What were the results of the First World War? Detailed answer

BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Free library / Directory / Big encyclopedia for children and adults

What were the results of the First World War? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education

Did you know?

What were the results of the First World War?

The February revolution that took place in Russia excited the politicians of all leading states. Everyone understood that the events unfolding in Russia would directly affect the course of the world war. It was clear that this generally weakened the power of the Entente, but instilled optimism in the leadership of Germany, which hoped that at last the scales had tangibly swung in their favor.

However, in April 1917, when the United States entered the war on the side of the Entente, the situation not only leveled off, but also became more profitable for Germany's opponents. But at first this event did not bring tangible results to the Entente. The Allied spring offensive on the Western Front choked in blood. The attempt of the offensive of the Russian troops in the south-western direction in the Carpathian region ended in complete failure. The Germans took advantage of this failure and went on the offensive in the Baltic. In early September 1917, they occupied Riga and began to directly threaten the capital of Russia - Petrograd.

In the meantime, tensions grew in the country. In the autumn of 1917, Russia entered a phase of the most acute systemic crisis, the country was on the verge of a catastrophe. On November 7 (October 25, old style) a new revolution took place in Russia. Petrograd again became the center of events, where power passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks. VI Lenin headed the new government - the Council of People's Commissars. It immediately announced Russia's withdrawal from the war.

But the proposal of the Soviet government for the immediate conclusion of a general peace was rejected by the other countries of the Entente. In response to this, the Bolshevik leadership began negotiations with representatives of Germany and its allies. They took place in Brest-Litovsk in a very complex and controversial environment. The Germans understood that the possibilities of the new government at this stage were limited, and they tried to use these negotiations to gain unilateral advantages. The most difficult negotiations continued until March 3, 1918, when, finally, a very difficult peace treaty for Russia was signed.

While the fate of Russia was being determined in the east, fierce fighting continued on other fronts. They went with varying degrees of success. The defeat of the Italian troops in the battle of Caporetto in October 1917 was offset by the success of the British in the Middle East, where they inflicted a number of serious defeats on the Turkish troops. The Entente countries sought not only to achieve a turning point in hostilities, but also to seize the initiative on the ideological front. In this regard, the key role belonged to US President Wilson, who in January 1918 delivered his famous message, which went down in history under the title "Wilson's 14 Points". It was a liberal alternative to the Peace Decree and at the same time a platform on which the United States proposed to implement a post-war peace settlement.

However, in order to proceed with the implementation of these plans, it was still necessary to achieve victory in the war. There, the scales were steadily leaning towards the side of the Entente. Germany's position continued to deteriorate. The situation inside the country sharply worsened, the strike movement grew, and a financial crisis was looming.

Nevertheless, the Germans in March - July 1918 made several attempts to achieve a turning point in the course of hostilities on the Western Front. The German army managed to approach Paris at a distance of about 70 km. However, there was not enough strength for more.

On July 18, 1918, the Allies launched a powerful counteroffensive. The German army no longer had the strength to hold the offensive of the Entente troops. At the end of October 1918, it became clear to the German command that defeat was inevitable. The war was entering its final stage. The processes of disintegration swept Austria-Hungary, at the end of October Turkey withdrew from the war. In November 1918, an uprising of military sailors broke out in Germany in Kiel, which grew into a revolution. The German Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to Holland. F. Ebert, the leader of the Social Democrats, became the head of the country. Germany capitulated. The armistice was signed on November 11, 1918 in Compiègne. With the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne, the World War ended.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How many musicians and composers came from the Bach family?

Johann Sebastian Bach was not the only talent in his family. The Bachs have given the world over 50 famous musicians and several great composers. Johann Sebastian himself was recognized as the most prominent of them much later than his death. In the last years of Johann Sebastian's life, he was more revered for the upbringing of the younger Bachs, primarily Carl Philipp Emmanuel, whose music was more famous.

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ Why do hot objects cause burns?

▪ Have people always lived in families?

▪ What part of the original Kama Sutra was devoted to sexual practices?

See other articles Section Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Key innovations for the next 10 years 15.07.2014

Analysts at Intellectual Property & Science, a division of Thomson Reuters, have released the report The World in 2025: Ten Future Innovations (PDF). It contains a forecast of the development of science and technology by 2025, based on an analysis of trends in the patent and scientific literature.

According to the forecast, by 2025 in the world everything that is possible, from personal items to continents, will be connected to each other by digital communications. This will be possible thanks to the improvement of semiconductor technologies, the introduction of graphene supercapacitors, non-discrete networks and 5G technology.

It is assumed that by 2025 experiments on quantum teleportation will become widespread in the scientific community.

In order to meet the growing demand for electricity to power devices and continents, people will turn to solar power. "According to the most cited scientific publications over the past two years, the production and use of solar energy will not only be engaged in environmental fighters. Thanks to the technologies of photovoltaics, chemical bonding and photocatalysis, the use of solar energy will become massive," the report contains.

The experts also touched upon the topic of transport. They predict that by 2025 there will be cars on the roads and planes in the sky. But they will become much smarter and lighter, run on batteries and travel longer distances than today. This will be facilitated by advances in lithium-ion and thin-film batteries, hydrogen fuel cells and nanomaterials.

“Light aircraft and automobiles will be powered by improved lithium-ion batteries. Aircraft will be constructed from new materials, lighter weight, and powered by new engines based on superconducting technology. Small commercial aircraft will be widely used for short flights. the right to drive a car, but a license to operate such an aircraft," the report says.

A large number of innovations are expected in the healthcare sector. Experts believe that by 2025, people will be much more effective at preventing the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease thanks to an understanding of the human genome and genetic mutations. Thanks to advances in DNA and RNA engineering, by 2025 medicine will be able to defeat type XNUMX and type XNUMX diabetes.

At the birth of a person, a map of his DNA will be created. The analysis of the human genome will remain one of the most important scientific areas. More than a thousand citations have been found on this topic. Advances in nanotechnology and big data technologies about living organisms will find their application in ultra-precise diagnostics at the cellular level.

Significant progress will also be made in the treatment of cancer. Scientists will learn how to target cancer cells, so that patients do not have to use chemotherapy with its detrimental side effect. The negative effects of cancer treatment will be much less.

Experts also predict a complete rejection by 2025 of packaging made from petroleum products (vegetable raw materials will be used instead) and a complete solution to the problem of crop failures in the agricultural sector, with the resulting regular fluctuations in food prices in various markets.

Other interesting news:

▪ UCC28780 Zero Voltage Switching Flyback Controller

▪ beta battery

▪ The oldest brain

▪ robot surgeon

▪ Our sun's twins discovered

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the Electrician website. Article selection

▪ article by Carl Baer. Biography of a scientist

▪ article What are shooting stars? Detailed answer

▪ article The use of bleach for disinfection of industrial premises. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Do-it-yourself spot welding device. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Electronic fuse with digital indicator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews