История экономики. Отношение крестьян к реформе 19 февраля 1861 года (самое важное)

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История экономики. Отношение крестьян к реформе 19 февраля 1861 года (самое важное)

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38. The attitude of the peasants to the reform of February 19, 1861

Alexander II 19 February 1861 year approved "Regulations on the peasants who left their serfdom" and consisted of 17 legislative acts. Simultaneously with this king was signed Manifesto for the liberation of the peasants, according to which serfs from this time received personal freedom and the rights of citizens. Civil rights provided them with the opportunity to conclude civil and property transactions, create personal trade and industrial enterprises, transfer to other classes, move to other populated areas, enter into a marriage without the permission of the landowner, etc.

Elective peasant self-government, presented village elders и volost foremen. Elections were held at village and volost gatherings or meetings. Was introduced rural municipality court, which considered property claims and minor crimes, upon the adoption of which the peasants had the right to independently distribute communal lands, determine the order of priority and the measure of duties, etc.

At the end of the reform, the use of the peasants turned out to be less land than before 1861. They lost more than 1/5 of their allotments as a result of cuts, i.e. the landlords, under various pretexts, cut off the surplus land from their allotments. On the most valuable lands, the peasants were cut off up to 30-40% of the size of the allotments.

The peasants were given such conditions that they had to redeem not only their allotments, but also their personal freedom. The calculated amounts of redemption payments for most peasants were huge, so they could not pay them right away. As a result, the government decided that those peasants who received an allotment pay the landowner either immediately or in installments, as well as in the form of working off their duties, 20% of the ransom.

Until the completion of the full payment, the peasants were obliged to pay dues in accordance with established norms or to perform corvée. After 20 years, it was decided to end with a ransom, i.e. all peasants who were temporarily liable had to make a mandatory redemption of their allotments. AT 1907 year data payments have been cancelled., however, by this period, the peasants paid almost three times the amount that was originally established.

The peasants reacted negatively to the adopted law on liberation, as in 1861 year passed everywhere peasant protests, expressing a negative opinion regarding the conditions on the basis of which the peasants were released to freedom. They did not understand why they still remain subordinate to the landowners, pay dues and work off corvée. They were dissatisfied with the norms of allotments, the size of the established ransoms, which they paid without fail to the landowners or the government. In some regions of the country, rumors began to circulate that landowners were forging documents and real laws issued by the tsar were hiding from the people. Military and police forces were used to suppress peasant unrest.

Completed was agrarian reform в 1863 year.

The reform of February 19, 1861 testified about the end of the era of feudalism in the country, however, its remnants remained active in Russian economic activity for a long time. This quality was manifested in the preservation by landowners of huge amounts of land ownership, taking away lands from communities when the majority of peasants experienced a land shortage. Almost 4 million serfs were released with virtually no land or with minimal allotments, and for many years they worked off duties and redemption payments to the state or landowners.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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