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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Protection of the population in emergency situations. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life The structure of the organization of the country's passive defense. The Ministry for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations (MEChS RF) is the federal executive body that conducts state policy and manages the Russian Emergency Warning and Action System (RSChS); Headquarters, coordinating the efforts of state executive authorities at all levels, local governments and relevant civil defense forces to prevent and eliminate emergency situations. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation organizes research in the field of science and technology, integrates world and domestic scientific experience. In the Ministry of Fuel and Energy, the Ministry of Defense Industry, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, functional subsystems have been created to protect subordinates of the ONX. The role of the network of observation and laboratory control of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations, created and functioning under the leadership of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, is of great importance. Russian Federation in the matter of protecting the population and territories and coordinating the activities of the civil defense forces. An equally effective form of state regulation in the field of ensuring the safety of industrial activities" should be the system of declaring the safety of industrial hazardous facilities (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 675 "On the declaration of safety of an industrial facility of the Russian Federation" dated 01.07.95/XNUMX/XNUMX). The main element in ensuring the readiness of the authorities and forces of the RSChS for action is the information and control automated system (up to the city level inclusive), designed to collect, process and exchange information between all subsystems and links of the RSChS, points of command and control of forces and means of liquidating emergencies, as well as alerts when they occur. In the event of an emergency at all levels of government, it is necessary to collect, process and transmit the necessary information in a timely manner. This will reduce the time for assessing the situation, warning and making informed decisions on the implementation of rescue operations in disaster areas. The software and hardware complex (STC) for forecasting and control includes weather stations, normalizing converters, office equipment, and local warning networks. The PTK allows predicting the depth and area of the infection zone, the size of areas of extremely dangerous concentration, determining the time for the approach of 03 V to a certain boundary and the duration of the damaging effect of a particular AHOV. At the same time, all information can be displayed on the monitor screen in the shortest possible time and transmitted to any consumer via communication means. The PTC provides visibility of information, makes it possible to make informed decisions on the implementation of protective measures, and to monitor the development of the situation. If necessary, the operator can obtain data on the physicochemical and toxic properties of a particular hazardous chemical agent, its stability and the possibility of interaction with other substances, the use of protective equipment, methods of degassing and first aid. The number of hazardous chemicals at chemically hazardous facilities and the coordinates of this place are always known. Therefore, after entering weather data into the PTK (even automatically, regularly and when they change), the operator, by entering the code of this object, will receive information about the accident. If the PTK is connected to special networks (to operational communication sets), then the notification of the population in the accident area can occur automatically.
Rice. 7.1. Structure of RSChS To prevent the occurrence of emergencies in peacetime or wartime, to ensure the safety of people in the event of an emergency, to reduce damage to the national economy and the environment from it, the RSChS was created (Fig. 7.1). It unites the governing bodies, forces and means of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations whose powers include addressing issues of protecting the population and territories from emergencies. The main tasks of the RSChS are:
The RSChS unites the governing bodies, forces and means of the federal executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations that resolve issues of protecting the population and territories from emergencies. RSChS consists of territorial and functional subsystems and has five levels: federal, regional, territorial, local and object. Each level of the RSChS has coordinating bodies, permanent management bodies that solve the tasks of protecting the population from emergencies, daily management bodies, the necessary forces and means, material and financial resources, communication, warning, and information support systems. Territorial subsystems of the RSChS are created in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergencies within their territories and consist of links corresponding to their administrative-territorial division. Such subsystems are subordinate to all the forces and means of the territory, including special educational institutions and courses, as well as SNLC. The territorial subsystem provides:
Functional subsystems of RSChS are created by federal executive authorities to organize work to protect the population and territories from emergencies in the field of their activities and the sectors of the economy entrusted to them. They ensure the collection and processing of the necessary information, perform in-depth forecasting and issue specific recommendations in their area of competence (ecology, the state of the atmosphere, dangerous OE, forecast of natural disasters, public order, emergency medical care, sanitary and epidemiological supervision). RSChS can be in one of the levels of readiness:
Main questions of the GO concept 1. Civil defense is a matter of special national importance and nationwide. The main directions in the organization of civil defense are determined by the leadership of the country. 2. Civil defense in the country is organized according to the territorial production principle. The territorial principle provides for the organization of civil defense on the territory (republic, region, city), which, in combination with the initiative of the heads of the civil defense OE, ensures centralized management. The production principle provides for the organization of civil defense in ministries, departments, any kind of associations, on the OE (up to the brigade, shift). This makes it possible to maintain the integrity of teams, to ensure sustainable management of the forces and means of civil defense, using existing connections (thus, a combination of vertical and horizontal control is provided). The adopted system allows for close connection of territories, sectors of the national economy, individual MAs and the country's leadership, that is, civil defense is created on the basis of the entire economy and management systems of the country, which allows civil defense activities to be carried out to the full extent in the shortest possible time and without additional burden on the budget. 3. The heads of the civil defense in the territories are the heads of the authorities, and in the MA - the heads of the OE, that is, persons who have administrative power and the right to dispose of funds. They bear full responsibility for the state of civil defense in the subordinate territory or MA. Interested organizations (trade union, Red Cross) are involved in civil defense events. 4. Organization of civil defense in the country is differentiated, its organizational structures depend on the importance (value, category) of the city or MA. There are cities and objects of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd category. The rest are "non-categorical". Depending on the category of the city (OE), it is planned to allocate funds for the civil defense, the organizational structure and staffing of the civil defense forces are being developed.
Rice. 7.2. Scheme of organization of civil defense object 5. For each head of the civil defense, a headquarters and civil defense services are created (Fig. 7.2). The headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations is the main governing body that plans, organizes and manages the implementation of civil defense events, as well as monitors their implementation. The Chief of Staff of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations has the right to give orders on civil defense issues on behalf of the Chief of Civil Defense. The GOChS Service is a structural link in the GOChS system, designed to carry out specialized activities, ensuring this implementation with the necessary forces, means and material resources, as well as the constant readiness of performers. Examples of services: medical, fire, public order, plant and animal protection, anti-radiation and anti-chemical protection. 6. The civil defense system is designed to ensure the training of personnel for civil defense in permanent educational institutions of civil defense and emergency situations and the training of the population in civil defense, as well as the coordination of civil defense plans with plans for the development of the MA, the industry. 7. At each MA, civil defense is organized in advance, taking into account its features:
8. The main tasks of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations are:
The means of monitoring and controlling the situation include:
Emergency response forces include:
To eliminate the consequences of emergencies, non-military civil defense formations are created to help the civil defense troops - detachments, teams, groups and units for various purposes, specially organized and equipped with everything necessary, staffed with trained and efficient personnel. The tasks and capabilities of civil defense formations are determined by their purpose, composition and strength. The consolidated detachment (team, group) is designed to extinguish or localize fires; clearing debris and arrangement of driveways (passages); collapse, fencing or strengthening structures that threaten to collapse; opening of the littered ZS GOChS and rescue of people from them; providing first aid to the victims and their evacuation; liquidation of accidents on communal-energy networks. The rescue squad (team, group) is used to extract and evacuate people from the rubble, provide assistance to them, and localize accidents on utility and energy networks. The consolidated detachment (team, group) of mechanization of work is equipped with heavy equipment. Provides clearing of rubble, opening of the AP GO, arrangement of driveways, fords, fire lanes of similar labor-intensive work. Special formations of civil defense are formations of services to perform tasks according to the profile of the service (repair of product pipelines for a certain purpose, restoration of power lines, performance of work in the contaminated area and disinfection of objects). High readiness formations are created to eliminate accidents in a narrow specialty in the shortest possible time at potentially hazardous facilities (AHOV, nuclear power plants, explosives depots). An example of such work was the explosion of a collapsed high-rise pipe at the petrochemical complex in Ufa (August 1992). Having spent 167 thousand rubles. and having spent 345 kg of explosives, a group of climbing specialists saved the complex from an accident that could cause! damage is about 0,5 billion rubles. Use of personal protective equipment. In many OEs, there are types of work in which personnel may receive a hazardous exposure to health. Dangerous and harmful impacts for people can increase immeasurably when emergencies occur, as well as when their consequences are eliminated. In all these cases, PPE must be used to protect the person. Currently, many workers receive overalls, footwear and other protective equipment. Their use should provide sufficient safety, and the inconvenience associated with their use should be minimal. When using PPE, it is necessary to strictly comply with the requirements set forth in their accompanying documentation. It is necessary to know firmly when, why and how this particular type of PPE should be used, what are the rules for caring for them, saving them and using them. Nomenclature? PPE is extensive. The choice of specific PPE for a given environment depends on the specific hazards as established by intelligence. Often, with the development of an emergency (fire, emergency release of AHOV or RV), it is necessary to use insulating PPE. When choosing the PPE used, one must be guided by the requirements of the basic sanitary rules OSP-72/80. Isolating, PPE are used when filtering protective equipment does not provide sufficient protection against the ingress of toxic substances through the respiratory system or skin. The greatest danger is the first period of emergency, when the levels and concentrations are the highest, and protection measures are not taken sufficiently, there is no forecast and information, and elements of panic can be observed. PPE protects against burns to a certain extent. There is several types of PPE classification. By appointment:
According to the principle of protection:
By manufacturing method:
PPE of industrial production is accumulated based on the entire population of the territory according to the relevant standards (for the personnel of the formations - 110%, for the personnel of the OE - 105%, for the rest of the population - 100%), and the simplest PPE is made on the basis of full provision, that is, according to the number missing. First of all, categorized cities and MA are provided; personnel of civil defense formations; cities and OEs where hazardous industries are located. Secondly, the population of categorized cities and MA is provided; in the third - the rest of the population. The headquarters of the civil defense of the corresponding level calculates the need for personal and medical protective equipment (based on the norms of accumulation and financial support), states the needs, acquires PPE and organizes their storage, ensuring timely distribution to the population. Distribution is carried out through pre-created distribution points, the locations of which are known to the population and are ready for the receipt of PPE from storage warehouses. The creation of points for the issuance of PPE is carried out according to the territorial production principle (OE, REU). At the same point, medical protective equipment is issued (individual first-aid kit AI-2, individual anti-chemical package IPP-10A, dressing package). When performing work in the lesions, rescuers can use various PPE. Filtering gas masks. The civilian gas mask GP-5 (Fig. 7.3) was designed to protect against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. But during the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, it turned out that RA dust penetrated through the GP-5 box. Therefore, a gas mask GP-7 was developed, which even allows you to take liquid food (modification GP-7V and GP-7VM) without removing it and does not let the smallest dust particles through. The mask type M-80 (GP-7VM) allows you to work with optical devices without difficulty and distortion. But a filtering gas mask does not protect against carbon monoxide, so a hopcolite cartridge must be attached to its box (provides protection for 80 minutes; it is operational if its weight does not exceed the weight indicated on the cartridge by 20 g). To ensure the performance of work in conditions of smoke or to increase the time of protective action, the GP-7 gas mask is equipped with a corrugated tube and an additional DPG-1 or DPG-3 cartridge (Table 7.1). RyadOE use industrial gas masks (they cannot be used with a lack of oxygen in the air). By color and marking, the box indicates which AHOV it protects against, that is, you can use an industrial gas mask if the composition of the gas is known. Insulating gas masks IP-4 (see Fig. 7.3), IP-5 and oxygen insulating device KIP-5 provide protection against hazardous chemicals in any concentration. To ensure the safety of work inside tanks, wells and other premises where accumulation of harmful gaseous substances (at a concentration of more than 0,5%) or an oxygen content of less than 16% is possible, PSh-1B hose masks are used (10 m air hose, safety belt and signal -rescue rope), PSh-20RV (hose length 20 m) or PSh-40RV (hose length 40 m). Respirator (Fig. 7.4) is a lightweight PPE of the respiratory organs from harmful gases, vapors and aerosols. It is used to work with air contamination in low concentrations (RPG-67, R-2, RU-60M, ShB-1). Air purification from harmful gases and vapors is carried out due to physical and chemical processes (absorption, chemisorption, catalysis), and from aerosols - filtration through fibrous materials. Protection from harmful vapors and gases (Table 7.2) is carried out by an anti-gas respirator (RPG-67), and from gases, vapors and aerosols - by a universal respirator (RU-60M).
Rice. 7.3. Filtering gas masks Table 7.1. Time of protective action GP-5, GP-7, min
Note. The data are given for an air flow rate of 30 m/min and a relative humidity of 75%. The simplest means of protection respiratory organs (see Fig. 7.4) are made by the population on their own. This is a cotton-gauze bandage and an anti-dust fabric mask. These gas masks are used by the adult population. Filtering children's gas masks (for children from 1,5 to 17 years). Currently, gas masks of the PDF-D, PDF-Sh brands (children's filtering preschool and school gas masks) are used, equipped with a gas mask box GP-5, or PDF-2D, PDF-2Sh with a box GP-7. For infants, a protective children's chamber with a manual pump for pumping air through the filter box is used (Fig. 7.5). Protective filter clothing consists of a cotton overall (OKZK - from a jacket and trousers), impregnated with a special paste (detains OM vapors or neutralizes them), as well as men's underwear (shirt, underpants), a cotton balaclava and two pairs of footcloths. Underwear, balaclava footcloths should prevent scuffs and irritation of the skin. Isolating skin protection (fig.7.6):
In winter, insulating PPE is worn over outer clothing. The simplest means of protecting the skin are ordinary clothes, shoes, capes and raincoats made of polymers, rubberized fabric, coats made of coarse material (drape, cloth, leather). They can protect against RA dust, BS, drip agents for 10 minutes. To protect the legs, felt boots, rubber boots, boots, galoshes, shoes made of leather and leather substitutes are used. Rubber or leather gloves, canvas mittens are used to protect hands. The cut of ordinary clothing does not provide for complete sealing of the body. It is necessary to take measures to seal the chest incision, collar, cuffs. The clothes are fastened with all buttons, the collar is raised, the cuffs of the sleeves and trousers are tied with braid, the neck is wrapped in a scarf, the hood is raised. Pants are released over shoes, jackets, shirts, jackets must be tucked into trousers and belted.
Rice. 7.4. Respirators. a - P-2 (general view); b - R-2 respirator in working position; c - ShB-1 "Petal"; d - RPP-57: e - PRB-5; f - PRSH2-59; w - cotton-gauze bandage Table 7.2. Time of protective action of respirators, min
Fig.7.5. Respiratory PPE for children Medical protective equipment includes: an individual first-aid kit, an individual anti-chemical package, a dressing package, a degassing package. The individual first-aid kit (AI-2) helps to prevent the development of severe consequences of human exposure to certain damaging factors during emergencies. It consists of radioprotective, antiemetic, antibacterial, analgesic drugs and antidotes. It is necessary to know exactly how and when to use the contents of the AI-2 first aid kit. The use of a syringe tube will prevent the development of shock in fractures, extensive burns and wounds. The order of laying and instructions for using the preparations are attached to the first-aid kit (Fig. 7.7). The individual anti-chemical package IPP-8A, IPP-10A (see Fig. 7.7) is used for the disinfection of drop-liquid agents that have got on the skin, clothes, and shoes. The package contains a bottle with a degassing solution, cotton-gauze swabs, instructions for use and a sealed package. An individual dressing package consists of a bandage (width 10 cm, length 7 m), two cotton-gauze pads (for application to wounds, one of them is movable to apply to a through chest wound), pins for fixing the bandage and instructions for using the package. The folded pads and bandage are wrapped in parchment paper. The bandage, pads and the inner surface of the package are sterile and can be used when applying dressings: these surfaces should not be touched by hands.
Rice. 7.6. Insulating protective equipment
Individual anti-chemical package IPP-8: a - general view; b - a bottle with a liquid; c - cotton-gauze swabs
Rice. 7.7. Medical protective equipment Set for degassing weapons and uniforms IDP-S (see Fig. 7.7) consists of eight individual degassing bags (IDP) designed for degassing with silica gel bags of weapons and uniforms contaminated with soman-type agents. After processing the weapon from both ampoules, it is wiped dry and lubricated. For the processing of uniforms, a small or large silica gel bag is used. After processing, thoroughly shake out (knock out) the uniform. The rules for the use of personal and medical protective equipment, their preparation, storage and operation are given in the accompanying documents and are the subject of study under a special program GO. Measures to protect the population. Protecting the population from damaging factors is one of the main tasks of civil defense. The preparation of protective measures is carried out in advance throughout the country and is mandatory. The volume and nature of such measures is determined in each case, taking into account the characteristics of the territories and the MA itself, as well as the likelihood of impact on them by damaging factors and the characteristics of the lesion focus. Ensuring the protection of the population is achieved by a combination of individual and collective protective equipment, their serviceability and constant readiness for their intended use. During emergencies, important industrial and administrative centers suffer the most, where large OE, communication and transport centers, a large population, that is, the basis of productive forces, are concentrated. Protection of the population is carried out by a set of measures, including the following:
The main method of protection is the shelter of people in the ZS GO. However, due to their high cost, one usually has to be satisfied with a combination of all methods: evacuation will reduce the number of people in doses of the amount by which the city has a sufficient number of places in the AP Defence, and the use of PPE will make it possible to save the lives of people in the AP Defendant, which do not provide protection from all damaging "factors. In addition, universal compulsory training of the population in methods of protection in emergencies and notification of the population is being carried out. The main method of notification is the transmission of voice information over wired, radio and television broadcasting networks. And before that, a warning signal "Attention everyone!" to attract the attention of the population by turning on sirens, beeps and other signaling means. At this signal, it is necessary to turn on the broadcasting facilities and listen to information about the emergency situation and the rules of conduct in this particular case. The warning signal can be given by the headquarters of the civil defense or the corresponding dispatch service! through the local notification system. People can be affected by the consumption of contaminated food and water. Individual stocks of products must be stored in a tightly closed container (glass, metal box, lined with thick paper from the inside). Bulk products can be stored in polyethylene, cellophane parchment or paper. Dishes must be protected from contamination. Stocks of vegetables should be stored in closed boxes, bins, cellars. Only those products that have been well covered or have passed dosimetric control can be consumed in areas of contamination. Wells are equipped with protective devices, and a clay "castle" is made around them. It is not practical to decontaminate small personal food stocks. In bulk products (flour, salt, granulated sugar), RS penetrate into the surface layer to a depth of 2 cm, and in fish, meat - after sticking tightly to them. In liquid products, large particles settle to the bottom, while smaller particles remain in suspension. In rivers and reservoirs, id and the inhabitants of the reservoir become infected. Products brought from areas of infection are also dangerous. Drops of OM and AHOV infect not only the surfaces of products, but also penetrate inside. If they penetrate into solid fats gradually, then they dissolve in liquid ones (vegetable oil) and can spread to the entire mass. In meat, a pair of OB and AHOV infect primarily areas covered with fat. The introduced regime of radiation protection determines the sequence and duration of the use of the AP HE, the protective properties of the premises, the limitation of the time spent in open areas, the use of PPE, anti-radiation drugs and the implementation of exposure control. When organizing exposure control, sets of dose meters ID-1, ID-11 or individual dosimeters DP-22V, DP-4 are used. Control is carried out by group or individual method. Control over the contamination of people, equipment, food and other materiel is organized for the timely conduct of special treatment, the possibility of using food and water, as well as to verify the reliability of the disinfection performed. Chemical control is carried out by the forces and means of the anti-radiation and anti-chemical protection service. Bacteriological control is carried out by the forces and means of the laboratories of the MA and sanitary and epidemiological supervision. Microorganisms and their toxins that have got into foods and liquids can persist for a long time at low temperatures and in cloudy weather. For example, the causative agent of cholera remains in milk for 10 days, and in butter for up to a month. An observation regime is introduced on the territory, and with the development of an epidemic, a quarantine regime. The protection of food and water can be ensured by simple sealing of dwellings. The timely conduct of radiation, chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance is of great importance. After receiving information about the situation, the following is carried out:
Shelter of the population in the protective structures of civil defense. Protective structures of civil defense are engineering structures designed to protect the population from damaging factors during emergencies. Classification of protective structures:
Shelters are classified according to several criteria. 1. By appointment:
2. By location:
3. By construction time:
4. By capacity:
A shelter with a capacity of less than 150 people and more than 5000 people is not practical to build. 5. According to the degree of protection from a shock air wave:
Shelters of the 1st and 2nd class are built within the development of cities, and the 3rd class - in the zone of possible weak destruction. STBs are built only of the 2nd and 3rd class with a capacity of up to 150 people. Shelter requirements: 1. Provide protection from any damaging factors and from the thermal effects of fires on the surface for at least two days. 2. Be built outside the zones and sources of fires and floods. 3. Have entrances with the same degree of protection as the main premises, and in case of a blockage - emergency exits. All entrances and exits must be separated at a distance of at least 10 m so that they do not block simultaneously. 4. Have approaches free from the storage of hazardous, combustible and highly fuming substances, as well as access roads. 5. Have main rooms with a height of more than 2,2m, and the floor level should be more than 20cm above the groundwater level. 6. Have filtering equipment that cleans the air from impurities and supplies it to the shelter at least 2 m3 air per hour per person. The performance of the filter-ventilation unit (FVA) is determined by the content of carbon dioxide in the protective structure (Fig. 7.9).
Shelter layout: 1 - protective and hermetic doors; 2 - lock chambers; 3 - sanitary compartments; 4 - the main room for accommodating people; 5 - gallery and head of the emergency exit; 6 - filtering compartment; 7 - medical room; 8 - food pantry Rice. 7.8. Layout ZS GO
Rice. 7.9. Filtering unit: a - general view; b - filter absorber The shelter must be equipped with functional equipment. Filtering equipment provides purification and disinfection of the air entering the shelter. Water supply, water supply in flow tanks at the rate of 4 liters of drinking water and XNUMX liters of technical water (for sanitary and hygienic needs) per person for the entire estimated period of stay in the shelter (up to three days). In special shelters, a stock of food is created (canned food, biscuits, concentrates). Water, electric or other heating, which is turned on when the shelter begins to fill. Sewerage (bathroom) is carried out on the basis of common networks, but there must be fecal water receivers that will ensure normal life in case of accidents on common networks and prevent flooding of the shelter. Lighting (main, emergency) should not consume oxygen, that is, the use of candles, kerosene lamps, etc. is not allowed. The shelter is equipped with means of notification, communication and broadcasting (radio point, radio station, telephone, telegraph, teletype). ZS GO is equipped with fire-fighting equipment, tools, equipment and materials for the implementation of the SIDNR. The shelter should have a medical station or a first aid kit. To control the life support systems in the shelter, there are appropriate measuring instruments: a flow meter (fixes the amount of air supplied per hour per person); sub-meter calibrated in "mm water column" (controls the degree of sealing of the shelter); psychrometer (a set of two thermometers, determines the temperature and humidity of the air); chemical reconnaissance device (VPKhR) and dose rate meter IMD-21s (or DP-64, DP-5, IMD-5). Documentation is stored in the shelter: a plan of the shelter, instructions for officials, technical documentation for equipment and operating rules for the systems and elements of the shelter. The emergency power plant, if any, is located in a separate isolated room with a vestibule. Each shelter is served by a special formation of GO (shelters and shelters). His personnel arrive at the signal and set out posts. Post 1 - at each entrance. When the shelter is full, people are allowed to pass through it. It distributes the flow of arrivals, providing accommodation for children, the sick and the elderly. At the signal "Close the shelter", the guards close the door and one of them is constantly at the door. Post 2 - in the control room. Turns on the FVA and monitors the operation of all equipment, the readings of measuring instruments. Executes commands to set the ventilation mode. Post 3. Before filling the shelter, the specialist turns on the lighting in all rooms, closes the shutters of the manholes, adjusts the exhaust ventilation plugs, switches according to the shelter's air supply scheme, and then maintains order when placing people. If the shelter has autonomous power sources and artesian wells, then specialists in their maintenance are included in the formation. The number and placement of shelters, as well as their entrances, should ensure timely shelter of the largest working shift of the ONX. Shelters with a capacity of more than 300 people are equipped with a tambour-gateway for the passage of latecomers. All entrances are equipped with protective and protective-hermetic doors with protection against leakage of incendiary mixtures and from the effects of air-blast. Premises for accommodating people must have internal dimensions that provide a space of at least 0,5 m2 floor and 1,5 m3 for one person. The degree of sealing of shelters is characterized by air pressure inside the shelter: it must provide at least 10 mm of water. column, and in fire hazardous places - 30 mm of water. pillar and protect people from carbon monoxide. Anti-explosion devices and overpressure valves are installed on all air intakes and air exhausts. The ventilation system must provide reliable operation in several modes. Mode 1 - "clean ventilation" - should provide cleaning from contaminants (using mesh pre-filters) and feed into the shelter at least 7 m3 air per hour per person, remove heat emissions. To protect against infections (OV, BS), PPE must be used. Mode 2 - "filter ventilation" - provides air purification from all types of pollution, but not from carbon monoxide. To protect against carbon monoxide, hopcolite and heat-intensive filters are used. At the same time, at least 2 m3 air per person per hour. Mode 3 - "complete isolation mode" with internal air regeneration and using a regenerative unit (RU 150/6, RUCT). Regenerative cartridges RP-100 and oxygen cylinders can also be used. Carbon dioxide is absorbed in the RP-100, and the missing oxygen is supplied from cylinders under pressure, which is selected according to a special schedule - depending on the number of people in the shelter. One person receives 25 liters of oxygen per hour and absorbs 20 liters of carbon dioxide per hour. The color of shelter communications is of great importance: air ducts of mode 1 - white, mode 2 - yellow, mode 3 - red; electrical wiring is laid in black pipes; water pipes are painted green; heating pipes - in brown. This is important when performing rescue operations. Prefabricated shelters are built when there is a threat of attack or in wartime. The construction of STBs or the adaptation of pre-planned premises for this purpose is carried out according to existing projects from materials prepared for the future or improvised materials. Up to two months are allotted for the construction of second-tier banks with the suspension of any other construction. RBOs (Figure 7.10) should have the same premises and equipment as shelters built in peacetime. At the same time, FVA, pre-filters, anti-explosion devices, entrances, electric fans (Fig. 7.11) and sanitary units can be made from improvised materials or in a simplified form, but must ensure the required reliability. BVU provides ventilation in mode 1 or 2. Filters can be made of gravel, sand, burlap. As drives of the ventilation system, blacksmith bellows, a chain drive from a bicycle can be adapted. During the construction of STBs, serial blocks, large-diameter pipes, special prefabricated elements prepared in advance are used. Anti-radiation shelters (PRU) are the ZS GO, providing protection from RZ within 2 days. In the zone of weak destruction, the PRU design must withstand air-blast overpressure up to 0,2 kg/cm2 and the impact of falling building debris. PRU also protects against light radiation and droplet-liquid agents. PRU (Fig. 7.12) equipped:
The capacity of the PRU is determined by the area of the adapted premises. The ability of the PRU to protect against radiation is determined by the protection factor, that is, by how many times the level of radiation in open areas is higher than in the PRU. Anti-radiation shelters in the zone of weak destruction are built in advance, and in the suburban area - when there is a threat of attack. The calculation norms for the capacity and height of the premises are the same as for shelters. The entrance must be made at an angle of 90° to the vestibule in order to prevent direct propagation of air-blast through the shelter. The ventilation of the PRU should provide 20% more air inflow than the exhaust, in order to create excess pressure in the PRU. Air intake openings must be located at a height of more than 3 m from the ground and have a canopy. Heating is carried out from the central system, it can be electric or stove. Water supply - at least 6 liters per person. There should be a lavatory or cesspool with a lid and a vent outlet. Lighting, notification and communication - in accordance with the requirements for the shelter. When retrofitting a basement for a PRU, it is necessary:
Rice. 7.10. Prefabricated Shelter
Rice. 7.11. Fans: a - a metal fan with a bicycle drive; 1 - metal fan; 2 - inlet pipe; 3 - drive sleeve; 4 - air outlet; b - axial fan ROV; 1 - reducer; 2 - impeller; 3 - stand; 4 - electric motor; 5 - handle The simplest shelters (Fig. 7.13) provide mass protection of the population from the effects of air-blast, building debris, and light radiation. They weaken the effect of penetrating radiation and RH. PPE is used to protect against RH. An example of the simplest shelters can be a gap, a trench, various kinds of dugouts, adapted cellars. The simplest shelter should have an overlap and be ready to be filled with Humans in 24 hours. Sections of the gap up to 10 m long are dug at different angles (usually at an angle of 90 °) to each other, which saves from the direct propagation of a shock wave through it. The length of the gap is determined by the number of people hiding in it. The overlap of the gap is made of logs with a diameter of up to 20 cm, beams, slabs. Waterproofing is provided (roofing material, synthetic film, clay), as well as drainage, a drainage ditch and collars to protect the incendiary mixture from leaking. From above, backfilling with soil (80 cm thick) and turfing is carried out. Organization of shelter for the population. The number and location of the entrances and the ES of the civil defense should be sufficient for the timely shelter of all the population remaining after the evacuation. Each shelter is completed with the necessary documents (plan of the shelter, a map of its binding on the ground and a diagram of ways to evacuate people from the shelter). The shelter plan indicates all systems, ventilation ducts and networks; location of disconnecting devices; all inputs; thickness and material of walls, floors and ceilings; area and cubic capacity of premises; tables for calculating the time spent by people at a given air exchange rate. The Shelter Map determines the location of the Shelter and its entrances on the terrain with reference to non-collapsible landmarks. One copy of the documentation is kept in the shelter, and the others - at the headquarters of the GO OE. At least once a quarter and immediately after the start of filling, the shelter is checked for tightness, operability of the FVA, all systems and means of communication. The commander of the formation of shelters and shelters sets up posts, monitors the fulfillment of the calculation of his duties and the serviceability of the shelter equipment. Shelter ventilation is switched to "Mode I". Reception and accommodation of people is carried out, order is maintained in the shelter. After the "Close AP" signal is executed, the tightness of the shelter is checked. On the signals "Radioactive danger" or "Chemical alarm" ventilation is immediately transferred to "Mode 2". If there is no such regime, then PPE is put on. After a nuclear explosion, an expedient ventilation mode is selected. All those who are hiding must comply with the requirements of the calculation to ensure the safety of staying in a protective structure. Those sheltering should have a supply of food and water for two days, toiletries, personal belongings, documents, personal protective equipment. The dispersal of workers and employees of the OE and the evacuation of the population. The dispersal and evacuation of the population (REW) is one of the ways to protect it from damaging factors during emergencies. Dispersal is an organized removal (withdrawal) and placement in a suburban area of OE personnel who are free from work, as well as personnel providing the life of the city (utility workers). Those who are dispersed constantly come to their workplaces, and at the end of work they return to the suburban area. Travel time to the city and back should not exceed two hours. Evacuation is an organized withdrawal (export) from the cities and placement in the countryside of the personnel of the OE who stop working in the city, as well as the rest of the population. The evacuees live permanently in the suburban area until further notice. A suburban area is a territory outside the zones of possible destruction. Its boundary is set depending on the category (importance) of the city. Each OE in an out-of-town area is assigned a location area.
Rice. 7.12. Equipment of the basement (a) and cellar (b) under the anti-radiation shelter: 1 - filter absorber (simplified type); 2 - soil sprinkling; 3 - a layer of soil on the floor; 4 - reinforcing support; 5 - exhaust box; 6 - brick sealing of a window opening; 7 - fan (bellows). To the right of the cellar drawing, the device of the lower, indoors, end of the supply duct (dust filter) is shown
Rice. 7.13. The simplest shelters: a - overlapping cracks; b - open slot The dispersal of workers, employees and members of their families is carried out according to the territorial production principle in a combined way, that is, by all modes of transport or on foot in the shortest possible time (within 24 hours from the moment the signal is received). The movement of convoys and transport, food, medical care, and protection must be provided. The population is evacuated according to the territorial principle, that is, at the place of residence through the housing maintenance authorities. The following are exported by transport: dispersed and formations of civil defense; the sick, the elderly, the disabled, women with children under 10 years of age. The rest of the population can be removed on foot to the intermediate evacuation point. The implementation of the REW measures will reduce the population density of the city many times over, which will drastically reduce losses. In addition, there should be a sufficient number of places in the AP GO for the remaining population. When organizing the movement of foot columns, their route, the composition of the columns, the starting point and the boundaries of traffic control, the time of their passage are developed. The places and duration of halts, the location of first-aid posts, heating points, intermediate evacuation points, as well as the possibility of transporting people back to their places of permanent accommodation by transport are assigned. Control signals and the order of their communication to people are determined. All work on the organization and conduct of the REW is carried out in accordance with the Territory Civil Defense Plan (MA) and the instructions of the relevant head of the Civil Defense. To guide the REW, evacuation commissions are being created to help the relevant headquarters of the civil defense. Evacuation is organized through prefabricated evacuation points, which are located in public buildings (schools, clubs, theaters). The prefabricated evacuation center (Fig. 7.14) ensures the collection, registration and dispatch of the population to the landing stations or to the starting points for the formation of foot columns. In the area where the assembly evacuation center is located, there should be protective structures and other life support institutions. Each collection point is assigned a number. The population is notified about the evacuation through the OE, the police, housing maintenance authorities, the radio and television broadcasting network. At this signal, people, taking with them documents, money, necessary things, medicines, a supply of food and water, arrive at the evacuation center. For each transport (echelon, vessel, convoy) a head is appointed, who must ensure the implementation of the traffic schedule. In a foot column there can be up to 1000 people divided into groups of 50-100 people. The head of the column has a route plan designed for one daily transition, made in 10-12 hours of movement. The speed of the column is up to 5 km / h, the distance between the columns is 500 m. Every 1,5 hours of movement, a halt is made for 15 minutes, and after 6 hours - a large halt (up to 2 hours). At the halts, columns are pulled up, medical assistance is provided, the presence of people is checked, and hot meals are provided. Protective structures and water supply points are being equipped along the route. In the suburban area, reception evacuation centers are being created to receive evacuees as working bodies of the reception evacuation commission. They provide accommodation for the evacuees and supply them with everything they need. Reception evacuation centers (Fig. 7.15) are created to assist the relevant civil defense headquarters and are formed similarly to the SEP from among the leaders of rural areas. The composition of the receiving evacuation center is informed of the schedule of arrival of transport and foot columns, their number, the location of the intermediate point of evacuation, the type and quantity of transport that can be used to deliver people from the intermediate point of evacuation. Reception evacuation centers are also deployed in public buildings near the drop-off point. Evacuation measures are planned in advance, the possibility of their implementation and security in accordance with the civil defense plan during exercises and trainings are carefully and regularly checked. The plan provides for the features of the REW in emergency situations that are possible in a given area (accident at a nuclear power plant, flood). When planning evacuation measures, it is necessary to work out the issues of ensuring the vital activity of the population. Transportation services consists in organizing the removal of people to the REW areas; export of material assets; transportation of work shifts from the areas of dispersal to the MA and back. Medical support It is planned to carry out through the existing network of hospitals, polyclinics and first-aid posts in rural areas, strengthened by the medical institutions and medical staff taken out of the city. Due to the significant migration of the population, one must be prepared for the appearance of a focus of bacteriological damage. Under these conditions, the role of providing medical care at home increases significantly. At prefabricated, receiving, intermediate points of evacuation, stations of landing, transplantation and disembarkation, existing or deployed additional (new) first-aid posts are being strengthened. To provide medical care on the way, medical workers with the necessary equipment are allocated to each echelon (column), and ambulances with a mobile medical aid team are assigned to some routes. Anti-radiation and anti-chemical support provides for:
Catering, provision of water and basic necessities carried out through the relevant services of rural areas (trade, consumer services, public catering), strengthened by the evacuees. On the routes in cold weather, points of heating and supply of water from closed sources are organized. For the first two days, people can eat the supplies they take with them. The successful implementation of REW to a large extent depends on the moral and psychological state of the population, which is achieved through purposeful and painstaking work by the relevant authorities. Planning civil defense activities at industrial OE. All MAs provide advance preparation for the protection of people in times of emergency in peacetime and wartime; measures are being developed to reduce losses and ensure the functioning of the OE, as well as the timely conduct of rescue operations. An exemplary scheme for the organization of the GO OE is shown in fig. 7.2. Civil defense on the MA must ensure continuous control of the services and formations of the MA, the readiness of warning and communication systems; creation, equipping, training of the forces of the GO OE, maintaining them in constant readiness; personnel training in protection methods; protecting food and water supplies from contamination. Full responsibility for the organization of the GO OE and its readiness to fulfill the tasks assigned to it lies with the head of the civil defense facility, that is, the head of an enterprise of any form of ownership. It is subordinate to a higher authority (department, concern or any other organization of production), in whose subordination it is, and operationally - to the higher headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the territory where this facility is located. To manage specific areas of work, deputy heads of the GO OE are appointed.
Rice. 7.14. Prefabricated evacuation point The Deputy Head of the GO OE for the dispersal of OE personnel manages the development of a dispersal plan, organizes the preparation of places for receiving people; manages the public order service; organizes the transportation of personnel to and from the place of work. The Deputy Head of the GO OE for engineering and technical part (Chief Engineer) manages the development of a plan for transferring the OE to a special mode of operation; ensures the implementation of the ITM GO to increase the stability of the ONX, manages the fire fighting, emergency technical, shelters and shelters services. He carries out the technical management of the S&DNR in the lesions. The Deputy Head of the GO OE for Logistics ensures the accumulation and storage of special property, equipment, tools, transport and protective equipment; logistical support for the construction of the AP defense, activities for the REW, the implementation of the SiDNR. He organizes the dispersal of stocks and reserves, unique and valuable equipment.
Rice. 7.15. Reception evacuation point The management body of the civil defense facility is the headquarters under the leadership of the head of the civil defense OE. The headquarters is staffed with full-time and non-staff employees of the OE (chief of staff, his deputies, assistants on specific issues: operational intelligence work, combat training - and other persons, depending on specific conditions). The headquarters organizes the development of the Civil Defense OE Plan, the coordination of this plan with the territorial and departmental headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations and its approval by the head of the Civil Defense OE, ensures timely adjustment of the plan. The GO OE plan for peacetime is developed at all facilities, institutions, agricultural organizations, and educational institutions. It defines the measures to be taken in the event of a threat or sudden development of an emergency: an attack, a threat of attack, sabotage, an accident, a natural disaster. At the OE that continue to work in wartime, the Plan of GO OE for wartime is worked out, which determines the organization and procedure for transferring OE to work in wartime conditions with the provision of output in the planned volume and range. It should reflect the activities of the production plan of the facility, issues of protecting workers and employees, maintaining the production activities of the OE and all types of material support (supply), given the calculation of forces and means to eliminate the consequences of emergencies, to provide means of collective and individual protection. When planning civil defense activities, the necessary initial data, documentation and reference materials are used. The head of the civil defense of the territory (republics within the Russian Federation, territory, region, city) determines the objectives of the facility, the number and types of civil defense formations that the OE must have in order to carry out the SIDNR on its MA and on the territory, the deadlines for the implementation of civil defense measures. Requirements for the GO OE Plan:
When working out the Plan, apply the situation using the symbols of civil defense and abbreviations permitted by the governing documents. All documents of the Plan must be coordinated with each other, with the Plans of Civil Defense of the territory and department to which this MA is subject. The Federal Law "On the Protection of the Population and Territory from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies" of November 11, 1994 obliges Russian citizens to:
In pursuance of this law, the Government of the country adopted a resolution "On the procedure for preparing the population in the field of protection against emergency situations." One of the main tasks of the prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergencies in all parts of the RSChS is the training of the leadership of the civil defense, the personnel of the formations and the training of the population in actions in emergencies. The entire population (both working and non-working), students of higher educational institutions, students of general educational institutions and vocational education institutions is subject to training. The tasks of training the leadership of the civil defense are:
The following tasks are set for the emergency rescue and non-military formations:
The training of senior personnel of territorial and sectoral government bodies, the command and command staff of the emergency rescue forces and specialists of the RSChS is carried out at the Academy of Civil Defense, in training and methodological centers for civil defense and emergency situations. The training of professional rescuers of emergency rescue, non-military and specialized permanent readiness units is carried out in educational institutions for advanced training and training, in training centers, training centers of ministries and departments, educational and methodological centers for civil emergency situations. Exercises with high readiness formations are held annually, and their training is carried out off-the-job. The training of non-military formations of the OE is carried out under the guidance of the heads of the Civil Defense of the OE and directly at the OE with the involvement of course teachers (training and methodological centers) of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations. With non-military formations, once every 1 years, complex exercises or trainings are held at facilities. The purpose of training the population in civil defense is: instilling in workers, employees and agricultural workers who are not part of the formation of civil defense, skills in actions in case of notification in case of accidents at the OE, skills in the use of personal and collective protective equipment, in providing self- and mutual assistance in case of injuries, in the implementation of protection measures food and water. Training of this category of the population is carried out by conducting planned classes or independently studying the issues of the approved program, followed by consolidating the acquired knowledge and skills in the implementation of practical standards (Collection of civil defense standards, 1985), as well as during training at facilities and complex exercises. Specific types of training, topics and the number of hours for their study are determined by the head of the Civil Defense and Emergency Service of the OE, taking into account local conditions, the specifics of production and the degree of staff training. If there are no full-time employees of the civil defense at the MA, then the training of the OE personnel who are not part of the formations is organized in the training and methodological centers of the Civil Defense and Emergencies. The task of training the population not employed in the areas of production and services is the practical assimilation of the rules of behavior and actions in emergency situations, knowledge of warning signals and protection measures. The preparation of this category of the population is carried out by conducting conversations, lectures, watching films, videos and filmstrips, slides at consultation points, the activities of which are organized by the headquarters for civil emergency situations, as well as by independently studying manuals, memos, listening to radio broadcasts and watching TV programs on actions in emergency situations and in the course of participation in exercises and trainings on the territory of the city, district. The task of preparing university students is to instill in them the practical skills of managing the DPR in the OE at the level of middle-level command staff in the event of an emergency. Education of students in universities is carried out taking into account the profile of their training. In technical, economic, agricultural, natural science and humanitarian universities, students are trained in senior courses in the discipline "Life Safety", where at least 50 hours are allotted for the course "HE in solving problems of the RSChS". In addition, a course "Designing civil defense engineering and technical measures" (20 hours) was introduced in higher education institutions. In pedagogical institutes, institutes of foreign languages and pedagogical faculties of universities, students are trained according to the program "Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge and Children's Health". In other humanitarian universities of non-pedagogical profile, students are trained according to the program of the course "Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge and Provision of Medical Assistance". The purpose of teaching students of general educational institutions and institutions of vocational education is to develop the skills and abilities to act in emergency situations, the correct use of protective equipment, the provision of self- and mutual assistance. Training of this category of students is carried out according to the program of the course "Fundamentals of Life Safety" with a volume of 400 hours in general educational institutions and 140 hours in vocational education institutions. In order to improve the training of command and control bodies of the RSChS forces and check their readiness for action in emergency situations, exercises and trainings are held annually in subsystems and units. During the exercises, an environment is created that is as close as possible to the real one. At each exercise, the reality of the Civil Defense OE Plan is checked, and on this basis the most appropriate ways of solving civil defense tasks are developed. The training of formations ends with special tactical exercises, which are held annually with high-readiness formations, and once every 1 years with the rest. Comprehensive exercises are carried out once every 3 years at categorized OEs, at OEs in agriculture, at OEs with more than 1 employees, in medical institutions with 3 or more beds, as well as at OEs that produce or use fire-explosive and hazardous substances. At the rest of the OE, including in universities and institutions of secondary vocational education, object training is held once every 300 years. In general educational institutions and institutions of primary vocational training, trainings are held annually on Children's Day. The highest form of training of command and control bodies is command-staff exercises of civil defense. They are held in all parts of civil defense 1 time in 2 ... 3 years in accordance with the Organizational and methodological guidelines for the preparation of civil defense. When training all categories of the population, it is necessary to pay the most serious attention to their moral and psychological preparation, the ability to act on the signals of civil defense. Fulfillment of the tasks of carrying out SIDNR in the lesions is associated with a real danger to life. Therefore, everyone is required to fulfill his duty to the end in carrying out the task. The solution of all these tasks should be facilitated by the constant promotion of knowledge on civil defense among the population using all media, as well as exhibitions, meetings with discussion of civil defense issues and presentations by senior officials, and excursions.Authors: Grinin A.S., Novikov V.N.
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