История экономики. Вклад молодых восточных цивилизаций. Япония и исламская цивилизация (самое важное)

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История экономики. Вклад молодых восточных цивилизаций. Япония и исламская цивилизация (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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7. The contribution of young Eastern civilizations. Japan and Islamic Civilization

For Japanese civilization characterized by both the common features of all Eastern civilizations and the features of the Western model of the development of society.

In 604-605. prince Shotoku taishi, a proponent of the Chinese model of development, created a code of laws that combined the principles of Confucianism and Buddhism. The entire life of Japanese society began to be transformed according to the Chinese model; some scientists even consider Japanese civilization to be secondary, peripheral to China. However, elements of Chinese civilization were significantly transformed in Japan, and in addition, a new trend towards Japanese cultural autonomy emerged. From the 16th century Japan turned into one of the most isolated civilizations: the Japanese were prohibited from leaving their country, and foreigners were prohibited from entering Japanese territory (with the exception of Chinese and Dutch traders).

In the XIII-XIV centuries. Japanese cities began to flourish. They arose near numerous Buddhist monasteries. Together with the cities - centers of crafts and trade in the country, commodity-money relations began to develop rapidly. The cities were mostly independent of the state, and some of them even achieved self-government. Copper, gold, silver, fans entered the foreign market, Japanese weapons were especially valued.

Islamic civilization, like Japan, is one of the youngest in the East. It began to form only in the XNUMXth century. AD

The basis of Islamic civilization, which subsequently expanded its borders, was Arabia. Prophet Muhammad (570-632 AD) laid the religious foundations of the future Islamic civilization. Mohammed acted as a politician and religious leader, later caliphs (Muhammad's successors) had full power, both spiritual and secular.

A century after the death of Muhammad, by the middle of the XNUMXth century, the state he created occupied a vast territory: Arab Caliphate stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus, from the Caspian to the rapids of the Nile. All conquered peoples converted to Islam, which was facilitated by the economic policy of the caliphs, Muslims paid only tithes to the treasury, and those who retained their faith received a high land tax and a poll tax. Islam has become the force that holds civilization together. The holy book of the followers of Islam is the Quran.

The state power possessed the right of supreme ownership of the land. Private landownership existed in the caliphate, but did not reach large proportions. Most of the state land was occupied by communities that paid rent-tax to the treasury. Trade and handicrafts were also under state control.

The central government could not cope with separatism: in the governorships into which the caliphate was divided, the true rulers were emirs. At their disposal were finances, the army, the bureaucracy.

The culture of Islamic civilization began to develop simultaneously with statehood, even the collapse of the Arab Caliphate did not negatively affect it. Philosophical and historical works, medical treatises, works on physics, chemistry, astronomy were created, Islamic law was formed. The Arab conquerors created a civilization that absorbed the achievements of cultural centers with long traditions. Outstanding poets and scientists worked on the territory of the Arab Caliphate: the poet Firdousi, scientist-encyclopedist Ibn Sina (Avicenna), astronomer Biruni.

European medicine, geography and other sciences developed under the influence of the works of Arab scientists. A powerful impetus to European rationalism was given by Arab, Jewish and Persian philosophers. Poetry in Europe absorbed elements of Persian love lyrics.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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Most luminaires are rigid: glass lamps or solid-state LEDs. Unless the latter can be enclosed in a flexible shell and get a luminous cord. A truly flexible glowing sheet can be made from OLEDs, but they are expensive and short-lived.

Physicists from the Institute of the Leibniz Society for New Materials, led by Peter William de Olivera, decided to use another phenomenon - electroluminescence, that is, the glow of a substance under the influence of an electric field. They enclosed a layer of zinc sulfide particles between two electrodes, one of which was transparent. When applied to a conventional AC voltage of 220 volts, these sheets glow green or blue-green.

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