41. Socio-economic development of Russia in the first half of the XIX century

The socio-economic development of Russia in the first half of the XNUMXth century can be characterized as pre-crisis, as the decomposition of the feudal-serf system of the economy begins and the emergence of a new one - market.

In the first half of the 90th century, Russia continued to be an agrarian country. XNUMX% of the population lived in the village.

Innovations in agriculture remained insignificant. The use of technical means was limited due to the lack of the necessary capital from the landowners.

В 1816 year began planting military settlements. The soldiers were settled together with state peasants, who were also transferred to the category of military settlers.

Agricultural work in the settlements was carried out under the command of the military authorities and was combined with drill exercises. Trade, crafts and other contacts with the outside world were prohibited. Thus, the peasant settlers found themselves attached to the land even more strongly than before.

The use of hired labor in industry has steadily increased. The labor productivity of civilian workers exceeded the labor productivity of serf workers by 2-4 times.

В 1804 year civilian workers made up 48% of the workforce, 1825 year- 54%, in 1860 year- 85%.

But even these workers were serfs, whom the landowner let go for dues. This determined the instability in providing enterprises with labor and its relative high cost, since the salary also included peasant dues.

Cotton production was based primarily on hired labor.

In the second half of the 30s machines began to be widely used in the cotton industry.

By the 60s The industrial revolution in this industry has been completed.

Later, the industrial revolution swept the cloth, stationery and other industries.

However, the government did not provide financial support to entrepreneurs, did not encourage the development of large-scale factory production, but even this factor could not restrain the growth of industrial production.

The development of production, the strengthening of the specialization of economic regions stimulated trade. A permanent trade network developed in the industrial zone. The number of fairs increased. The largest of them turned into commodity exchanges.

With a general increase in exports, the share of manufactured goods in it decreased. This was due to Russia's lagging behind European countries. The export of raw materials and semi-finished products prevailed. Bread became the main export item.

Despite protectionist customs tariffs, introduced to protect the domestic producer, as well as to replenish the treasury, imports increased. Raw cotton, dyes and machines were added to previously imported goods.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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