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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Hevea. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Hevea, Hevea brasiliensis. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: hevea Family: Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae) Origin: The plant has a tropical origin and is common in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, as well as in some regions of Asia, Africa and Oceania. Area: Tropical and subtropical regions in South America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Chemical composition: The main active ingredient is rubber, which is extracted from the plant's milk sap. In addition, hevea contains various alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, carotenoids and other biologically active substances. Economic value: Hevea is widely used for the production of rubber, which is one of the main raw materials for the production of rubber products. Hevea is also used in medicine, and its leaves and seeds are used in the food industry. Legends, myths, symbolism: Hevea can be associated with strength, resilience, flexibility, innovation, economic progress, environmental responsibility, and sustainable development.
Hevea, Hevea brasiliensis. Description, illustrations of the plant Hevea, Hevea brasiliensis. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
Hevea Brazilian - Hevea brasiliensis (N.V.K.) M. Arg., or Siphonia brasiliensis N.V.K. - is a very valuable, basic, world-wide rubber-bearing plant. In all parts of the hevea, milky juice (latex) accumulates. Fresh latex, extracted from the bark of a tree, contains an average of 60-75% water, 30-36% rubber, 1,5-2% resins, 1,5-2% protein, 1,5-4% sugars, 0,5, 1,0-XNUMX% ash. The average harvest of raw rubber from 1 hectare is 500 kg, and on the best plantations - up to 2600 kg per year. The whey obtained after coagulation and separation of rubber from latex contains about 0,6% protein and can be used for feeding animals. Hevea seeds contain 35-37% drying oil, which is suitable for the production of drying oil. Hevea originates from Brazil, where it grows wild in the hylaea of the Amazon. Archaeological evidence suggests that natural rubber was used as early as the 40th century. in Honduras, but its industrial production arose only in the XNUMXs of the XIX century. Initially, rubber was obtained from wild trees. The first commercial plantations were established in Indonesia. Currently, hevea is widespread in Southeast Asia and in small sizes in South, Central America and tropical Africa. Plantation rubber production is concentrated mainly in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Nigeria, Congo, Liberia, and Brazil. The genus Hevea includes 20 species (Euphorbiaceae family) living in South America, including 12 species in Brazil. But of all the species, only one - Brazilian hevea - has received the widest recognition as the best rubber plant. Hevea brazilian is an evergreen tree with whitish bark, reaching 20-30 m (sometimes up to 50 m) in height with a trunk thickness of 0,3-0,5 m. The trunk is straight, bare at the bottom. All buds are without protective scales and therefore do not withstand frost. The leaves are tripartite, oval, pointed at the top, leathery, up to 15 cm long, collected in bunches at the ends of the branches, fall off annually. The flowers are white-yellow, monoecious, same-sex, small, collected in loose brushes, cross-pollinated. The fruit is a three-leaved 3-seed box. Seeds about 2,5-3,0 mm in size, ovoid, with a dense shell and tender juicy cotyledons, germinate without cover and moisture, lying directly on fallen leaves. Hevea latex (milky juice) is found mainly in the lactiferous vessels, in the bark of the trunk and branches.
Hevea is a plant of the humid tropics. For good growth and abundant accumulation of latex, 1500-2000 mm of precipitation per year and a uniform average temperature of 25-27 ° C are required. Reducing the temperature to 18 °C and below is highly undesirable. In conditions of satisfactory drainage, hevea grows well with an annual rainfall of 4000-5000 mm. It is possible to obtain rubber in rather dry conditions, with an annual rainfall of up to 500 mm. Hevea is able to tolerate a long dry period (in Vietnam - about 4 months). However, for the successful cultivation of hevea, it is important that the rains fall evenly throughout the year and the dry season is as short as possible. Hevea is grown mainly on the plains and lower slopes of mountains up to a height of 300-450 m, and sometimes at an altitude of 700-1000 m above sea level. seas. With an increase in the height of the area, the growth of trees slows down, their average age by the beginning of cutting increases significantly and productivity decreases. Hevea is propagated vegetatively (by grafting seedlings with eyes from the most productive plants) and seeds. With vegetative propagation, planting material is grown in rootstock and scion nurseries. When choosing plants for grafting, it is important to take into account the correspondence of the scion and rootstock in terms of growth rates and physiological characteristics, as well as from which part of the plant the eyes for grafting are used. Plants grown from ocelli at the bottom of the stem grow better than plants grown from ocelli at the top of the stem. Hevea does not make high demands on soils. It tolerates high soil acidity and grows well in both light sandy and heavy clay soils, as well as old volcanic soils. Only poor stony and swampy undrained soils are of little use for it. The soils of tropical forests, rich in humus, with a high level of standing groundwater, are most favorable for hevea. Fertilizers have a significant impact on the growth and productivity of Hevea. The introduction of nitrogen fertilizers has a particularly positive effect on the formation of rubber. It is recommended that on producing plantations located on ferrallitic soils, annually apply 900 g of ammophos for each tree, and on highly leached soils - 450 g of ammonium sulfate, 330 g of ammophos and 1350 g of potassium chloride. Hevea plantations are laid in jungle areas after cutting down and burning trees, shrubs, as well as in fields after they become unsuitable for growing food crops. After clearing the site or harvesting crops, the soil is usually not cultivated, but planting holes are dug. However, there is evidence that plowing under a future hevea plantation is effective. Seeds are laid directly into the soil when laying the plantation, 2-3 seeds per hole. Grafted seedlings are planted in a permanent place at the age of 1-1,5 years, in rows at a distance of 2,5-3 m with a row spacing of 6-7 m. 1-450 trees are placed per 600 ha. Caring for a hevea plantation mainly includes weed control, fertilizing, removing the remains of trees and shrubs growing from the roots remaining in the soil, loosening the tree trunks. On a young hevea plantation, it is advisable to grow coffee, pineapple, cocoa, sisal, tea and other compact crops between rows or use them for sowing ground cover, mainly legumes, plants that protect the soil from erosion and improve the nitrogen nutrition of young trees. On an old plantation, seedlings from the best variety for the given conditions are planted in place of fallen trees. The collection of latex begins in the 5-7th year after planting trees. The maximum productivity of a tree is reached by 20 years. Sufficiently high collections of latex are produced by 30-40-year-old trees. Hevea plantation use lasts up to 50 years or more. To collect latex, carefully, without damaging the cambium, cuts in the bark of a tree in the form of a shallow groove at a height of about 1 m from the ground. They are repeated every other day or two. Latex is released within 3-5 hours, most intensively - early in the morning. Therefore, the incision of the bark of trees begins immediately after dawn. To collect latex, a vessel like a cup is attached to a tree. Trees are used to produce latex almost all year round. The collection of latex is suspended only during periods of heavy rains and during an intensive change of leaves. The cut on the used side of the tree trunk is returned to after about 40 months. In order to increase the productivity of trees, various substances are used (lanolin paste, copper sulfate, aqueous and alkaline solutions of antibiotics, sodium arsenic acid, etc.), which enhance the release of latex and accelerate the regeneration of the bark. Of the other rubber plants, guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray), castilloa (Castilloas elastica Cer.), and landolphia (Landolphia Thollonii) are of some industrial importance. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Hevea. Interesting plant facts
Different types of woody plants have a variety of juices that are of great value to humans. The most valuable juice is rubber. The discovery and use of rubber began with a ball and a rubber band. In 1493, during the second trip to America, the ship of Christopher Columbus landed on the island, named by Columbus "Hispaniola" (now the island of Haiti). Having landed on the shore, the Spaniards were surprised to see that the Indians were engaged in some kind of fun game. To the beat of the song, they tossed up black balls, which, having fallen to the ground, as if alive, made high amusing jumps. Taking these balls in their hands, the Spaniards found that they were rather heavy, sticky and smelled of smoke, like smoked ones. The Spaniards noticed how young Indians chewed pieces of a black and viscous substance and then molded a ball from these pieces, which they played with. During the conquest of Mexico, the Spaniards watched the game of the Indians in the ball, reminiscent of our basketball. They were surprised by the white cloak of the Indian leader, which did not get wet in the rain. Some natives doused their feet with a white sticky liquid and, when it dried up, walked on the water. In dry times, Indian priests sculpted figures from black mass and burned them at the stake in the hope that the smoke from them would cause rain. Once the soldiers, hacking through the forest, noticed that their sabers went wild and even began to bounce off the trees themselves. On the blades of the sabers were sticky and elastic lumps of some kind of resin. The first conquerors of America marveled at all this, brought the sticky balls of the Indians to Spain and transferred them to the museum for storage. Only after almost two hundred years, the French scientist La Condamine, sent by the Paris Academy of Sciences to Peru, discovered rubber again. The scientist learned that the Indians extract sticky juice from trees called "hevea" growing in the rainforest along the banks of the Amazon. The Indians called this sek "kaochu", which means "tears of a tree". The first use of a new substance - rubber - dates back to 1770. The famous chemist Priestley, who discovered the role of plants in "correcting the air", was the first to use rubber under the name gummielastica (elastic resin). He erased pencil notes from paper with gum elastic, now called an eraser. In 1790, tubes and bandages used in medicine began to be made from rubber. In 1823, the Scotsman Mackintosh found a way to dissolve rubber in gasoline and soak cloth with this solution. Another piece of fabric was put on top of the piece of fabric smeared with rubber, and raincoats called "mackintosh" were sewn from this double fabric to protect against rain. However, these foul-smelling macs became sticky in the heat and hard and brittle in the cold. At the same time, suspenders and garters were invented. When the heat made them sticky, they were powdered with chalk. Attempts to make rubber shoes were initially unsuccessful. Galoshes and boots served well in the rain, but as soon as you looked out and baked the sun, they began to stretch and stick to the sidewalk. In the cold, such shoes became fragile, like glass. But in 1852, the English worker Charles Goodyear, while experimenting with rubber, dropped cans of rubber and sulfur on a hot stove and made a remarkable discovery: rubber heated in a mixture with sulfur changes dramatically. It gains strength, does not harden at low temperatures and loses stickiness at high temperatures. It was no longer rubber, but rubber. (Rubber contains two to five percent sulfur.) The process of converting rubber into rubber is called vulcanization. Goodyear made the first galoshes from rubber, which have since become widespread. The air-inflated rubber carriage tire was soon invented, but it was not successful until the first bicycles were produced. It was only at the end of the last century that the first car appeared, mockingly called the "sparrow destroyer", since the cars crushed the sparrows, which then jumped in large numbers along the pavements. But this "technical curiosity" was rapidly improved, and the production of automobiles grew, requiring tires and thus a large amount of rubber.
The development of the use of electricity, and then aviation, further increased the need for rubber. In 1919, forty thousand different rubber products were proposed by inventors. The attention of the capitalists of all countries turned to the extraction of rubber. Initially, rubber was mined in the tropical forests of Brazil from the hevea tree. The Brazilian government, under pain of death, forbade the export of seeds and young Hevea trees from Brazil to other countries. But the British stole the hevea seeds and planted extensive plantations in Ceylon, Java and other islands. Various other rubber-producing trees have also been found. In India - ficus, known as a houseplant; in Africa - creepers: landolphia, clitandra. To obtain rubber, notches are made on the bark of trees, from which the juice flows. The hardest job of extracting "wild rubber" in the rainforests. In all countries where rubber-bearing plants grew, they began to ruthlessly mutilate them, trying to get the greatest amount of rubber. Companies organizing the extraction, collection and transportation of rubber, just as ruthlessly forced the native population and white workers to extract as much rubber as possible, paying them extremely cheaply. "They did not sell us into slavery, but made us slaves in our country," said the Negroes of the Congo. "We did not receive payment. We did not receive anything. It takes ten days to get twenty baskets of rubber. We were always in the forest, and, if we were late, we were killed." Negroes from entire villages fled into the forest, to the shores of Lake Chad. "Hunters for people" burned the villages, took the fugitives prisoner and killed many. The blacks lived well before the arrival of the whites, knowing nothing about rubber. With the advent of the whites, a terrible life began. The leader of the Wangata tribe Bombilo tells about this in a long sad song: “We were happy. The whites came! My village was great, its huts were filled with goodness. A great people lived in them: men, women and children. The whites came! on the banks of the mighty Movindu, hunted antelope in the tall grasses and caught the cunning monkeys hiding in the trees.The white ones came!Daytime our children played, threw darts at the wide trunks of baobabs, learned to shoot from a bow, built small chimbeks and decorated weapons with all sorts of trifles.We were happy. The whites came! They burned our huts. They took away our weapons. They captured our wives, our daughters. "Go to work," they said to the survivors, "go to work." The whites came! there are vines. When the rubber was ready, it was covered with the purple of their blood. The whites took it. The rubber is red with our blood. The whites have come! Their guns strike from afar. My sons have died, my people have been destroyed. The whites have come! My gray hair is leaning towards the ground. I think about death. Defiled land of my ancestors, you will not have my body! The mighty Movindu will save me from the cruel whites. In its fresh waters I will drown my grief and my life." Author: Verzilin N.
Hevea, Hevea brasiliensis. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Hevea, Hevea brasiliensis. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Hevea (lat. Hevea brasiliensis) is a tall tree that is grown in tropical regions such as South America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Rubber is made from hevea. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing Hevea: Cultivation:
Preparation and storage:
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