History of Economics. Prerequisites for Peter's reforms (the most important)

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History of Economics. Prerequisites for Peter's reforms (the most important)

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22. Prerequisites for Peter's reforms

В XVII centuries. Russia was a huge country, covering the territory from the Dnieper to the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, from the Arctic Ocean to the Caspian Sea, with a population of about 13 million people. People lived mainly in the central and northern European parts of the country, since the Volga region was practically undeveloped, and the North Caucasus, Kuban, Black Sea coast of Ukraine did not belong to Russia. As a result of the entry into Russia of all Siberia and the Left-Bank Ukraine at the end XVII century the country became a state with many nationalities, orthodox christians, muslims, buddhists, pagans. The country began to manifest itself more clearly two civilizations: European and Asian. The country aspired to both Europe and the East, which led to the dual nature of the economic and political development of the state.

In the period of the XVII-XVIII centuries, the country needed to eliminate the socio-economic backwardness from Western European states, such as England, France, Holland, which achieved certain success at this turn in terms of the development of a market economy. The economic condition of the country continued to be based mainly on natural form, since the industry was underdeveloped. There was a huge and immovable system of management of the national economy. At the same time, the process of abolishing serfdom was already completed in many European countries, however, the opposite was true in Russia, enslavement by feudal lords, representatives of the royal family and peasant monasteries continued. Since the 1th-5th centuries, monetary rent existed in Western Europe, which provided the peasants with greater freedom and interested in the final results of their labor, which contributed to an increase in labor productivity by 2-XNUMX times compared to Russia.

For Russia, a characteristic feature was autarky, i.e. the country was closed in economic terms, isolated from the outside world and rigidly supported by the state. The need for international relations was great, but the lack of access to the seas did not give them development. For a long time it occupied a path through the White Sea, and through the Baltic Sea there was control from Sweden, which covered all the lands of the Baltic states. Turkey and the Crimean Khanate controlled the exit through the Black and Azov Seas.

During the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his daughter Sophia, attempts were made to enter Europe, wishing to complete with economic isolation, they formed the basis for the development of trade relations with Western Europe. To achieve access to the Black Sea and the formation of the Russian fleet there, headed by Prince V.V. Golitsyn carried out two campaigns in the Crimea, which were unsuccessful.

By the end of the XNUMXth century, the country lagged sharply behind the military level of European states, the army was poorly equipped with equipment and firearms, the noble cavalry was the main force, the archery troops, distributed in cities and villages, did not undergo regular military service, only during the war the army gathered. The country did not have a navy.

В middle of the XNUMXth century passed in the country city uprisings Moscow, Novgorod, Tambov, Kursk and other cities. The southern lands of the country were covered peasant war in the period 1970-1671 led by S. Razin and detachments of Cossacks and peasants, as well as the steppe population of the Volga region.

At the end of this century, the country needed to make decisions regarding economic, political, military, cultural and educational problems. At the same time, there was an increase crisis in religion, there was a struggle between the Orthodox and Old Believer churches.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania compared rat neurons taken from the brains of males and females and found that female neurons are thinner and more fragile than male ones. The same was seen in human neurons - female neurons were thinner than male ones.

As you know, neurons are cells with many processes along which neuron impulses run. Short processes are called dendrites, long processes are called axons. And long - this is putting it mildly: in some cases, axons can reach a length of one meter or more. What we just said about the fragility of female neurons applies specifically to their axons.

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