История экономики. Возрождение и Реформация (самое важное)

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История экономики. Возрождение и Реформация (самое важное)

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18. Renaissance and Reformation

In the XV-XVI centuries. two striking events Renaissance (or Renaissance) и Reformationrevolutionized the social life of Western Europe.

Renaissance - this is the revival of the ancient heritage, the worldly beginning.

Reformation - renewal of the church, accompanied by a surge of religious feelings.

What unites these two phenomena is that they destroyed the old medieval system of values and formed a new view of the human personality.

The Renaissance culture originated in Italy in the second half of the XNUMXth century and continued to develop until the XNUMXth century, gradually covering all the countries of Europe one after another. The return to antiquity, the resuscitation of its ideals manifested itself in a variety of areas: in philosophy, literature, art. The culture of the Renaissance appeared first among intellectuals and was the property of a few, but gradually new ideas seeped into the mass consciousness, changing traditional ideas. One of the most important achievements of the Renaissance is the emergence of humanism in philosophy. Contributed to the development of the ideas of humanism Bruni, Alberti и Vittoriano da Feltre. The humanists did not subvert religion, although the church itself and its ministers were objects of ridicule. Humanists sought to combine the two scales of values.

XNUMXth century humanists came close to the problem of a new scientific method, different from scholastic dialectics. This had a positive effect on the development of natural science. famous mathematician Luca Pacioli (1445-1514) made a great contribution to the development of algebra, geometry, accounting.

Drawing the ideal of the human personality, the figures of the Renaissance emphasized its kindness, strength, heroism, the ability to create and create a new world around itself. Humanists considered the accumulated knowledge that helps a person to make a choice between good and evil as an indispensable condition for this. The individual chooses his own way of life and is responsible for his own destiny.

The value of a person began to be determined by his personal merits, and not by his position in society. The era of self-affirmation of the human personality has come, freeing itself from medieval corporatism and morality, subordinating the individual to the whole.

Otherwise, the question of individual freedom was decided Reformation.

Germany was the birthplace of the Reformation. Its beginning is considered the events of 1517, when the doctor of theology Martin Luther (1483-1546) made his 95 theses against the sale of indulgences. The Reformation quickly spread in France, England, and the Netherlands. In Switzerland, reform ideas were supported and continued by John Calvin (1509-1564).

In Europe, embraced by the ideas of the Reformation, new, reformed churches began to form - Anglican, Lutheran, Calvinist, not subordinate to the Roman Catholic.

The Reformation destroyed ideas about the unshakable spiritual power of the church, about its role as a mediator between God and people. Calvin propagated that the sign of Divine favor to man is revealed in his practical activity. The work ethic of the Reformation sanctified practicality and entrepreneurship. Over time, the Protestant ethics, developed by John Calvin, embraced wide sections of society and the bourgeois became its main carriers. And this is natural: it provided guidelines that were necessary for life in the emerging capitalist society, where much depended on diligence and enterprise, and social origin no longer predetermined the fate of a person.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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