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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Psycho-emotional reactions to an extreme situation. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life It can be seen from numerous literary sources that the authors assess the possibility of the development of mental disorders as reactions to an extreme situation. One group of researchers believes that natural disasters can cause a variety of mental and somatic disorders associated with acute and chronic trauma. Other researchers hold a different point of view, according to which the actual negative consequences for the mental health of some population groups are relatively mild, short-lived and can stop themselves. An extreme situation can cause both short-term and longer-term mental disorders. The latter develop only in "slightly injured subjects and individuals with a history of mental illness." In turn, some researchers dispute the thesis of an increase in the number of mental illnesses in natural disasters and argue that disasters, on the contrary, evoke a sense of personal confidence and social stability among members of the affected population. In works dating back to the beginning of the XNUMXth century, mental reactions arising from natural disasters and catastrophes were defined as non-specific, "primitive" reactions. These reactions, according to various researchers, are associated with phylogenetically old mechanisms - vital instincts, as well as with the phylogenetic features of the nervous system. Primitive reactions develop quickly and are characteristic of any living being that is in danger. Along with the concept of an impersonal, biologically expedient response in natural disasters, the problem of hysteroform reactions, the genesis of which is associated with an unusual strength of the stimulus, was widely discussed. At the same time, hysterical was called "... mainly such psychogenic forms of reactions, where a certain tendency of representation uses instinctive reflex or other biologically prepared mechanisms" (E. Kretschmer). Mental reactions during natural disasters and catastrophes are usually non-specific, poorly differentiated and can develop in all situations that threaten human life. The spectrum of emerging phenomena consists of emotions of fear, vegetative changes, motor manifestations. Anxious tension and fear underlie affective-shock, hysterical psychoses, clinically represented by variants of twilight disorder of consciousness, motor disorders in the form of stupor or hyperdynamia. The reactions of the psychotic level are also clinically uniformly colored and do not contain a personal component, which, in fact, gives the originality of psychoreactive disorders. The reaction to a stressful situation changes the mental state, increasing the neuropsychic stress of a person (mental tension), which can contribute to both the mobilization of activity and the disorganization of activity. There are three types of neuropsychic tension depending on the intensity of its expression: weak, moderate and excessive. With a weak degree of signs of stress, either not observed at all, or their manifestations are so insignificant that a person is not inclined to consider his condition as neuropsychic stress. In this case, the emergency situation is not regarded as difficult, requiring the mobilization of efforts. A moderate degree of neuropsychic stress is characterized by an almost comprehensive increase in the quality and efficiency of mental activity and is a form of the individual's mental state in which a person's ability to achieve a goal, to perform a particular work, is fully revealed. Activity in overcoming difficulties, general emotional, mental and moral uplift allow you to push back somatic reactions for a while. The following features are manifested in human activity and behavior:
An excessive degree of neuropsychic stress is characterized by a disorder of mental activity. Somatic complaints, often exaggerated, come to the fore. A person experiences a feeling of physical and mental discomfort. The mood is characterized by a negative emotional background, depression, a sense of anxiety. The volume, stability and concentration of attention, the productivity of short-term memory, the ability to solve logical problems are significantly reduced, coordination of movements is disturbed. In general, an individual who is in a state of excessive degree of neuropsychic stress is not able to overcome difficulties by his own efforts. N. I. Naenko identifies two types of mental tension: operatingи emotional. Mental tension arises in conditions of reflection of a complex and therefore significant situation, a person’s attitude to the task being performed is always emotionally saturated, but the share of the emotional component in both types of tension is not the same. Condition operational tension arises as a result of the subject's relatively neutral approach to the process of activity and is characterized by the dominance of the procedural motive. With operational tension, the content of the goal and motive of activity coincide. The mental states that arise in such cases are characterized by optimal attention to the performance of activities, the stability of a person's functional capabilities. This type of tension has a mobilizing effect on activity and helps to maintain a person's working capacity at a stable level. Condition emotional tension characterized by intense emotional experiences in the course of activity, evaluative, emotional attitude of a person to the conditions of its course. Emotional tension is characterized by a mismatch, a sharp dilution of the purpose and motive of the activity, which gives rise to a discrepancy between the objective meaning of the activity and its personal meaning for the subject. According to M.S. Neimark, the desire for self-affirmation, for satisfying one’s high claims through activity, all other things being equal, generates affective reactions faster than a business motive, that is, an interest in the work itself, achieving its objective result. Operational and emotional tension have an unequal impact on the efficiency of activity: the quality of solving intellectual problems in a state of emotional tension deteriorates sharply compared to operational; in a state of emotional tension, the number of gross errors increases. The states of operational and emotional tension had different effects on the processes of operational memory and operational thinking, which are the most vulnerable to mental tension. With operational tension, these processes are stable and safe; in the second case, they lose their active character and plasticity, which leads to a disruption of the activity being performed. The states of operational and emotional tension affect both the stability of behavior and self-control. If, during operational tension, there is a preservation of self-confidence, a lack of nervousness, and in case of errors, an adequate attitude and a desire to correct them, then with emotional tension, irritability, impatience are demonstrated, and one's own failure is explained by "external" reasons. In general, it can be said that with emotional tension, unproductive activity is manifested in the field of both practical actions and mental states. All primary reactions to an extreme situation are in the area of the emotional sphere. These include shock reactions, stupor, motor excitation. shock reactions - "Can't be!" - last from a few seconds to several weeks, on average 9 days. The most noticeable feature of this human condition is stupor. The mourner is constrained, tense. Breathing is difficult, irregular, a frequent desire to take a deep breath leads to an intermittent, convulsive incomplete breath. Natural reactions are loss of appetite, muscle weakness. Inactivity can be replaced by minutes of fussy activity (Cherepanova, 1997). A feeling of unreality of what is happening, insensitivity, stunnedness appear in the human mind. The perception of external events is dulled, and then in the future, problems often arise when remembering this period. At this stage, a person does not experience suffering and pain, as sensitivity decreases. Disturbing diseases during this period may disappear. In the eyes of others, such reactions may look inappropriate, as a violent expression of emotions is expected. Behind the external well-being of a person who has learned the tragic news is a difficult internal state, the main danger of which is that it can be replaced by an acute reactive state: he can beat, escape, throw himself out of a window, etc. It is believed that the longer the shock lasts the longer and more severe the consequences. At the stage of shock, contacts with the outside world are disrupted, therefore, if it is necessary for a person to perform any simple action, for example, leave a dangerous place, speak to him in a clear voice in short phrases with an affirmative intonation. In verbal contact, the use of verbs with the particle "not" should be avoided. The explanation of this fact boils down to the fact that a person's consciousness is not in the present, and current information can only enter the unconscious, which "does not understand" complex speech constructs and ignores them. Therefore, if you say "don't get up", you can get the opposite result, since the unconscious recognizes only the verb "get up." Tactile contact in a situation of shock is the most accessible, since the higher mental functions (speech, voluntary thinking, attention, memory) are "turned off" in the first place. It is necessary to touch a person as much and as often as possible (stroking on the back, head), sometimes this is enough to get out of shock. To get out of shock, you need to evoke some strong feelings, such as anger. If after all the manipulations it was possible to cause tears, then the person moves on to the next phase. People who make up this group may have all sorts of reactions (hysteria, crying, motor excitement, aggression, etc.) that are adequate in this situation (Taras, Selchenok, 1999). In this regard, it is necessary to give the opportunity to respond to an affective state, and not stop it. Stupor according to its signs can be attributed to the type of shock reaction. Stupor occurs after severe nervous shocks, when a person has spent so much energy on survival that there is no longer any strength to contact with the outside world. A person in a stupor has a sharp decrease or absence of voluntary movements and speech, no reactions to external stimuli (noise, light, touch, tweaks), numbness, a state of complete immobility. Stupor can last from several minutes to several hours. Therefore, if help is not provided and the victim stays in this state for a long time, this will lead to his physical exhaustion. Since there is no contact with the outside world, the victim will not notice the danger and will not take action to avoid it. It is necessary by any means to achieve the reaction of the victim, to remove him out of a daze. You can do this in the following way:
Sometimes the shock from a critical situation (explosions, natural disasters) is so strong that a person simply ceases to understand what is happening around him. There is a reaction of motor excitation. First of all, it is characterized by unproductive activities, as a result of which the individual himself and the people around him may suffer. A person in a state of motor excitement is not able to determine where are the enemies and where are the helpers, where is the danger and where is the salvation. He loses the ability to think logically and make decisions, becomes like an animal rushing about in a cage. At the end of the motor excitation, the person cannot remember what he did. Signs of motor excitation are: sudden movements, often aimless and meaningless actions, abnormally loud speech or increased speech activity (sometimes absolutely meaningless), often there is no reaction to others (to remarks, requests, orders). Help the person in state of motor excitation, can be done as follows: Use the "grab" technique: from behind, put your hands under the armpits of the victim, press him to you and slightly tilt him over. Isolate the victim from others. Massage the affected "positive" points (they are on the forehead above the eyebrows, above the center of the eyes). Talk in a calm voice about the feelings he is experiencing. (“Do you want to do something to stop this? Do you want to run away, hide from what is happening?”) Do not argue with the victim, do not ask questions, in conversation avoid phrases with the particle "not" related to undesirable actions ("Do not run", "Do not wave your arms", "Do not shout"). Motor excitement usually does not last long and can be replaced by nervous trembling, crying, and aggressive behavior. After exposure to an extreme situation, some people may develop uncontrollable nervous tremors, as the body "resets" tension. From the outside, it looks like the victim is very cold. However, the reason is different. On their own (of their own free will) a person cannot stop this reaction. If this reaction is stopped, then the tension will remain inside, in the body and cause muscle pain, and in the future it can lead to the development of such serious diseases as hypertension, ulcers, etc. Signs of nervous trembling are sudden onset. Trembling can be both in the whole body, and only in certain parts. For example, a person cannot hold objects in his hands: a glass of water, etc., this reaction lasts for quite a long time (up to several hours). Then comes relaxation. The person feels very tired and needs to rest. Help with nervous trembling can be provided as follows: Take the victim by the shoulders and strongly, sharply shake for 10-15 seconds - you need to increase the trembling. Keep talking to him, otherwise he may perceive your actions as an attack. With nervous trembling, you can not:
Although crying is a healthy reaction, in some countries cultural stereotypes do not allow it to occur (for example, it is believed that tears are a sign of weakness; a real man should not cry, this is instilled in boys from early childhood). A crying person should not be left alone. It is necessary to establish physical contact with him (take the hand, put your hand on your shoulder or back, put his hand on your wrist). All these techniques on an unconscious level allow a person to feel that you are nearby. The hand of the victim on the wrist or on the chest of the helper gives him the opportunity to feel the heartbeat, to feel the closeness of another person. This contributes to the normalization of the physiological state due to the mechanism of unconscious adjustment. It is useful to use "active listening" techniques, confirming attention and sympathy for the victim (Kryukova et al., 2001). Talk about your feelings and his feelings. However, it is not recommended to say "I understand you." The word "understanding" refers to the realm of thoughts, not feelings, and a person does not need to be understood right now. There is no need for questions, advice, the main thing is to listen to a person or simply provide an opportunity to get out of grief. It is not necessary, when comforting a person, to do everything so that he does not cry, since any reaction is a kind of release of internal pain at the bodily level, and holding back tears slows down emotional discharge and harms the physical and psychological health of a person. Crying as an integral element can enter into a hysterical reaction. The main difference between hysteria and crying is that the first one is much more violent and may be accompanied by screams, threats against oneself or others. An important feature of the hysterical reaction is the impossibility of contact with a person while maintaining the clarity of his consciousness. Since tantrum is a demonstrative reaction, the first thing to do is to remove the audience and create a calm environment. In order to stop the tantrum, it is necessary to perform some action that would go beyond the scope of this situation, for example, drop an object with a roar, shout sharply at the victim, in some cases you can even give a slap in the face. Talking to a person should be in short phrases, in a confident tone (“drink some water”). After the completion of the described reaction, a breakdown occurs, in which case it is necessary to put the victim to sleep. Aggressive reactions are also an effective way of reacting and are quite common in real life after coming out of a state of shock. The direction of aggression can be completely different (inward or outward). Often aggression is expressed in the search for a "scapegoat", someone who "could" prevent an extreme situation or "was the cause" of it. If aggression is expressed exclusively in verbal form, then it is necessary that this reaction take place. If the anger becomes hetero-aggressive, the main task is to direct it in a safe direction. As with the other reactions described, attempting to suppress aggression can lead to physical symptoms. An unfulfilled desire to hit, for example, can be transformed into an unreasonable pain in the hand. Author: Mikhailov L.A.
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