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Providing water in desert conditions. Travel Tips
In a hot climate deserts The greatest danger is dehydration, which occurs due to increased sweating. When working or moving during the day, you can "lose" 10-12 liters of water per day. When dehydrated, the body produces substances that slow down the process of removing fluid and increase the feeling of thirst. If there is nothing to drink, dehydration of the body will occur within 24 hours. Although they say that in 1905 there was a case when one Mexican spent 7 days in the desert without food or water. This happened to Pablo Valencia, who got lost in the desert region of Tinayas-Atlas, Arizona. The air temperature did not drop below 29°C even at night. When they accidentally found him, he was barely alive, his eyelids and lips were dried up by the sun, his whole body turned black, he was deaf and almost blind, he could neither speak nor swallow. Poor Pablo's body lost more than 8 kg of fluid. The saviors, of course, pumped him out, gave him a drink, and three days later he fully recovered, but still this case is exceptional. Usually those who get lost in the desert die at the end of the first day. With the loss of approximately 10% of the liquid, consciousness is disturbed and the person loses the ability to search for water. This is especially true for Europeans and the inhabitants of the North in general. Once in the desert, they begin to act according to their habits and traditions, they begin to move, to do something, as if they can freeze, thereby aggravating the situation. Aboriginal people in such cases simply sit on the sand, hide from the sun and wait for the heat to subside, save water and energy in order to get to the water at night and in the morning, in relative coolness. Daily water requirement According to calculations by American military experts, during the period of active operations, a soldier must ensure the consumption of at least 15 liters of water per day. What can I say - in a consumer society they are used to living beautifully. A Red Army officer who served in Iran during World War II told me this story. An American unit stood next to them and they invited him to visit, showed how they fight, how they live, what problems. The American commander proudly showed him a camping bath of the latest design and asked what kind of bath ours had. What was his answer? What bath? Yes, none. The American was so amazed by this that he asked: "How can you fight in such conditions?" Of course, 15 liters of water a day is an unaffordable luxury, but it should be remembered that when moving at night, the required water consumption per 30 km is about 4 liters, and during the day, to overcome the same distance, the consumption increases to 7,5 liters. More precisely, the need for water can be determined from the table. It is believed that the absolute minimum daily intake should be 0,2 liters. Military survival experts advise not to drink at all on the first day, as the body has a supply of water that will last for 24 hours if you do nothing. In any case, the problem of water supply in desert areas always exists, regardless of how you got there, for what purpose, for how long and in which company. In the desert, maintaining body fluid is paramount. The main thing to remember is that in no case do not take off any items of clothing in the hope of feeling cool. The fabric absorbs sweat, and damp clothing cools the body by itself. When you take off your clothes, you allow the sweat to evaporate and increase your own need for water. Roll up your shirt sleeves, put on a scarf and a hat. Clothing should be loose so that a layer of cool air remains between the fabric and the skin. Move only at night when the temperature drops. The wind, which carries the desired coolness, at the same time accelerates the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin. Be sure to drink in case of clouding of consciousness. In addition, immediately start collecting water to replenish existing supplies. How to fight thirst In arid regions, you want to drink almost constantly. Meanwhile, there are techniques to drown out the feeling of thirst. Try to keep your mouth closed. If you breathe through your mouth, hot air currents will dry out the moisture on your tongue and palate. Sucking on even a small pebble or button stimulates saliva flow, but don't do it on the go, as you may choke or swallow the "pill". If you have salt, take it only with a sip of water. In all other cases, salt will only increase thirst. Try to smoke it, In no case do not try to quench your thirst with alcohol. Alcohol only leads to frequent urination and, therefore, to additional excretion of fluid. The hydrographic network of deserts is represented mainly by drying beds of temporary watercourses, in which water occurs only during the rainy season, and even then for several days. Large rivers originate far from deserts and, crossing them, feed only a narrow strip of land along their channel with life-giving moisture. There are rivers on Earth that exist in arid places only during heavy rains of 2-3 hours in 3-4 years. In a short time, they discharge a large amount of water and form short and deeply incised valleys (wadis) into the terrain. Basically, such rivers are found in the Red Sea and on the Arabian Peninsula. They cover the coastal zone of the Red Sea with a dense network, reaching almost to the Nile. During the rains, it is very dangerous to be in such an area, as the water currents rushing through the wadi sweep away everything in their path. In the Asian deserts, dry channels of temporary streams - saury - during heavy rains also often pose a great danger. And many Central Asian rivers: Zarevshan, Sokh, Isfara, Chu, Murgab - along the way of their movement gradually consume their entire supply of water and do not flow anywhere. Lakes in deserts very often contain salty or bitter-salty water, unsuitable for drinking. The main sources of drinking water in deserts are groundwater and condensation water, which are formed due to the penetration of moisture into the sand column from rare rains and water condensing from the atmosphere during a sharp cooling at night. The fresh water horizon in different deserts is located at different depths. In the Central Asian deserts, it is about 5 m, and in the Sahara and the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula - up to 30 m. In most cases, the only sources of water supply in deserts are groundwater, and to obtain fresh water, wells are dug in places where groundwater and groundwater occur. Water wells are often used. They are called differently in different places. For example, in Central Asia it is chirle. The depth of such wells can reach several tens of meters. This reduces the possibility of penetration of sunlight and, accordingly, evaporation. Often domes of unbaked bricks are built over the chirle. Such structures are called sardobs. The water supply system is interesting, which is a gallery that stretches underground for long distances, mainly from the foothills, and repeats the slope of the terrain. Lining the tunnels with brick eliminates filtration, and evaporation does not occur. Such water transportation systems are found in the deserts of Central Asia, Arabia and North Africa. The difference is only in the names: in Central Asia it is Kiryaz, in the Sahara it is Foggar. Most caravan roads, paths and highways in the desert pass through water sources, but the distances between wells and oases can exceed 100 km. Water sources in the desert Rain and rivers Successfully finding water in the desert requires knowledge of the local geology and flora. The trails and paths of nomadic shepherds, on the way of which there will certainly be watering places, can serve the traveler well. It should be borne in mind that the distance between watering places can be from 30 to 100 km, and on foot in a day you most likely will not be able to overcome more than 15 km. Open water can also be found in the desert, but it appears mainly after the rain has passed. Depending on the desert, it may rain once a year during the winter season or occasionally throughout the year. Only in a few desert regions of the world can one find constant and abundant water flows that never dry up because of their full flow, such as the Nile, Colorado or the Kuiseb River in the Namib Desert in southwestern Africa. The water from such rivers must certainly be purified, since their streams contain many pathogenic microbes, bacteria and parasites. Plants - indicators of the presence of water Vegetation and animals can also help locate small open water sources. Traces of grazing mammals will sooner or later lead to water. Birds such as parrots, pigeons, Asian sand partridges, crested larks visit water sources at least once a day. Plants appear near any water source - ground or underground. Cattail, triangular poplar, palm trees, willows, elderberry, reeds serve as a reliable indicator of the presence of groundwater. These plants only spawn where their roots can reach water. Palm trees grow in places where water lies no deeper than 1 m below the surface. The water that feeds poplars with moisture can be at a depth of up to 4 m, and to get to it, you will have to sweat a lot. For other signs of groundwater, observe the behavior of desert animals. Flies may swarm over the area of interest to you; mammals in an effort to get to the water can dig up the soil. Search for water by relief features A more reliable indication of the possible presence of water is provided by the desert landscape itself. For the thirsty traveler, limestone slopes and rock outcrops are of interest. Limestone is one of the most easily soluble rocks. As a consequence, limestone massifs are often riddled with water-containing channels and cavities. See if water oozes out of the rock, explore some cavities and caves if it's safe to do so. Before moving further through the cave, make sure that there are no dangerous wild animals inside. Desert animals willingly use caves, hiding from the heat of the day. May contain water and areas of volcanic rocks and sandstones, since both types of rocks have a porous structure. Explore the intersections of mountain ranges with canyons or valleys, carefully inspect the rock walls for signs of water seepage. In principle, any secluded corner of the desert is able to supply a person with some amount of water, so be prepared to cover considerable distances. Dry river beds make a particularly painful impression, but the water that once flowed here often goes underground and remains there for a long time. It is best to start looking for this water at the outer edge of the bend in the channel. Dig a hole about a meter deep with a shovel or any improvised tool. At this depth, the sand may already be wet. It is not necessary to dig deeper - it is worth waiting until the hole begins to fill with water. Have a container at the ready with which you will get water from the pit. Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert draw water from such places with the help of hollow reed stalks, which are stuck into the ground and through which they suck water from under the ground. Water usually begins to flow into the tube after about ten minutes of continuous lip swiping. Plants as a source of moisture Desert people are able to extract water from some plants. Dew often appears on the herbaceous plants of the desert at night and early in the morning. Collect it with a piece of highly absorbent material, which is periodically squeezed over a container. Water can also be found in the plants themselves. Aboriginal Australian outbacks rely in part on the roots of the desert oak, water tree, and gum eucalyptus. Dig up the roots and chop them into pieces 60-90 cm long. Remove the bark from the roots and suck out the moisture. Of all the liquid-rich desert plants, the cactus is the undisputed leader. However, not all types of cacti contain water, and some poison it with poisonous juice. Ferocactus juice is the safest, the same type of cactus is one of the most easily recognizable. It grows in the southern United States and in some areas of South America, reaches a height of 1,2 m and has a characteristic barrel shape. To get to its juicy pulp, cut off the top (by the way, this is far from simple and tedious). If you chop and crush the pulp, you can get about a liter of milk-like and drinkable liquid. A sufficient amount of liquid is found in the fruits and other main parts of the prickly pear cactus. Water is also contained in the stems of prickly pear flowers, although the flowers themselves give off a disgusting smell of decaying meat. As with ferocactus, chop and crush the flesh of the prickly pear. Other aquatic plants include grapes and palms. Together with underground sources, such plants are able to provide the traveler's body with enough liquid to support life. Where there is neither groundwater nor suitable plants, you will probably have to rely on the performance of an impromptu solar distiller. However, if you fail to install several such devices, it is unlikely that you will be able to get enough water to meet your basic needs. Animals There is another source of liquid - animals. After killing the prey, suck out its eyes. It may sound terrible, but it will give you an extra sip of moisture. Animal blood will provide your body with both fluid and nutrients. In the northwest of Australia, water can be regularly obtained from desert frogs. These frogs thrive in dry areas by building up water reserves in their bodies and escaping from the heat in burrows they dig in clay soil. If you find and dig up such a frog, you can literally squeeze it out like a sponge.
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