

1. The applicant submits an application to the appropriate body for the certification procedure. Information about this body is provided by the territorial body of the State Standard or in the State Standard.

2. The certification body accepts an application for consideration, makes a decision that includes all the necessary basic conditions for certification, including material costs, a list of accredited testing laboratories that have received a certificate for the right to conduct tests, and a list of organizations that have permission to certify systems quality or production.

3. The applicant selects a testing laboratory or a body for certification of quality systems or production from the list proposed by the certification body, and an agreement on certification is concluded with the certification body.

4. The testing laboratory or certification body performs the procedure for selecting the necessary samples for testing.

5. The body for the certification of the quality system or production or the commission of the certification body conducts an analysis of the actual state of production or the quality system and draws up a conclusion to the certification body.

6. The applicant and the certification body receive a test report drawn up on the basis of the studies carried out by the testing laboratory.

7. The certification body, after analyzing the test report, conclusions on the actual state of production and other data on the compliance of this product with the regulatory requirements for compliance with which the product is being tested, comes to a decision to issue a certificate of conformity or refuse to issue a certificate of conformity. Based on the received certificate of conformity, a license is issued that gives the right to use the mark of conformity.

8. The certification body duly draws up and registers the certificate of conformity and hands it over to the applicant simultaneously with the license to use the mark of conformity.

9. Products subject to mandatory certification are marked by the manufacturer with a mark of conformity in accordance with the requirements of the document "Rules for the use of the mark of conformity for mandatory certification of products".

10. Control over the certified products is carried out in accordance with the procedure chosen during the development of the necessary certification scheme by the certification body.

Table 2

Stages of the product certification process

4. Development of certification

One of the first countries to establish the mark of conformity is Germany. It was in it that in 1920 the Standards Institute established the mark of conformity with the DIN standard, registered in Germany on the basis of the Law "On the Protection of Trademarks". In the same period, the VDE (German Electrotechnical Association) certification system began to develop and operate in Germany.

In the UK, certification procedures are handled by several national systems. The most significant system is the British Standards Institute. Products certified under this system are awarded a special kite mark, certifying that they comply with British National Standards.

Products certified in France use the NF mark. This mark was developed by the national certification system. The French Association for Standardization (AFNOR) organizes and manages the national certification system. The presence of a mark on the product indicates that this product fully complies with the requirements of the standards in force in France. Products that do not have the NF mark are not in consumer demand. In this regard, in France, in order to obtain the NF mark, more than 75% of products manufactured by French companies undergo a voluntary certification procedure.

In December 1989, the Council of the EU adopted the document "Global Concept for Certification and Testing", the main task of which is to ensure certification and accreditation according to a single European standard and to form a consumer's trust in a European product.

In 1979, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On improving planning and strengthening the impact of the economic mechanism on increasing the efficiency of production and the quality of work."

In 1986, the "Temporary regulation on the certification of engineering products in the USSR. RD 50598-86" establishes the basic requirements and rules for the certification of engineering products.

In 1992, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" was put into effect, which is the basis for certification of products and services of GOST.

In 1993, the Federal Law "On Certification of Products and Services" is adopted, which is valid until the adoption in 2002 of the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation".

The concept of "certification" was defined and included in the ISO Guide (ISO/IEC 2) "General terms and definitions in the field of standardization, accreditation and certification of testing laboratories".

Certification Committee (CERTICO) of the international organization (ISO) for standardization in 1982, the concept of "certification" is defined by the action confirming the established certificate or law of conformity that a product or service meets the requirements, certain standards or other regulatory documents

5. The concept of product quality

Quality of products or services - this is a certain list of indicators of the properties of a product or service, thanks to which they are able to satisfy the necessary needs of the consumer during their use and operation, including destruction and disposal.

In our time, such concepts as profitability, efficiency, productivity, price, profit are closely related to indicators of product quality. Quality becomes an object of planning at all levels of the state. In this regard, there is a need for a numerical expression for measuring and evaluating product quality.

Qualimetry from lat. "kvali" - "which", etc. - gr. "metreo" - "measure, measure". The development of qualimetry occurs in two main directions.

1. Applied Qualimetry - develops methods for quality assessment.

2. Theoretical qualimetry considers surveys of methodology and evaluation of the quality of the object.

The main goals of qualimetry are: 1) creation of methods for determining the numerical values ​​of quality indicators, data processing and determination of requirements that ensure the accuracy of calculations;

2) creation of a list of methods for determining the most optimal values ​​of product quality indicators;

3) justification of the selected list of product quality indicators in the development of ways to improve quality and planned standardization;

4) determination of common methods for assessing the level of product quality to be able to compare the results;

5) determination of uniform methods for assessing individual properties of products.

To determine the quality of products, three independent concepts are used.

1. Product quality - product properties that determine its ability to meet the needs associated with the purpose of the product.

2. The main (single) product quality - determines one, the primary property of the product and determines the use value.

3. Integral product quality - is determined by the totality of all properties (economic, aesthetic and functional) of products.

Methods for determining product quality indicators are as follows.

1. measuring method - product data is obtained by using technical measuring instruments. Using this method, physical parameters are determined (speed, mass, geometric dimensions, etc.).

2. Calculation method - based on the processing of information obtained by theoretical and empirical dependencies, and serves to determine power, mass, performance, etc.

3. Organoleptic method - is based on the perception of the human senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell) and is expressed in points. Using this method, the quality indicators of perfumery, tobacco, confectionery and other types of products are determined.

4. The traditional method - carried out by competent specialists in laboratories, on test benches, etc.

5. expert method - carried out by specialists - experts (designers, merchandisers, tasters, etc.).

6. sociological method - direct use of products by the consumer and the collection of information about the quality of products through questionnaires, exhibitions, conferences, etc.

Nomenclature of product quality indicators.

1. Purpose indicators - characterize the properties of the product that determine the functions for which it is intended.

When determining destination indicators, the following are taken into account:

1) the purpose of the assessment being performed;

2) conditions of operation or use of products;

3) purpose of products.

The group of target indicators includes subgroups:

1) indicators of structure and composition - chemical composition, structure, components;

2) classification indicators - depend on the specifics of the product;

3) indicators of technical excellence - reflect the relevance of the technical solution adopted when creating products.

2. Reliability indicators determine the properties of products to maintain the specified quality parameters during operation, repair, transportation, etc.

Reliability indicators include:

1) persistence - the property to maintain the specified quality parameters during storage and transportation;

2) maintainability - the property of products to detect, prevent and eliminate failures and damages;

3) reliability - the property of products to maintain performance in a certain period of time;

4) durability - indicators that determine the resource or service life of products.

3. Manufacturability indicators characterize the effectiveness of design and technological solutions adopted in the production and operation of products.

The main indicators of manufacturability are cost, labor intensity, material consumption.

Relative indicators of manufacturability - the coefficient of use of the material.

4. Indicators of standardization and unification are determined by the level of use of standard components and parts in the product, as well as the degree of their unification.

Indicators of standardization and unification are expressed:

1) coefficient of applicability;

2) repeatability coefficient;

3) unification coefficient.

5. Transportability indicators - the property of products to maintain quality indicators in the process of movement that is not associated with operation.

Direct indicators of transportability are the costs of preparation for transportation, transportation and preparation for operation after transportation.

6. Ergonomic indicators characterize the degree of human interaction with the product.

Ergonomic indicators include:

1) anthropometric - compliance with the size of the human body;

2) hygienic - noise level, illumination, toxicity, etc.;

3) physiological - compliance with the physical capabilities of a person;

4) psychophysiological - take into account the capabilities of the human senses;

5) psychological - take into account the characteristics of the human nervous system.

7. Aesthetic indicators characterize the composition, form and rationality of products.

8. Patent-legal indicators characterize the patent protection of new technologies.

Patent-legal indicators include:

1) the indicator of patent protection indicates the use in a product manufactured in our country of inventions recognized in Russia and abroad;

2) the indicator of patent purity indicates the possibility of selling products in Russia and abroad.

9. Uniformity indicators characterize the invariability of product parameters during mass production.

10. Sustainability indicators - the ability of products to maintain their properties when interacting with a harmful environment during operation.

11. Environmental indicators determine the level of harmful effects on the environment and humans that occurs at the time of product operation.

12. Safety indicators are determined during operation for service personnel.

13. Economic indicators determine the costs for the development, production and operation of products.

6. Consumer protection

Consumer protection from low-quality products is carried out in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services". In accordance with the current legislation, the following persons are liable for violation of the rules of mandatory certification:

1) individuals;

2) legal entities;

3) bodies of federal executive power. Responsibility for violation of the law can be:

1) criminal;

2) administrative;

3) civil law.

7. Certification system. Certification Scheme

The system of mandatory certification GOSTR, created and managed by Gosstandart of Russia, includes:

1) certification systems for homogeneous types of products (light industry goods, food products and food raw materials, dishes, toys, etc.);

2) certification systems for homogeneous types of services (hotel services, catering services, education services, medical services, etc.).

The voluntary certification system consists of more than 100 voluntary certification systems:

1) certification system for ecological production (Eko Niva);

2) vehicle valuation system (SERTO-CAT);

3) system of certification of sanatorium and health-improving services (CSCR), etc.

At present, preference is given to mandatory certification in Russia, and voluntary certification abroad.

A certain combination, necessary during the certification procedure of inspection and control actions, constitutes a certification scheme. In each process of certification of a product or service, a certain certification scheme is adopted, taking into account the characteristics of the product, the organization of its production, economic indicators, etc.

ISO has carried out a compilation of experience in the application of certification schemes.

Along with the certification schemes used and adopted by foreign and international organizations, the document "Procedure for Certification of Products in the Russian Federation" suggests several more schemes. In total, this document contains 16 different certification schemes, which are defined as recommended.

The main task when choosing a certification scheme is to provide the necessary evidence for certification.

8. Mandatory certification. Voluntary certification

Mandatory certification - the procedure for confirmation by an accredited body for certification of product compliance with established mandatory requirements, is a form of control of the state and the safety of products and services.

Mandatory certification is carried out in cases specified in the legislative acts of the Russian Federation:

1) laws of the Russian Federation;

2) normative acts of the Government of the Russian Federation.

According to Art. 7 of the Law "On Protection of Consumer Rights" the list of goods (works and services) is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation and is subject to mandatory certification.

Taking into account these lists, the Gosstandart of Russia developed and put into effect the Decree "Nomenclature of products and services (works) subject, in accordance with the legislative acts of the Russian Federation, to mandatory certification."

The list includes classes of the All-Russian classifier with a two-row code (OK 005-93-OKP - for products, OK 002-93-OKUN - for services) and contains an object

you, subject to mandatory certification at the moment, and objects, mandatory certification of which is marked in the future.

The nomenclature contains types of products and services with a six-digit code and consists of objects subject to mandatory certification at the moment.

When conducting mandatory certification, they confirm the mandatory requirements for products or services established by law for mandatory certification.

In accordance with Art. 7 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights" when conducting mandatory certification, it is necessary to confirm the safety of goods, works or services.

The certificate of conformity and the sign of conformity issued on the basis of the mandatory certification procedure are valid throughout the Russian Federation.

A special authorized body of the federal executive power in the field of certification of goods, works and services - Gosstandart of Russia - is engaged in carrying out and organizing work on mandatory certification.

The procedure for conducting mandatory certification of certain types of goods, works and services is carried out by other federal bodies.

Participants of obligatory certification are:

1) manufacturer of products and service provider (first party);

2) the customer and the seller (can be both the first and second parties);

3) organizations that have the authority to certify goods, works and services (third party).

Voluntary certification - the procedure carried out

in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services" at the initiative of the applicant to confirm the conformity of products or services with the required standards, rules, specifications, recipes and other regulatory documents submitted by the applicant.

The condition for the voluntary certification procedure is an agreement signed between the certification body and the applicant. Voluntary certification does not replace the mandatory certification of goods, works and services. Nevertheless, goods, works and services that have passed mandatory certification can be checked for compliance with additional requirements using voluntary certification.

9. Certification bodies

The certification body (CB) performs the following actions:

1) certification of goods, works and services; issuance of certificates and licenses for the use of marks of conformity;

2) conducting inspection control over certified goods, works and services;

3) suspend or cancel the validity of certificates issued by him for goods, works and services;

4) provide the applicant with the necessary information;

5) is responsible for compliance with the rules for certification of goods, works and services; the correctness of issuing certificates of conformity.

Testing laboratories (TL) that have passed accreditation perform the following functions:

1) testing of specific products;

2) carrying out specific types of tests;

3) issuance of test reports required for certification;

4) is responsible for the reliability of the results and compliance with the requirements of certification tests.

A certification body that has received accreditation as a testing laboratory is called a certification center.

To coordinate and organize work in certification systems for homogeneous types of products or services, central bodies of certification systems (CSOs) have been created.

DSPs are:

1) All-Russian Research Institute of Certification (carries out voluntary certification in the GOST R Certification System);

2) Technical Center of the Register of Quality Systems (carries out voluntary and mandatory certification and is part of the State Standard of Russia), etc. The duties of the CSO are:

1) coordination and organization of work in the led certification system;

2) definition of rules of procedure;

3) consideration of the applicant's appeal against the actions of the IL or OS.

The specially authorized federal executive body for certification Gosstandart performs the following duties:

1) formation and implementation of the state policy in the field of certification;

2) establishment of general rules and recommendations for certification in the Russian Federation and publication of information about them;

3) implementation of the state registration of certification systems and conformity marks operating on the territory of the Russian Federation;

4) publication of official information on certification systems and marks of conformity operating in the territory of the Russian Federation;

5) submission of information to international organizations for certification;

6) development of proposals for joining international certification systems;

7) conclusion of agreements with international organizations on mutual recognition of certification results;

8) representation of the Russian Federation in international organizations on certification issues;

9) implementation of intersectoral coordination in the field of certification.

Expert - the main participant in the work on certification, having a certificate for the right to perform one or more types of work in the field of certification of goods, works or services.

Federal executive authorities take part in certification activities. The coordination and work of these bodies is carried out with the participation of the State Standard.

Coordination is carried out on the basis of agreements that stipulate the choice of certification systems for objects of certification, an accreditation body, etc.

On the basis of the agreement, the federal body has the right to: 1) carry out certification outside the GOST R system according to its own rules with the issuance and issuance of a certificate and a mark of conformity;

2) be a member of the GOST R system and perform work in accordance with the rules of the system.

10. Confirmation of compliance. Compliance Forms

Confirmations of conformity are:

1. Certification of products - a conformity assessment procedure whereby a body or person (third party), independent of the manufacturer, seller or performer (first party) and consumer or buyer (second party), certifies in writing that the product conforms to established regulatory requirements.

2. Product Declaration - notification by the manufacturer, seller or contractor in writing of the compliance of the product or service offered by him with the necessary regulatory requirements.

The list of products, the conformity of which can be confirmed by the declaration, is approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The declaration of conformity has the same legal force as the certificate. All responsibility for the quality of products rests with the bearer of the declaration (manufacturer, seller, performer).

Conformity confirmation forms

1. Certificate of conformity - an official document issued according to certain rules of the system for carrying out the certification procedure, providing confirmation of certified products for compliance with established regulatory requirements.

2. Declaration of Conformity - a document in which the manufacturer, seller or performer directly certifies that the product or service offered by him fully complies with the required rules and regulations.

3. Mark of conformity - a mark registered in a strictly established manner, defined in this certification system and confirming full compliance of the products marked with the mark with the established regulatory requirements.

11. Accreditation of certification bodies

The functions of the certification body are performed by the State Standard of Russia. Within the competence of this body, the development of procedures, rules and procedures for accreditation is carried out. The necessary requirements for documents, experts and objects of accreditation are developed, as well as interaction with international accreditation bodies is carried out.

Accreditation, like certification, is carried out in areas regulated and unregulated by law.

The area regulated by law includes accreditation of testing laboratories and certification bodies that ensure the implementation of mandatory certification. This is due to the requirements of legislation to ensure the safety of products and services for humans and the environment.

An area not regulated by law includes the coordination of the work of testing laboratories and certification bodies that ensure the implementation of voluntary certification.

The Accreditation Council considers and resolves issues in the following areas:

1) determination of the parameters of general technical requirements in the processes of performing work on accreditation;

2) study and research of advanced technologies in this field;

3) solution of economic issues;

4) organization of the coordinated work of the bodies carrying out accreditation;

5) close cooperation with international accreditation bodies;

6) systematic summing up and analysis of the activities of accreditation bodies;

7) compiling a register of objects that have passed accreditation and experts in the accreditation procedure The accreditation body manages the accreditation system in accordance with the requirements established by the RF GOST R 51000.2-95 standard, taking into account the pan-European requirements of the EK45003 standard. To obtain the right to carry out accreditation work, the body must have the necessary legal status; stable funding; an established organizational scheme that ensures professional competence, absolute independence and impartiality in the course of accreditation work; premises and modern technical equipment; highly qualified specialists and employees; the required regulatory and technical literature on the criteria and ongoing accreditation processes; a developed system that ensures the quality of accreditation work.

At the moment, the following structures are carrying out the accreditation of bodies and testing laboratories in Russia.

1. Subdivisions of Gosstandart - for carrying out works on obligatory certification.

2. Central bodies of certification systems - for carrying out works on voluntary certification.

The executive directorate of the body consists of the head, expert auditors, accounting department, secretariat and performs all the necessary tasks related to the conduct and organization of work on the implementation of accreditation.

The Governing Council consists of employees of ministries, trade union organizations, departments, enterprises and other departments interested in and organizing work in this process for the implementation of accreditation.

The Supervisory Board consists of representatives of the founding organizations and oversees the work of accreditation.

The Appeal Commission accepts for consideration complaints from applicants regarding the performance of accreditation work.

Responsibility for the quality assurance system rests with an employee of the organization or an independent person invited from outside and having the appropriate skills and qualifications.

The Accreditation Commission approves the acts of examination on the completed accreditation and decides whether to issue or refuse to issue an accreditation certificate.

Sector committees are made up of specialists from organizations of various profiles and specialists hired to assist in the development of accreditation procedures and rules.

The procedure for applying for accreditation includes certain steps:

1) obtaining full information about the possibility of carrying out work on accreditation, the rules for conducting and the requirements of this testing laboratory or certification body;

2) consideration and preliminary discussion of issues of accreditation between the applicant and the contractor based on the submitted materials;

3) execution of an application for accreditation work, in which it is mandatory to indicate in which area accreditation is carried out, products or services, types and types of tests, form and terms of payment;

4) official registration of the submitted application for accreditation works;

5) duly formalizing an analysis of the data contained in the application and an annex to this application, containing the legal status of the organization performing certification work, information on areas, availability of qualified personnel, regulatory documentation, equipment, as well as a duly executed questionnaire with data on readiness to undergo accreditation and resolve the issue of quality assurance;

6) the conclusion of a bilateral agreement, in which the applicant and the performer stipulate the obligations and rights of both parties.

The examination procedure consists of:

1) approval of experts to carry out accreditation work, agreed with the applicant. A full-time employee is appointed as the head of the examination, and employees invited on the basis of a subcontracting agreement are appointed as technical consultants;

2) distribution by the chief expert among the members of the formed expert commission of certain responsibilities for conducting accreditation;

3) conducting an analysis of the organization carrying out accreditation;

4) organizing and conducting in the accreditation body or testing laboratory expertise on special and general issues;

5) compilation and execution of a report on the examination by members of the formed expert commission. The accreditation decision-making procedure consists of the following.

1. The head of the accreditation body and representatives of the sectoral committees that are members of the formed expert commission check the report on the results of the examination and decide to reject or approve the decision of the commission carrying out the examination.

2. If the commission decides positively, an accreditation certificate is issued indicating the scope of certification or testing and the validity period of the certificate.

3. Inclusion of an accredited certification body or testing laboratory in the register.

The procedure for conducting inspection control is carried out by the accreditation body and consists in monitoring the implementation of regulatory requirements for the performance of accreditation work throughout the validity period of the certificates.

Control is carried out once a year on the basis of a signed contract and is paid by the applicant himself.

Based on regulatory requirements, the accreditation body must:

1) have an organizational structure independent of outside influence, materially interested in the result of accreditation and protected from pressure or other actions that could affect the impartiality of the work performed;

2) have appropriate agreements giving the right to engage independent experts in the examination as consultants on technological issues.

The regular accreditation group includes a leader, an expert, an expert responsible for quality, a secretary, an accountant, external experts (if necessary).

List of required regulatory documentation for accreditation:

1) internal regulatory documentation of the accreditation body;

2) general regulatory documentation with established rules for accreditation;

3) reliable information about the accreditation body and information about its activities. The quality manual contains sections:

1) indicating the direction of policy in the problem of quality assurance;

2) a diagram of the organizational structure of the accreditation body;

3) functions and tasks of employees providing quality;

4) general quality assurance issues;

5) issues of phased quality assurance in the process of performing accreditation work;

6) interaction and correction of arising discrepancies;

7) the procedure for considering disputes, appeals and claims.

The quality assurance manual should be available and used by all personnel of the accreditation body.

12. Financing of works on certification

Mandatory public funding applies to:

1) direct development of forecasts in the field of certification;

2) development of rules and recommendations for the certification procedure;

3) providing the necessary official information in the field of certification;

4) participation in the work of international or regional organizations for the certification procedure;

5) organization for carrying out work with foreign state bodies for the implementation of certification;

6) participation in the development or development of international or regional recommendations and rules for the certification procedure;

7) development in the field of certification projects of the legislative power;

8) carrying out research or any other certification work of public interest;

9) organization and conduct of state supervision and control over compliance with the rules for the certification procedure and for products that have passed certification;

10) compilation and maintenance of the State Register for Accreditation and Certification;

11) ensuring the storage of archival materials on state registration of marks of conformity and certification systems;

12) organization and performance of other work on the implementation of mandatory certification, designated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Payment for work on the implementation of mandatory certification of this particular product must be made in the manner determined by the federal executive authorities in the field of certification work in Russia and the federal executive authorities in the field of finance. The financial costs used to carry out the procedure for mandatory certification of their products are included in its cost.

13. Certification of imported products

For consumer safety, mandatory certification of both domestic and imported products is carried out. Certification of products imported into Russia is carried out not only to ensure consumer safety, but also in connection with an increase in the flow of imported products to the domestic market of the Russian Federation.

Products entering the Russian market and subject to mandatory certification in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation must meet the necessary requirements of Russian certification systems.

Based on the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services", contracts or agreements for the supply of products in the Russian Federation, provided for certification, must have a certificate and a mark of conformity certifying its compliance with the necessary regulatory requirements.

Goods imported into the territory of Russia by the owner are not subject to certification in case of their personal use.

Goods for which safety confirmation is required, when imported into the Russian territory, are coded according to the TN VED (commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity). When importing a motor vehicle into Russia, a certificate of conformity "Approval of the type of vehicle" is issued.

A certificate or a certificate of its recognition is submitted to the customs authority along with cargo customs declarations and constitutes a package of documents required for registration and receipt for the import of goods into the territory of Russia.

Gosstandart together with the State Customs Committee (SCC) has established a list of goods for which safety confirmation is required when imported into the Russian Federation. Along with this, the State Customs Committee of Russia provides for the option of importing samples and samples to Russia in order to carry out their testing and certification.

Certain types of imported products must have confirmation of compliance with specific safety standards and requirements (hygienic, veterinary, etc.)

When importing goods into the territory of Russia subject to mandatory certification, along with the documents required for customs clearance, a customs declaration and a copy of the certificate are provided.

Perishable goods undergo customs clearance and certification out of turn.

Goods entering the domestic market of Russia undergo customs control and confirmation of their safety with the help of:

1) confirmation of a foreign certificate;

2) carrying out a certification test. Confirmation of foreign certificates is carried out by the territorial body of the State Standard.

The reached agreement on mutual recognition of the result of certification makes it possible not to certify imported goods imported into Russia.

Recognized certification bodies:

1) Dean GOST TUV - certification society in Europe;

2) Hungarian firm "Metrkontrol";

3) Swiss company SGS (or SGS), etc.

These bodies are classified by type of accreditation and location:

1) located on the territory of the Russian Federation and accredited by the GOST R Certification System;

2) located abroad and accredited by Gosstandart of Russia or representative offices of Gosstandart outside Russia in the GOST R Certification System;

3) are located abroad and accredited in foreign national certification systems and verified by the State Standard of Russia;

4) located in Russia or abroad and accredited by the certification system;

5) are accredited in accordance with the procedures and rules approved in eight countries - members of the Interstate Agreement on Standardization, Metrology and Certification.

Goods imported into the territory of Russia undergo certification before they are delivered to the Russian Federation. Test reports carried out in foreign laboratories are the basis for issuing and obtaining a certificate, provided that the testing laboratory is accredited by the State Standard and is entered in the Register of the system for the GOST R certification procedure.

Goods subject to certification for import into the territory of Russia must have information about it (labels, instructions, etc.) written in Russian.

Imported goods that are not confirmed by a safety certificate are not allowed through customs.

14. Nomenclature of certified services (works) and the procedure for their certification

Service is a widespread activity that fulfills the needs of customers by providing certain services needed by people, organizations or social groups.

The simplest services - assistance in everyday matters that do not require special training and knowledge.

Complex Services - provision of expensive assistance by qualified specialists with special knowledge and skills using the necessary equipment.

Certification of services includes such concepts as service, need, activity.

Large sectors of the economy are in the service sector:

1) transport;

2) finance;

3) healthcare;

4) trade;

5) science;

6) sports;

7) education, etc. The classification of services includes:

1) household services;

2) housing and communal services;

3) legal services;

4) services of freight and passenger transport, communications;

5) services of the education system, culture, tourist and excursion services;

6) services of physical culture and sports, medical, sanatorium and health services.

Nomenclature of certified services (works). By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the list of works and services includes household services subject to mandatory certification:

1) trade and catering services;

2) dry cleaning and storage;

3) hairdressing services;

4) housing and communal services (services of hotels and other places of residence);

5) repair and maintenance of household radio-electronic equipment, household appliances and household machines;

6) maintenance and repair of motor vehicles;

7) transport services (services for the transportation of passengers by road);

8) tourist and excursion services. In addition to existing regulatory documents (GOST, GOSTR, SNiP, SanPiN), when performing the certification procedure for services included in the List, the rules for performing a separate type of work and providing a separate type of service approved by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation are applied. These include:

1) rules for the sale of certain types of goods;

2) rules for the provision of public catering services;

3) the main provisions for the admission of vehicles into operation and the duties of officials to ensure road safety, etc. The work on certification of services is carried out in the same sequence as in the certification of products, and consists of six stages.

1. Registration and submission of an application for certification of services.

2. Consideration of the application and making a decision on the certification of the service.

3. Assessment of the necessary compliance of services and works with the established requirement.

4. Making a final decision on issuing a certificate.

5. Registration and issuance of a certificate and a license giving the right to use the mark of conformity.

6. Implementation of inspection control over the certified service or work.

When carrying out certification of services and works, seven schemes are used.

Scheme 1. The quality and safety of services depend on the performer (tour guide, hairdresser, teacher, etc.).

Diagram 2. Evaluation of the service delivery process:

1) availability of regulatory documentation;

2) methodological, metrological, informational, organizational and other support for the process of rendering services;

3) process stability and safety;

4) qualification and professionalism of working and maintenance personnel;

5) safety of the sold goods.

Scheme 3. Certification of production services. Scheme 4. Evaluation of the organization - the provider of services for compliance with state standards and the correctness of assigning a category (category, type, class, etc.).

Scheme 5. Certification of the most dangerous services and works (passenger, medical, etc.) is carried out according to the standards of the ISO 9 series.

Scheme 6. Certification of services and works of small enterprises.

Scheme 7. Certification of a contractor with a quality system.

To check the result of a service or work, sociological surveys are conducted or expert methods are used.

To evaluate material services (dry cleaning, repairs, etc.), an instrumental method is used. If necessary, the certification body has the right to involve a testing laboratory.

15. Regulatory framework for certification

Works on certification of goods and services are carried out on the basis of a system of documents that are mandatory (except for recommendations).

1. Legislative acts of the Russian Federation

This group of documents includes the laws of the Russian Federation:

1) Law of the Russian Federation "On certification of products and services";

2) Law of the Russian Federation "On consumer protection". On the basis of these laws, mandatory certification of objects (goods, services, jobs, etc.) specified in legislative acts is carried out, federal executive authorities are appointed, which must organize work on the certification procedure for these objects, create the necessary systems for the certification procedure , determine the list of goods and services subject to mandatory certification.

2. Bylaws - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation.

This group of documents performs the following functions:

1) develop and put into effect a list of goods, services and works subject to certification;

2) establish the rules for conducting the certification procedure on other issues;

3) determine the regulations for the implementation of the certification procedure for certain types of work and services.

3. Fundamental organizational and methodological documents

This group includes documents that define the requirements for organizational work on the certification procedure; participants in the certification procedure; establishment of uniform principles for the certification procedure.

The fundamental organizational and methodological documents are divided into two levels.

1) documents, the effect of which is carried out at the national (state) level, and covering all systems of certification of goods and services;

2) documents developed by the federal executive authorities and defining the functions of a particular certification system for goods and services.

4. Rules and regulations

This group of documents consists of organizational and methodological developments aimed at carrying out the certification procedure for homogeneous groups of goods and services ("Transport services, passenger transportation", Rules for the certification of food products and food raw materials, etc.).

5. Lists, nomenclatures and classifiers

List - a document that provides all participants in the work on the certification procedure with the required information about the goods and services specified for mandatory certification. Government of the Russian Federation. For products imported into the territory of Russia and subject to mandatory certification, the State Standard and the State Customs Committee have developed and put into effect the List of goods that require their confirmation when imported into the territory of the Russian Federation.

Based on the lists developed and approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, Gosstandart of Russia together with the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and Gosstroy, a nomenclature of objects is compiled. The nomenclature of goods and services subject to the mandatory certification procedure provides all parties involved in the certification with information about the regulatory documentation and the expanded range of goods and services on the basis of which the certification procedure is carried out.

The Government of the Russian Federation has established Lists of products (goods and services), the conformity of which can be confirmed by a declaration of conformity.

In the work on the procedure for certification of goods and services, the following are used:

1) All-Russian classifier of products (OKP) - designates and identifies the product using a 6-digit code;

2) All-Russian classifier of services to the population (OKUN) - designates and identifies work and service using a 6-bit code;

3) Commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity - an international classifier that designates and identifies import and export products using a 9-digit code.

6. Reference documents

They define and develop issues related to the organization of the certification procedure, the choice of methods and forms that increase the efficiency of the work of all specialists involved in the process.

7. Reference information materials

This group of documents contains complete information about those registered in Gosstroy:

1) products;

2) certification systems;

3) certification bodies;

4) testing laboratories;

5) experts.

16. Legal regulation of labeled products

The marking of any products is regulated by the State Standard or technical conditions (TU). Product labeling can be: commercial, industrial, transport, special, etc. General requirements for product labeling: availability, reliability, sufficiency.

Product labeling is carried out with the help of the Gosstandart conformity mark, which is a mark registered in a certain order, confirming the compliance of the product with the basic regulatory requirements.

The product labeling mark is established by organizations licensed by the State Standard of the Russian Federation. Organizations that have licenses, as well as services and products that have received the label, are entered in a special State Register.

Incorrect labeling or its absence can result in criminal or administrative liability for the heads of organizations.

Notes

1. Basic terms in the field of metrology. Reference Dictionary / Ed. Yu. V. Tarbeeva. Moscow: Standards Publishing House, 1989.

Authors: Yakoreva A.S., Biserova V.A., Demidova N.V.

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Petgugu Global cat litter 15.04.2024

Taking care of pets can often be a challenge, especially when it comes to keeping your home clean. A new interesting solution from the Petgugu Global startup has been presented, which will make life easier for cat owners and help them keep their home perfectly clean and tidy. Startup Petgugu Global has unveiled a unique cat toilet that can automatically flush feces, keeping your home clean and fresh. This innovative device is equipped with various smart sensors that monitor your pet's toilet activity and activate to automatically clean after use. The device connects to the sewer system and ensures efficient waste removal without the need for intervention from the owner. Additionally, the toilet has a large flushable storage capacity, making it ideal for multi-cat households. The Petgugu cat litter bowl is designed for use with water-soluble litters and offers a range of additional ... >>

The attractiveness of caring men 14.04.2024

The stereotype that women prefer "bad boys" has long been widespread. However, recent research conducted by British scientists from Monash University offers a new perspective on this issue. They looked at how women responded to men's emotional responsibility and willingness to help others. The study's findings could change our understanding of what makes men attractive to women. A study conducted by scientists from Monash University leads to new findings about men's attractiveness to women. In the experiment, women were shown photographs of men with brief stories about their behavior in various situations, including their reaction to an encounter with a homeless person. Some of the men ignored the homeless man, while others helped him, such as buying him food. A study found that men who showed empathy and kindness were more attractive to women compared to men who showed empathy and kindness. ... >>

Random news from the Archive Global warming will open up the North Pole for navigation 20.09.2016 Even if humanity reduces carbon dioxide emissions to a minimum, in the next hundred years, a significant part of the Arctic ice will melt, opening up new sea routes. Researchers from the University of Reading in the UK have studied the dynamics of Arctic ice melt and have concluded that the region and sea routes across the northern seas and the Arctic Ocean will soon become much more accessible. By 2050, the number of routes by which it will be possible to travel in the Arctic without an icebreaker will double. Scientists predict that ships designed to navigate ice-free waters will even be able to pass through the North Pole during the summer months. These are the forecasts of scientists for the option with the maximum reduction in CO2 emissions. If we take less than optimistic options (if the Paris Agreement does not force countries to limit carbon emissions and global temperatures cannot be kept from rising more than 2 degrees), there will be even less of the Arctic ice. In this case, ships with minimal anti-ice devices will be able to ply the Arctic almost all year round by the end of the century.

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