История экономики. Отмена крепостного права в России (самое важное)

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История экономики. Отмена крепостного права в России (самое важное)

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39. The abolition of serfdom in Russia

With the beginning of the reign Alexander II (1855-1881) In Russia, the "epoch of great reforms" began. The most significant were the reforms that abolished serfdom.

Alexander I was already planning to abolish serfdom, but the reaction that followed the Decembrist uprising slowed down this process.

В 1857 year the government of Alexander II announced its intention to solve the serf problem. The central issue of the reform was the discussion about whether to free the peasants with or without land. The manifesto of February 19, 1861 was a compromise between various groups of nobles and the government.

The essence of the reform was as follows.

1. Peasants received personal freedom and civil rights;

2. The land was retained by the landowner for 2 years, the peasant used it on the terms of corvée or dues until he redeemed his allotment (temporarily obligated state);

3. The amount of redemption payments was determined by the size of the peasant dues, i.e. it was not the personal dependence of the peasants and not the land that was redeemed, but the duties. This amount, being deposited in the bank at 6% per annum, was supposed to bring the landowner an annual income in the amount of quitrent payments;

4. Yard people were declared free, but within 2 years they had to serve their masters or pay dues;

5. Serf workers of landlord and government factories were transferred to rent and received the right to redeem their former allotments.

The reform of 1861 launched the process of social stratification both among the peasantry and among the landowners.

After the reform, the landlords, who did not have the means to cultivate their lands, began to sell them off. Landownership from 1861 to 1894 decreased by 30%. To support the landowners, the Noble Land Bank was opened (1885).

By the end of the XNUMXth century, four types of farms had formed in Russia:

1) slowly modernizing landlord farms based on the labor of former serfs, but still dependent peasants, are ineffective;

2) modernized farms based on hired labor - highly efficient;

3) the farms of wealthy peasants, based on highly productive personal labor, they could use loans from the peasant land bank;

4) the farms of small-land peasants united in a community are inefficient. The ownership of the land belonged to the community, which distributed and redistributed allotments between households.

During this period, agricultural production made significant progress - there is an increase in sown areas and grain yields per capita. At the same time, the extensive nature of the development of agriculture remains.

In general, the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861 served as a dividing line between the two largest eras in Russian history - feudalism and capitalism. The peasant reform of 1861 was bourgeois in content, since it created the conditions necessary for the victory of the capitalist mode of production.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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