История экономики. Экономическое развитие страны (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

История экономики. Экономическое развитие страны (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

50. Economic development of the country

In March 1921, the RCP, having decided to cooperate with the peasants, produced replacement of food surplus with food tax, which made it possible to change the way food and agricultural products are prepared. This fact was the main provision for the beginning of a new economic policy direction.

The leadership of the PKK made great efforts to change the economic policy, since it was difficult to convince the party members of the need for it. These decisions were reacted negatively on the ground, the NEP was presented to them as a betrayal of the communist idea. V.I. Lenin May 1921. announced that the NEP was being introduced for five to ten years. WITH 1923 g. was introduced unified social tax, which replaced taxes in kind, it was levied in both money and products. After the end of the monetary reform, it acquired only a monetary form and its size was half the size of the surplus appropriation system, and was also mainly collected from the wealthy peasantry.

The provinces that carried out the procurement plan could freely trade in grain and other products, and the state grain monopoly was also abolished in them. The right to lease land and to hire workers was given, but these relations were subject to enormous restrictions.

In the process of economic transformations, agricultural production increased, reaching pre-war levels. IN AND. Lenin believed that the main forms of implementation of the NEP are: rent, concessions, cooperation and trade, in general, state capitalism. The use of private capital was under state control and encouraged development simple cooperation. The cooperative movement embraced more than 1/2 of the peasant economy, as well as trade and industry. During this period, cooperative legislation existed, insurance and credit organizations developed to serve cooperatives. Industrial indicators gradually increased: the extraction of coal, iron ore, the production of electricity, engineering products, light and food industries, the freight turnover of railways, etc.

The development of the NEP was accompanied by permission for the private sector to rent small and medium commercial and industrial enterprises that belonged to the state. It was allowed to create their own enterprises with the number of workers no more than 20 people.

A characteristic feature of the NEP was the development concessions, in other words, enterprises that operated on the basis of an agreement between the state and foreign firms in the manufacturing and extractive industries. The Soviet government, despite the slogans of the Bolsheviks, believed that large funds were needed to stabilize the economic situation and the country would not be able to achieve this without foreign assistance. The government believed in restoring international ties in the world market through interaction with foreign enterprises. IN Italy in April 1922 g. - signed agreement между Soviet state and German, diplomatic relations were established between them. As a result of this, the Soviet Republic became recognized by many countries of the world, which made it possible to conclude agreements with the USA, England, Germany and other countries.

One of the hallmarks of state capitalism was the development trade. In March 1921. it was supposed to carry out trade exchange within the country, enterprises were supposed to hand over their products to the commodity exchange fund of the republic, but in October This year, for the purpose of economic development, it was decided to trade freely. The regulation of trade relations was carried out by established commissions called "Komvnutorg", and in 1924 g. converted to People's Commissariat of Internal Trade.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

<< Back: Growing crisis phenomena in the economy and the beginning of the NEP

>> Forward: Changes in the monetary and credit and financial sphere

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ International private law. Lecture notes

▪ Banking. Crib

▪ Study of control systems. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Solar panel-boiler 27.07.2013

A team of researchers from Rice University has developed a unique solar collector based on metal and carbon nanoparticles. This device turns water into high temperature steam that can be used for heating or power generation. In particular, the developers suggest using the device as an autoclave, that is, for sterilizing instruments.

Unfortunately, in some regions, such as Africa, or areas of natural disasters or warfare, sterilization of surgical instruments can become a problem. In such cases, a device that produces steam with the help of sunlight could help. Usually compact solar collectors do not provide enough hot steam to quickly sterilize a set of instruments.

Scientists from Rice University solved this problem by adding a transparent tank with metal and carbon nanoparticles to the collector design, which absorb solar heat much better than pure water or a simple dark metal surface. The nanoparticles do not rise with the steam, so the steam leaving the plant is clean and can be used to produce potable or distilled water. Accordingly, the nanoparticles are reused - they remain in the transparent collector tank. The nanoparticles dissolved in water make it possible to heat water faster and stronger than conventional collectors do. In addition, the installation itself has smaller dimensions. During the experiments, the developers created a solar autoclave with a closed cycle, which in 30 minutes sterilizes surgical instruments no worse than electric autoclaves.

Also, the developers have assembled a plant designed for wastewater treatment, in which dirty water is heated by sunlight, turns into steam, and then condenses. The output is water suitable for drinking. Thus, an effective sterilization and cleaning technology has been created, which can be widely used in areas where there is no electricity or where it makes sense to save it with a solar collector. In particular, in India and Africa, the problem of clean drinking water is extremely relevant. Electricity is far from being everywhere, people drink unboiled water, wash their children in it. This is one of the main reasons for the unfavorable epidemiological situation in these regions and the high mortality associated with it. At the same time, there is an abundance of sunlight in India and Africa.

In addition, such installations could be useful in the field, for example, they can be made mobile - on the chassis of cars.

Other interesting news:

▪ Artificial muscle

▪ Avnet BCM4343W IoT Starter Kit for IoT

▪ Oppo 5G router

▪ Feel the cancer cell

▪ Instant battery charging

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Batteries, chargers. Article selection

▪ support article. History of invention and production

▪ How did the US develop in the late 1950s and 1960s? Detailed answer

▪ article Deputy Dean of the Faculty. Job description

▪ article Aqueous shellac varnish according to Kaiser. Simple recipes and tips

▪ article Adder, adjustable low-pass filter and phase shifter for subwoofer channel on one transistor and op-amp. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews