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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Ordinary tobacco (Virgin tobacco, cultivated tobacco). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Common tobacco (Virgin tobacco, cultivated tobacco), Nicotiana tabacum. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Nicotiana Family: Solanaceae (Nightshades) Origin: Tropical and subtropical regions of South and Central America. Area: It is currently grown in many countries around the world. Chemical composition: The main active ingredient of tobacco is nicotine, an alkaloid contained in the leaves of the plant. Tobacco also contains sugars, starch, acids, essential oils and other substances. Economic value: Tobacco is used to make cigars, cigarettes, smoking pipes, chewing tobacco and some other tobacco products. It is also used in medicine for the production of drugs. However, tobacco contains many harmful substances, so its use can lead to various diseases, including cancer. Legends, myths, symbolism: In ancient mythology of the Indians of America, tobacco was associated with the god of the earth, who was the patron of the plant. The Indians used tobacco in their rituals and rituals, including to communicate with the gods and ancestors. In European culture, tobacco was associated with the exotic and new discoveries, and was used as a means of relaxation and entertainment. In the XNUMXth century, tobacco became popular in Europe, and many noble people, including kings and tsars, smoked it. Tobacco also has a symbolic meaning in various cultures. In some cultures, tobacco is associated with power, wealth and prestige. In other cultures, tobacco is considered a sacred plant that can help in communication with gods and spirits.
Common tobacco (Virgin tobacco, cultivated tobacco), Nicotiana tabacum. Description, illustrations of the plant Common tobacco (Virgin tobacco, cultivated tobacco), Nicotiana tabacum. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
The foothills of modern Bolivia and Peru, areas of ancient Indian civilizations are considered the center of origin of tobacco. For many millennia, Indians have been growing tobacco in the vast territory of South and Central America, in the Antilles, in the southern part of North America. Tobacco was one of the first plants brought to Europe from America and quickly spread throughout the world. At present, it is distributed all over the world and the total sown area under tobacco is more than 4 million hectares, the average yield is 1,2-1,3 t/ha, the gross production of raw materials is about 5 million tons. The main production of raw materials is concentrated in Asia, where the sown area exceeds 2 million hectares (China - 700 thousand hectares, India - 450 thousand, Indonesia - 160 thousand hectares). On the American continent, tobacco occupies about 900 thousand hectares, the largest areas are in the USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Cuba. In Africa, the sown area of tobacco is about 300 thousand hectares, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and South Africa are major producers of raw materials and smoking products. In Europe, more than 500 thousand hectares are occupied by tobacco. The most significant areas are concentrated in the Balkan zone: in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Solanaceae family, 70-100 cm high, rarely up to 200-300 cm. Stem erect, rounded, pubescent, 10-40 mm thick. The root system is powerful, penetrating to a depth of 2 m, with a well-defined main tap root. The leaves are alternate, entire, pubescent, petiolate or without petioles, the length of the leaf blade is from 12 cm in small-leaved forms to 50 cm in large-leaved ones. The shape of the leaf blade - from rounded oval to lanceolate The size of the leaves varies significantly depending on the growing conditions, however, the characteristic length-to-width ratio remains: from 1,2-1,3 in European varieties to 2,2-2,5 in American large-leaved. The number of leaves per plant ranges from 16 to 50 or more. Leaf color from yellow-green to dark green, nicotine content in leaves from 0,5 to 3,0%. Tobacco flowers are bisexual, with a 5-lobed calyx and a funnel-shaped corolla, white, pink or red, stamens 5. The pistil is simple, with a capitate stigma, a 2-celled upper ovary, surrounded at the base by a nectary. The fruit is a 2-celled capsule that cracks when ripe. The seeds are small, round-oval in shape, with a rough cellular surface, brownish-brown in color. About 2-4 thousand seeds are formed in one box, the weight of 1000 seeds is 0,06-0,08 g. Tobacco is a photophilous plant. With insufficient lighting, the accumulation of dry substances and carbohydrates in plants slows down, the texture of leaves changes, and the aromaticity of raw materials decreases. Optimum illumination of tobacco in the field is achieved by creating a certain density of plants, and to obtain thin, elastic wrapping leaves of cigars, artificial shading of plants with special awnings is used. Favorable temperatures for tobacco growth and development are 21-27 °C. The sum of biologically active temperatures during the growing season is at least 2000-3000 °C for a period of about 120-140 days. Tobacco is characterized by high ecological plasticity in relation to moisture conditions. Oriental aromatic small-leaved tobacco ecotypes grow successfully without irrigation in dry subtropics with a total rainfall during the growing season of no more than 100-200 mm. Large-leaved American tobacco ecotypes give good yields in the tropics and humid subtropics with 300-500 mm of precipitation per season. However, tobacco does not tolerate excessive moisture. The duration of the growing season of tobacco is directly dependent on the average daily air temperature. So, at an average daily temperature of 18 ° C, the growing season of tobacco is 175 days, at 20 ° C - 130 days, and at 26-27 ° C - 100 days. The mode of average daily temperatures is of decisive importance, especially during the period of leaf ripening: good-quality smoking raw materials are obtained only if the average temperature during the period of technical maturity of the leaves is at least 20 ° C. Therefore, areas of the temperate zone located north of the July-August isotherm of 20 ° C are considered unsuitable for tobacco cultivation. Many modern varieties and hybrids of tobacco are suitable for the production of tobacco raw materials by artificial drying, the main variety types are the North American varieties Hicks, Speigt, Cocker and Byte Gould, combined into the so-called Virginia type.
The most favorable climatic conditions for growing this type of tobacco are characterized by low air humidity, moderate temperatures and a long period of clear sunny days. Therefore, the period of planting yellow tobacco such as Virginia in the countries of Central, Eastern and Southern Africa coincides with the beginning of the summer (rainy) season, and in the tropical regions of Southeast Asia and Central America - with the beginning of the winter (dry) season. For this type of tobacco, a characteristic feature is a powerful deeply penetrating root system of plants. On loose, well-drained soils, the roots reach a depth of 120-150 cm, with most of the roots located in the subsoil layer. This feature determines the choice of the most suitable type of soil for growing yellow tobacco. The best soils for growing Virginia-type tobacco are considered to be sandy loams on loose marl sandy rocks, containing about 85% sand and 10% physical clay in the arable layer and a pH of 5,5-6,5. On heavier soils, the quality of tobacco raw materials decreases. Loamy soils rich in organic matter are suitable for growing dark fire-cured tobacco. Leaves are harvested by leaves or by whole plants, and before the onset of technical maturity of the leaves. Sheet-by-sheet harvesting is carried out in 2 terms: 2-3 weeks after topping, about half of the leaves of the plant are removed from below, after 7-10 days - the remaining leaves. After harvesting, the leaves are placed in the shade in small piles for 2-3 days. Harvesting with whole plants begins 4-6 weeks after topping. The stem is cut down together with the leaves and placed on poles for 2-3 days in the shade. Drying of tobacco is carried out in sheds (18,0x9,0x3,5 m), in the smoke of burning wood, other types of fuel are not used. Drying time - 1,5-2,5 months. The main production of solar-cured tobacco is located in the countries adjacent to the Mediterranean, Black and Adriatic seas: in Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Yugoslavia, Italy, Spain, Bulgaria, Albania. Semi-oriental tobacco is also widespread in the more continental regions of Europe, Asia and Africa. The best soils for oriental tobacco are light sandy, with a low humus content, slightly acidic or alkaline. Semi-eastern tobacco is also grown on high-humus soils. Planting density of small-leaved oriental tobacco is 100-200 thousand plants per 1 ha, large-leaved semi-eastern - 45-85 thousand plants per 1 ha. The best soils for tobacco are light and medium in granulometric composition, with a low humus content, good water permeability and moisture capacity. The most favorable is a slightly acidic or slightly alkaline reaction of the soil solution, although tobacco plants grow successfully on both very acidic (pH 4,5-4,8) and alkaline soils (pH 8,5). Typically, typical "tobacco" soils contain no more than 2,0-2,5% humus; on high-humus soils in tobacco leaves, the concentration of nicotine increases, the aromaticity and combustibility of raw materials deteriorate. Doses of mineral fertilizers in tobacco nurseries often significantly exceed the scientifically substantiated ones. The number of individual nutrients per 1 hectare reaches 600-900 kg. This is due to the need to maintain optimal (abundant) nutrition for the rapid growth of young plants, their good resistance to high concentrations of nutrients in the soil solution and their significant leaching during frequent watering. The most widely used mineral fertilizers are mixtures of various combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and magnesium fertilizers, for example 5:12:6:2 or 4:10:14:3. The best form of nitrogen compounds for tobacco seedlings is nitrate, applied in 2-3 doses, at sowing and in top dressing. Phosphorus, potassium and magnesium fertilizers are applied in full doses during soil preparation before sowing. Soil preparation for planting tobacco consists in plowing 12-15 or 20-25 cm with disk (less often share) plows 30-40 days before planting and preplant harrowing with disk harrows to a depth of 7-10 cm with fertilizer placement. Nitrogen doses do not exceed 40-60 kg/ha, phosphorus - vary over a very wide range in different growing zones - from 130 to 400 kg/ha; potassium is used in doses of 90-180 kg/ha. Fertilizers are applied in 2-3 doses: before planting and during top dressing. Mixtures of fertilizers with ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 2:10:8 or 2:12:10 are widespread. In nurseries without shelter, with the help of a unit that combines the work of a cultivator-hiller, a cutter and a roller leveler, ridges are prepared with a height of 0,3 m, a width of 0,9-1,2 m and a length of 9-10 m (less often 18-27 m). The most important element of soil preparation in nurseries is its sterilization for the destruction of weed seeds, soil fauna and plant pathogens. The soil is sterilized with hot steam or various chemicals: calcium cyanamide, methyl bromide, formalin, etc. Soil treatment with preparations is carried out a few days before sowing seeds, the depth of the sterilized layer is 15-30 cm. In all areas of cultivation, tobacco is grown in seedlings, receiving seedlings in special nurseries. In areas of the tropics, fairly flat areas of sandy or light loamy, well-drained soil are chosen for nursery gardens, on which tobacco or plants from the Solanaceae family have not grown for a long time. Sites are changed annually. In temperate climates, tobacco nurseries are placed in greenhouses or film greenhouses with artificial heating and periodic, even annual change of soil substrate. The mixture is made up of well-rotted manure, sand and fertile soil in a ratio of 2:1:2 by volume with a pH in the range of 5,5-7,5. Sowing of tobacco seeds in nurseries is carried out, as a rule, manually scattered over the soil surface. Seeds are mixed with sand, dry soil or sawdust and spread evenly. Sowing seeds with water is also used: tobacco seeds are poured into a watering can with water and then the contents are evenly poured onto the ridges. The consumption of seeds per ridge (10 m2) is about 0,6-1,2 g, i.e. 7-15 thousand seeds. The output of normally developed seedlings in this case varies for various tobacco from 400-600 to 1000-1200 pieces per 1 m2. The most important condition for obtaining friendly seedlings of tobacco is to maintain the optimal moisture content of the surface layer of the soil (about 80% of the maximum moisture capacity) in the first 10-15 days after sowing the seeds. Drying of the soil surface up to 40%, even for several hours, leads to the death of seedlings. Moistening of the soil surface in practice is carried out by sprinkling, and in the tropics there is a need for 2-3 times irrigation during the day. However, at the same time, tobacco seeds can be carried by water from the ridges to the paths or go too deep into the soil. In order to preserve moisture to prevent the seeds from being washed away during irrigation, as well as to protect the seedlings from the wind, cover the nursery ridges with dry grass, straw, plastic wrap, a special cloth or mulch with fine peat, sawdust, sand, dry crushed mass of sugar cane stalks. The seedling growth period is 35-60 days. In nurseries, regular watering, weeding, fertilizing with mineral fertilizers and phytosanitary treatments of plants are carried out. Seedlings are sampled in 3-4 doses at intervals of 3-7 days. Seedlings with a height of 15 cm, a thickness of about 1 cm and well-developed 4-6 leaves are considered the best. Growing tobacco on plantations from the moment of planting seedlings has some features depending on the varietal composition, methods of drying the leaves and the purpose of the resulting tobacco raw materials. Currently, 4 methods of drying leaves are used in world tobacco growing: artificial, fire, air and solar. Artificially dried tobacco is planted with a row spacing of 82 to 120 cm, a row spacing of 30 to 82 cm, a planting density of 17 to 25 plants per 1 ha. During the growing season, plantations carry out 2-3 weedings, 6-7 phytosanitary treatments of plants against diseases and pests, and in some areas - irrigation. To obtain high-quality artificially dried yellow tobacco leaves, the apical and lateral shoots of plants must be removed. 16-20 leaves are left on the plant, the apical bud is removed. Lateral shoots that appear on the plant are plucked 2-3 times during the growing season with a length of no more than 15 cm. In some areas, mechanized chasing of plants and inhibition of the growth of lateral shoots by treatment with maleic acid hydrazide solutions are used. Harvesting of yellow tobacco for artificial drying is carried out sheet by sheet, in several periods, as the leaves on the plant ripen. The leaves are harvested in a state of technical maturity, which is manifested primarily in the transformation of the green color of the leaf into yellowish-green and in an increase in the angle of deviation of the leaf from the stem. The first collection (breaking) of leaves occurs 55-60 days after planting seedlings on the plantation. Subsequent collections are carried out after 5-6 days, removing 2-3 leaves from the bottom up along the plant. The harvesting period lasts 30-40 days and includes 6 leaf collections.
The largest amount of raw tobacco in the world is prepared by artificial drying of leaves. The resulting raw material, which is characterized by a relatively high carbohydrate content, low nicotine concentration, good aromaticity, porosity and elasticity, is used for the manufacture of cigarettes. The color of dry leaves is light yellow, so this tobacco is often called yellow. Drying of leaves is carried out quickly enough, in strictly defined conditions of temperature and air humidity. However, this drying method requires the creation of special drying chambers or sheds and high energy costs to maintain temperature and humidity conditions. The collected leaves are sewn together at the base, 2-3 pieces each, and hung on poles or cords in drying sheds, 60-120 pieces each. Modern drying sheds are built of wood, concrete, brick, they are 8x8x3 m in size with 4-6 heating ovens and automatic temperature and humidity control. Cords or poles with leaves are placed in them at intervals of 10-12 cm horizontally and 5 cm vertically between rows. The first stage of drying - languishing, or fermentation of the leaves, lasts 24-48 hours at a temperature of 35-38 ° C and an air humidity of 80-90%. On the following day, the temperature is raised to 44-48 ° C at a rate of 0,5 degrees per hour, and air humidity is reduced to 40%. For complete drying of the leaves, the temperature is raised to 60, 71, 76,5 and 82 ° C at intervals of 6-8 hours and a gradual decrease in air humidity to 7-10%. The whole drying process takes about 4 days. After drying is complete, the chambers are cooled to ambient temperature. The leaves are folded into round riots 2x3x2 m with the tops inside and covered with a cloth on top. This ends the agricultural cycle of tobacco production. The most ancient, traditional method of artificial drying of tobacco without regulation of air humidity is still widespread in world tobacco growing. Drying of leaves is carried out in smoke over a fire. The production of this tobacco is limited to small areas of cultivation in the Americas (USA, Canada, Mexico), Africa (Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe) and some European countries (Greece, Italy). It is grown in small farms and used, as a rule, in the domestic market as chewing, snuff, pipe and cigar tobacco. Cultivated varieties also belong to the Virginia ecotype, but the most large-leaved forms are selected for fire-drying, the raw material of which, after drying, becomes a dark chestnut color with a dense resinous coating and a dense, heavy texture of the fabric. Therefore, this tobacco is called dark or black. Raw materials for the manufacture of cigarettes and cigars are also obtained as a result of air drying of tobacco leaves. When air-dried varieties such as Burley and Maryland, the color of dry leaves becomes light yellow (light tobacco) and is used to produce "light" aromatic cigarettes. Air-drying of Virginia ecotype tobacco leaves produces a dark-colored raw material (black tobacco) similar to artificial drying, and is used to make cigars and "strong" cigarettes. A typical Antillean tobacco air drying shed is 4,9 m high, 9,8 m wide and 24,5 or 49 m long. Whole plants or parts of stems with leaves are hung on poles with distances between them of 20-22 cm, 3-4 days somewhat thicken. The drying process lasts 45-60 days, during this period the leaves lose up to 85% of water, acquire a light yellow or dark chestnut color. After drying, light tobacco is tied into bundles and placed in riots up to 2 m high with the tops of the plants inside. After a few days, the leaves are separated from the stems, sorted by quality and used for their intended purpose. Dark tobacco after air drying is subjected to a fermentation process. Plants are placed in bales, covered with burlap and left for 25-30 days. The temperature inside the heap should not exceed 45 ° C, if it rises above, the tobacco is aired by transferring it to a new heap. The method of solar drying of tobacco is localized in the areas of cultivation of varieties of the so-called oriental and semi-eastern tobacco. Oriental tobacco is characterized primarily by relatively small leaves, 8-25 cm long. Semi-eastern tobacco has large, up to 70 cm, leaves and is a hybrid between large-leaved American varieties and oriental tobacco. Harvesting of solar-cured tobacco begins 6-8 weeks after planting and is carried out sheet by sheet, in 5-6 terms. The beginning of harvesting coincides with the beginning of flowering. The leaves of the lower tiers are harvested at intervals of 4-5 days, subsequent collections - after 10-15 days, the harvesting period lasts up to 2 months. Immediately after collection, the leaves are strung on cords, hung in the shade and kept for 2-3 days. The leaves are then dried in the sun. The duration of drying of the lower leaves of the plant is 8-10 days, the upper ones - 20-25 days. After drying, the leaves acquire a pronounced light chestnut color, have a sticky surface and a delicate characteristic aroma. During the drying process, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of precipitation on tobacco leaves, therefore, in many areas, drying is carried out on sites near sheds or sheds, in which tobacco can be quickly removed. To prevent dew from moistening tobacco leaves during drying in continental regions, they are covered overnight with a light cloth, paper or plastic wrap. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Tobacco. The birthplace of the plant, the history of distribution and cultivation
The most rare of the tobaccos is the heart-leaved species. He survived only on the island of Mas-a-Tierra, where the sailor A. Selkirk (Robinson Crusoe) was serving his exile. Robinson Crusoe Island lies 350 miles west of the city of Valparaiso in Chile. Botanists got there only in 1854, when this species was described. Heartleaf tobacco is an unprepossessing, skinny shrub a little taller than a man. It has large velvet-white heart-shaped leaves and many red-purple flowers. At the time of flowering, it is visible from afar, and then, as it were, disappears from the eyes. Maybe that's why subsequent botanists, no matter how much they searched, could not find it. More than sixty years have passed. And only in 1917, the director of the Swedish Botanical Garden, K. Scottsberg, met this tobacco again during the expedition, and even collected the seeds. But for some reason, plants from these seeds, grown in other places, turned out to be seedless dummies. Whether the climate did not fit, or there were other reasons - is unknown. Time passed ... Many scientists went to get these seeds on the island of Robinson Crusoe. All their attempts were unsuccessful. Some returned with sad news: the last copies of tobacco were eaten by goats. Others, returning empty-handed, blamed the hummingbirds. Luck came only shortly before the Second World War. It was decided to storm the most impregnable rocks, which can only be landed from the sea. The travelers took with them complete climbing equipment: iron hooks and even rope ladders. Under the roar of the waves, they clambered over slippery stones, risking falling into the ocean. They reached a flat top, and then, at last, hearty tobacco appeared before them. White velvety leaves and red tubular flowers with a purple tinge. Of course, not only a bright appearance forced to look for tobacco beyond the seas, beyond the mountains. Also an incomparable smell. It is felt only at dusk. Connoisseurs say that no plant can be compared in aroma with ordinary garden tobacco. However, we still do not know who this fragrance is intended for? Nature does not prepare it for us. She counted on pollinators. The ones that fly at dusk. But who are they? Trying to improve fragrant tobacco, Moscow botanists decided to cross it with a distant relative - the Yellow Tobacco tree. Is it tempting to imagine fragrant tobacco not in the form of grass, but in the form of a tree the size of a three-story house? It is this growth that is the Yellow Tobacco Tree in its homeland, in Argentina. It has a grey, steel barrel. Rough and thick, like rubber, oval leaves. The flowers are so abundant that the branches bend like an apple tree in a good harvest year. There are also disadvantages, of course: the flowers are small, not larger than cucumber ones. Same yellow. And absolutely... no smell!
For our century, the Tobacco tree turned out to be very suitable. Under the pressure of an ax and fire, it does not disappear and does not even thin out. On the contrary, it actively settles, using a variety of modes of transport. Australians, frightened at one time by the invasion of prickly pear cacti, are more wary of the Yellow Tree. They even offer a reward to those who find a way to eradicate the alien. However, in order to eradicate, one must know the life of this plant. What made him successful on different continents? Seeds provided success. Smaller than a poppy. Light as dust. Dark as gunpowder. The peel is rough, rough, like sandpaper. It is not for nothing that animals cling so easily to the wool, even to the feathers of birds that follow by. When large herds of livestock began to be driven to new pastures in Australia, tobacco seeds also went along with them. And if suitable conditions were encountered along the way, the falling seeds would germinate. But this is within the continent. And intercontinental exchange? Here the transport is different. Tobacco is a lover of moisture. Settles more along the rivers. During floods, the seeds are carried down to the ocean. At the mouth of the river, they are thrown ashore by a wave. Here the seeds must be transferred to another, sea transport. An ocean liner arrives. Brings cargo. In order not to go empty, which is dangerous, he takes ballast. Fills the holds with coastal earth. It contains tobacco seeds. They will be unloaded on another continent. There, a transfer to the animal-bird transport, which will carry the aliens deep into the continent. In this way, the Yellow Tree has long penetrated the Karoo Desert in South Africa. And already quite luxuriously flaunts in the Namib desert. And no one there assumes that it is from distant Argentina ... Tobacco has one more feature that helps it survive. The whole genus of tobacco is reliably protected against eaters. The main weapon is nicotine. In some species, there is also another alkaloid - anabazine. That one will be even stronger. Tobacco spends ten percent of organic substances on the production of nicotine! Although not one hundred percent effective, nicotine protection, however, not a single four-legged and not a single bird dares to eat tobacco greens. Even omnivorous goats. People have noticed this for a long time and tried to use it to their advantage. At the beginning of the century, they were looking for a way to deal with the codling moth in an apple tree. Not a single remedy helped. One gardener pollinated apple trees with tobacco dust. Not only the codling moth disappeared from him, but also all other pests. Gardeners also took the initiative. They used tobacco dust on cabbage and also got rid of all kinds of evil spirits. And what is especially valuable is that the dust was worth nothing. The tobacco factories didn't know what to do with it. Now sales were secured. And recently, tobacco has found another rather unexpected use. Scientists have been trying to find a sensitive instrument to assess air pollution at airports. A lot of toxic gases accumulate there - carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide. And especially ozone. The cereals that are sown on the airfield are not particularly affected. Tobacco was the most sensitive. However, where planes took off more frequently, tobacco was affected less frequently. What's the matter? It turned out that it is not so much aviation that pollutes the air at airports, but the cars that serve the airfield. It helped figure out tobacco! Author: Smirnov A.
Common tobacco (Virgin tobacco, cultivated tobacco), Nicotiana tabacum. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Tobacco ordinary is not used in traditional medicine and cosmetology.
Common tobacco (Virgin tobacco, cultivated tobacco), Nicotiana tabacum. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is a cultivated plant that is grown to produce tobacco. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing ordinary tobacco: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
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