14. Crusades

The preconditions for the Crusades were: traditions of pilgrimages to Holy places; a change in views on the war, which was considered not a sin, but a good deed, if it was waged against the enemies of Christianity and the church; capture in the 2th century. the Seljuk Turks of Syria and Palestine and the threat of the capture of Byzantium; difficult economic situation in Western Europe in the 11nd half. XNUMXth c.

November 26 1095 city Pope Urban II urged those gathered at the local church council in the city of Clermont to recapture the Holy Sepulcher captured by the Turks. Those who took this vow sewed patchwork crosses on their clothes and were called "crusaders". The Pope promised earthly riches in the Holy Land and heavenly bliss in case of death to those who went on the Crusade, they received full absolution of sins, it was forbidden to collect debts and feudal duties from them during the campaign, their families were under the protection of the church.

But the goals of the crusaders were not only religious. By the XNUMXth century land in Western Europe was divided between secular and church feudal lords. Only his eldest son could inherit the lord's land. As a result, a numerous layer of feudal lords who did not have land was formed. They yearned to have it. The Catholic Church, not without reason, feared that these knights would not encroach on her vast possessions. The clergy, led by the Pope, sought to extend their influence to new territories and profit from them. Rumors about the riches of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, which were spread by pilgrims (pilgrims) who visited Palestine, aroused the greed of the knights. In the plans of the crusader knights, the liberation of the "Holy Sepulcher" was of secondary importance: the feudal lords sought to seize overseas lands, cities, and wealth.

Timeline of the Crusades:

▪ 1095-1096 - Poverty campaign or peasant campaign.

▪ 1095-1099 - First Crusade.

▪ 1147-1149 - Second Crusade.

▪ 1189-1192 - Third Crusade.

▪ 1202-1204 - Fourth Crusade.

▪ 1202-1212 - Children's Crusade.

▪ 1218-1221 - Fifth Crusade.

▪ 1228-1229 - Sixth Crusade.

▪ 1248-1254 - Seventh Crusade.

The Crusades left their mark on the history of Europe. They did not lead to the consolidation of the Christian Church (split into Western and Eastern branches), but increased the authority of the Catholic hierarchy. The knights, peasants, and artisans who took part in the campaigns acted not as Germans or French, but as Europeans obsessed with a common messianic idea. The campaigns of the Crusaders led to the formation of orders, one of which, the Teutonic Order, directed its aspirations towards the Christianization of the Baltic lands.

The messianic campaigns of the crusaders were accompanied by robberies and pogroms. The world in the minds of pilgrims was divided into the world of Christians and the world of infidels.

The Crusaders' campaigns are a complex and contradictory panorama of the confrontation between two churches, Western and Eastern worldviews.

At the same time, the Crusades were a reflection of the essence and character of the feudal system, the basis of which was military-political domination, the increase of wealth through seizures and subjugation of dissidents. Foreign policy actions expressed the meaning and direction of the internal policy of the hierarchs of secular and church power.

Crusades - exhausting wars and influence on the changes that were brewing in Europe. One of the results of the campaigns of Christians in the holy lands was the close interaction of cultures, familiarity with the technical achievements of the East, the development of intermediary trade, and the enrichment of Western and Eastern civilizations. During the period of the crusader movement, the Mediterranean centers of trade and crafts, the Italian city-states, strengthened.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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