История экономики. Россия в первой половине 1990-х гг. (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

История экономики. Россия в первой половине 1990-х гг. (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

76. Russia in the first half of the 1990s.

In the second half of 1991, the state of the economy in the USSR deteriorated sharply, the market for consumer goods ceased to exist, the shops were empty, the distribution of goods was carried out by coupons and business cards. In large cities, there was a threat of starvation, not due to a lack of food in the country and not a poor harvest, but as a result of the unprofitability of agricultural enterprises to sell their crops to the state at established prices. The villagers were expecting an increase in prices for the purchase of their products. Prices on the "black" market for bread were much higher, which contributed to the process of buying and smuggling it abroad. At the end of 1991, the government purchased less than 20% of the crop.

The budget deficit was equal to 20% of GDP and it became impossible to control, foreign loans were used in full, and no one wanted to provide them, since at the end of 1991 the country was unable to pay interest on them. The gold reserve of the currency was also completely exhausted, reached a minimum level - 289 tons and became incomparable with the needs of the state and its financial obligations.

For the current situation in the country, at the end of 1991 year took Russian government responsibility, whose president was B.N. Yeltsin, who had two ways of further development.

According to the first, it was necessary to stabilize the economic situation by strengthening measures in the supply and marketing system, increasing the size of the distribution of consumer goods, by cards and balancing prices, namely by increasing them. This procedure was provided for in the “500 Days Program”.

In accordance with second direction it was necessary to carry out reforms in relation to the market system, through a combination of certain measures.

The first path was more understandable for all levels, and for the people, who expected the state authorities to quickly overcome economic and political difficulties. One of the problems in the implementation of this path was the lack of well-established political and organizational processes that had the opportunity to carry out this stabilization of the country's economy. The state institutions that remained from the USSR were weakened and needed to be re-formed.

Unlike the first, the second path was incomprehensible and difficult for all levels of management. It assumed a sharp transition to a new environment, and was also associated with a several-fold increase in prices.

The President of the country chose the second way of economic development, at the end of 1991 year was created new government. The reform of the political system was stopped, i.e. it retained its original structure.

During this period of time, uncertainty continued to persist in relations with the former union republics, as their leadership made decisions that did not correspond to the views of the Russian government, which as a result was reflected in the economic situation of the country. After the signing of the agreement on the formation of the CIS, the highest authorities acquired the ability to control the monetary and financial system, to initiate the development and implementation of an independent policy in the field of the economy.

В end of 1991 year the country's president announced his intention implementation of economic reforms, which the government, mainly consisting of academic economists, began under the leadership of B.N. Yeltsin. The young staff, knowing the main directions of development of the Western economy, did not have practical experience in economic activities of large-scale government management.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

<< Back: Attempts to transform the economy. V. Pavlov and monetary reform. The collapse of the USSR

>> Forward: Beginning of economic reforms in Russia

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ National economy. Crib

▪ Russian language. Final tests

▪ Economics and sociology of labor. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Eye-Fi Mobi cards for wireless image transfer 06.06.2013

The range of Eye-Fi, which produces SD memory cards combined with wireless adapters, has been replenished with two models of the new Eye-Fi Mobi series.

According to the manufacturer, Eye-Fi Mobi is the first memory card specifically designed to link a camera and a mobile device. Pictures taken by the camera in which such a card is installed are instantly visible on a tablet or smartphone with iOS or Android connected via a wireless channel.

Mobi claims to eliminate the hassle of transferring footage, allowing the photographer to focus on the shoot. Pictures transferred to a mobile device can be viewed, edited, shared on social networks and sent by mail as if they were taken with the built-in camera of a smartphone or tablet. There is no need to put up with the limitations of the built-in camera.

Among the advantages of Eye-Fi Mobi, the manufacturer notes the ease of installation and use. It does not require a computer or other equipment to operate. It is enough to install the appropriate application on your mobile device and enter the 10-digit card ID. One and the same card can be linked to several mobile devices. Although Wi-Fi is used for communication, no router or access point is needed.

The novelty is offered in two versions of volume: 8 and 16 GB. The cards cost $50 and $80 respectively. Both are labeled Class 10.

Other interesting news:

▪ Sneakers with electronics

▪ Bioink that triggers tissue regeneration

▪ HOF Extreme OC Lab Edition Dual Channel Kit DDR4-4600

▪ Smart desk Lumina Desk

▪ New isotope of fluorine obtained

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Children's scientific laboratory. Article selection

▪ article Kondrashka grabbed someone. Popular expression

▪ article How big are snails? Detailed answer

▪ article Exploitation of safety ropes. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Low-frequency amplifier on the TDA2025 chip. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Universal battery 1,5-12 volts. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews